The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO),also known as Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (TECO),Taipei Representative Office (TRO) or Taipei Mission,is an alternative diplomatic institution serving as a de facto embassy or a consulate of the Republic of China (ROC,commonly referred to as Taiwan) to exercise the foreign affairs and consular services in specific countries which have established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC,commonly referred to as China). The PRC denies the legitimacy of the ROC as a sovereign state and claims the ROC-controlled territories as an integral part of its territory. An exclusive mandate,namely One-China policy,requires that any country wishing to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first sever any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs,"non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei."[1][2] As a result,these countries only allow the ROC to establish representative offices instead of a fully-fledged embassy or consulate for the purpose of conducting practical bilateral relations without granting full diplomatic recognition.
Except in Lithuania[3] and Somaliland (opened in 2020),all offices use the capital city "Taipei" and refrain from using the name "Taiwan" or the "Republic of China",since the term "Taipei" avoids implying that Taiwan is a different country on par with the PRC or that there are "Two Chinas",the PRC and the ROC,in order to diminish the obstacles of building pragmatic diplomacy and sidestep the Taiwan issue. The first attempt of using the name "Taiwan" in a Taiwanese diplomatic mission within a non-diplomatic state was when Lithuania broke the tradition with the name Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania in 2021. In response the PRC expelled Lithuania's embassy staff from Beijing and downgraded diplomatic relations to charge d'affaires status.[4] Attempts by other countries,including Fiji,to allow ROC government to change the representative office to indicate "Taiwan" later failed and were reversed under pressure from PRC government. [5]
On the other side,offices located in Taiwan usually also use the term "Taipei",though the United States,Japan,and Somaliland (but not Lithuania) use "Taiwan" (for example the American Institute in Taiwan).
TECROs state that their aim is "to promote bilateral trade,investment,culture,science and technology exchanges and cooperation,as well as better understanding",and provide common citizen services towards overseas Taiwanese,such as issuing visas and passports.
Following the admission of the PRC to the United Nations in 1971, many countries began to establish diplomatic relations with the government in Beijing, and as a consequence, ended diplomatic relations with the Nanjing-based ROC Government stationed in Taipei.[7] In order to maintain trade and cultural ties with countries with which it no longer had diplomatic relations, Taiwan established representative offices in these countries, often replacing its former embassies.
Before the 1990s, the names of these offices would vary considerably from country to country, usually omitting any reference to "Taiwan" or "Republic of China", instead referring to "East Asia", "Far East" or "Free China".[8] They would also describe themselves as "centres" or "offices", concerned with trade, tourism, culture or information, thereby emphasising their private and unofficial status, despite being staffed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs personnel.
For example, in Japan, the former ROC Embassy was replaced by the "Association of East Asian Relations" (AEAR) in 1972.[9] In Malaysia, following the closure of the consulate general in Kuala Lumpur in 1974, an office known as the Far East Travel and Trade Centre was established.[10] In the Philippines, the former embassy in Manila was replaced by the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center", established in 1975.[9] In Thailand, the former embassy in Bangkok was replaced by the "Office of the Representative of China Airlines" in 1975.[11] This was later renamed the Far East Trade Office in 1980.[10]
In the United States, Taipei's mission, established in 1979, was known as the "Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (CCNAA).[12] As of 2019, it has been renamed "Taiwan Council for US Affairs."[13]
In the United Kingdom, Taiwan was represented by the "Free Chinese Centre", established in 1963.[14] In West Germany, it was represented by a Büro der Fernost-Informationen ("Far East Information Office") established in 1972.[15] In Spain, the office, established in 1973, was known as the Centro Sun Yat-sen ("Sun Yat-sen Centre").[16] In the Netherlands, the office was known as the "Far East Trade Office".[16]
However, in the late 1980s, these offices began using the name "Taipei" in their titles due to confusion on their functions, particular those needing visa to travel to ROC areas. Using the "Taipei" is more familiar as it was recently used in the Olympics after "Chinese Taipei" Olympics team rejoined in 1981. In May 1992, the AEAR offices in Japan became Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices.[17] The "Free Chinese Centre" in London was similarly renamed the "Taipei Representative Office".[18] In September 1994, the Clinton Administration announced that the CCNAA office in Washington could similarly be called the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office.[19]
The building hosting TECO branch office in Sydney, Australia
Earlier in 1989, the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" in Manila became the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines".[20] In 1991, the "Taiwan Marketing Service" office in Canberra, Australia, established in 1988, also became a "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office", along with the "Far East Trading Company" offices in Sydney and Melbourne.[21]
Other names are still used elsewhere; for example, the mission in Moscow is formally known as the "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission",[22] the mission in New Delhi is known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Center".[23] The mission in Pretoria is known as the "Taipei Liaison Office".[24]
The two most recent ones to change their official names, in Papua New Guinea and in Jordan, both use the name Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (Chinese:臺北經濟文化辦事處).
