Visa requirements for Taiwanese citizens

This article is about the visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of China (ROC), also known as "Taiwan". For the visa requirements for citizens of the People's Republic of China (PRC), also known simply as "China" or "mainland China", see visa requirements for Chinese citizens.

Front cover of a Republic of China (Taiwan) passport

Visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of China (Taiwan) are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on nationals of the Republic of China (Taiwan) who have also established household registration in Taiwan. The law of Taiwan has various distinctions on its nationals' right of abode to its territory for those with or without household registration in Taiwan (NWHR and NWOHR). ^[1]

The nationals with household registration (NWHRs), also referred as citizens, are eligible to apply for National Identification Card with an ID number, and the ID number is imprinted on the passport's biodata page to signify the holder's status against the nationals without household registration (NWOHRs). As such, holders of passports with National ID number can travel to more countries and territories without visas than those without.

The Taiwan passport is one of the five passports with the most improved rating globally since 2006 in terms of number of countries that its holders may visit without a visa. ^{[2] [ needs update ]} As of 2024, NWHRs had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 143 countries and territories, ranking it the 34th in the world according to the Henley Passport Index. ^[3]

Visa requirements map

Map of where nationals with household registration (NWHRs) may enter.

  Republic of China (Taiwan)

  Visa not required / ESTA / eTA / eVisitor

  eVisa

  Visa available both on arrival or online

  Visa on arrival

  Taiwan compatriot permit or Chinese travel document required

  Visa required

  Admission refused

Visa requirements

Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and 1 or 2 blank pages. ^[4]

Visa requirements for holders of normal passports travelling for tourist purposes:

Country	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Afghanistan	Visa required [5]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Afghanistan. [6]
Albania	Visa not required [7]	90 days	90 days within any 6-months period.
Algeria	Visa required [8]
Andorra	Visa not required [9]
Angola	eVisa [10]		Those who hold a visa approval certificate in advance can apply for a visa on arrival. [11]
Antigua and Barbuda	Visa not required [12]	30 days
Argentina	Travel Certificate required [13]		AVE is available for Taiwanese passport with a valid entry authorization for the United States of America for US$200. The longest is 3 months. For tourism purposes only, applying for an electronic travel authorization (Autorización de Viaje Electrónica AVE) requires holding a regular passport with a validity period of at least 6 months, a record of at least 1 entry into the United States in the past 2 years, or holding a valid entry permit issued by the United States (ESTA or B2/J/B1/O/P<P1-P2-P3>/E/H-1B visa), and must hold a printed electronic travel authorization approval certificate; Additionally, you can apply for a Travel Certificate issued by Argentina. [14] Despite being eligible for "AVE" (ETA), it is still required Travel certificate, instead of a Visa. [15]
Armenia	eVisa [16] [17]	120 days	Maximum duration of 120 days, limited to sightseeing purposes. Entry from Yerevan Zvartnots International Airport (EVN) can also be applied for in local currency; The longest is 21 days.
Australia and territories	Electronic Travel Authority [18]	90 days