Originally called the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA), the name of the CCNAA office in Washington, D.C. (the "embassy") was changed to "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office" (TECRO) as a result of the Clinton administration's Taiwan Policy Review of 1994.[19] Similarly, the names of the twelve other CCNAA offices ("consulates") in the United States were changed to "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office" (TECO).[25]
On May 24, 2019, Taiwan informed that "the Coordination Council for North American Affairs" was renamed "the Taiwan Council for U.S. Affairs".[26]
In September 2020, the US Ambassador to the United NationsKelly Craft met with James K.J. Lee, director-general of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York, who was secretary-general in Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs until July, for lunch in New York City in what was the first meeting between a top Taiwan official and a United States ambassador to the United Nations.[27] Craft said she and Lee discussed ways the US can help Taiwan become more engaged within the U.N., and she pointed to a December 2019 email alert from Taiwan that WHO had ignored, recognizing and warning about the danger of the person-to-person transmission of the new highly contagious COVID-19 virus in China.[27]
Diplomatic relations between the Republic of China and Japan were broken off in September 1972. For practical reasons, the Association of East Asian Relations (AEAR), was established two months after the Japan-China Joint Communique was signed. EARA had offices in Taipei, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka.[28] In 1992, Japan authorized the change in name of AEAR to TECRO.[29]
Representations in the PRC special administrative regions
In Hong Kong, from 1966, Taiwan was represented by the 'Chung Hwa Travel Service', a name chosen to avoid upsetting Beijing.[30] On 20 July 2011, as a result of warming relations between Taiwan and Beijing, the name was formally changed to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, bringing it into line with other Republic of China representative offices around the world.[31]
In Macau, from 1989 to 1999, Taiwan was represented by the 'Taipei Trade and Tourism Office', Taiwan's first-time representation in Macau after Kuomintang's expulsion from Macau as the consequence of the December 3rd Incident in 1966. From 1999 to 2011, Taiwan was represented by the 'Taipei Economic and Cultural Center'. On 13 May 2012, the name was formally changed to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office.[32]
In 1950, the UK switched recognition from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China (PRC) shortly after its establishment, while maintaining the British Consulate in Tamsui, through which the UK continued to carry out consular and trade-related activities. The consulate was closed after the UK and the PRC upgraded relations to Ambassadorial level in March 1972, and in June 1980 the building and land of the consulate were returned to the Taiwanese government. The ROC government's office in the UK was set up in September 1963, and at the time was known as the Free Chinese Centre.[14] In 1992, this was revised to become the Taipei Representative Office in the UK.[33]
The Taipei Representative Office in Norway; (Chinese:駐挪威代表處; pinyin:Zhù Nuówēi Dàibiǎo Chù) was a diplomatic mission of Taiwan to Norway that functioned as a de facto embassy. The first representative office of Taiwan in Norway was the Taipei Trade Centre, established in 1980.[34]
Foreign relations of the Republic of China (ROC), more commonly known as Taiwan, are accomplished by efforts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, a cabinet-level ministry of the Government of the Republic of China. As of January 2024, the ROC has formal diplomatic relations with 11 of the 193 United Nations member states and with the Holy See, which governs the Vatican City State. In addition to these relations, the ROC also maintains unofficial relations with 59 UN member states, one self-declared state (Somaliland), three territories (Guam, Hong Kong, and Macau), and the European Union via its representative offices and consulates. In 2021, the Government of the Republic of China had the 33rd largest diplomatic network in the world with 110 offices.
The Canadian Trade Office in Taipei is Canada's representative office in Taiwan, which functions as a de facto embassy in the absence of official diplomatic relations in which Canada recognized the People's Republic of China in October 1970 in accordance with the "one-China policy".
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a cabinet-level ministry of Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), and is responsible for the ROC's diplomacy and foreign relations. It is headquartered in the capital Taipei. The incumbent minister is Lin Chia-lung, who took office in 2024 and is a member of the Democratic Progressive Party.
Numerous states have ceased their diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China during the last 70 years, since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Under the One China policy, the ROC is recognized by 11 UN member states and Holy See with 59 UN member states and Somaliland maintaining unofficial cultural and economic relations.
A de facto embassy is an office or organisation that serves de facto as an embassy in the absence of normal or official diplomatic relations among countries, usually to represent nations which lack full diplomatic recognition, regions or dependencies of countries, or territories over which sovereignty is disputed. In some cases, diplomatic immunity and extraterritoriality may be granted.
South Africa–Taiwan relations, also before 1998: Republic of China–South Africa relations refers to the current and historical relationship between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Republic of South Africa. The Republic of China and South Africa established diplomatic ties in 1949.
The Embassy of the Republic of China in the Kingdom of Eswatini is the embassy of the Republic of China in Mbabane, Eswatini. The two countries have had diplomatic relations since Eswatini's independence in 1968.
Canada and Taiwan have maintained unofficial bilateral relations since 1970. First contacts between Canada and Taiwan began in 1871 with the arrival of George Leslie Mackay.
The Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Federative Republic of Brazil do not have official diplomatic relations, as Brazil acknowledges the One-China policy. However, the two nations maintain unofficial diplomatic relations via economic and cultural offices.
Saudi Arabia and the Republic of China (ROC) have had a long relationship with diplomatic, military, and commercial elements. Relations formally existed until 1990 after which Saudi Arabia recognized the People's Republic of China (PRC).
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States represents the interests of Taiwan in the United States in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the office of the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) in Taipei.
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vietnam is the representative office of Taiwan in Vietnam, which functions as a de facto embassy in the absence of diplomatic relations. It also has responsibility for Laos.
The Taipei Representative Office in Denmark; represents the interests of Taiwan in the Kingdom of Denmark and Iceland in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. Its counterpart in Taiwan is the Trade Council of Denmark in Taipei.
The Taipei Commercial and Cultural Office in Argentina; represents the interests of Taiwan in Argentina in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy.
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Ho Chi Minh City represents the interests of Taiwan in the southern regions of Vietnam and Cambodia, functioning as a de facto consulate in the absence of diplomatic relations. There is also a Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vietnam located in Hanoi, which has responsibility for relations with the northern regions of Vietnam as well as Laos.
The Taipei Commercial Office in Bogotá, Colombia represents the interests of Taiwan in Colombia in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy.
The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; represents the interests of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Saudi Arabia in the absence of formal diplomatic relations, functioning as a de facto embassy. In addition, it has responsibility for Taiwan's relations with Afghanistan, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Qatar and Sudan.
The bilateral relations between Italy and the Republic of China (Taiwan) are a subject of China–Italy relations. The two countries had official diplomatic relations from 1913 to 1941 and from 1944 to 1970, but these were interrupted by World War II. Since Italy recognized the People's Republic of China on 6 November 1970, Italy under the "One China policy" maintains relations with Taiwan on an unofficial basis.
↑ 外交部 (9 January 2015). "中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網". 中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
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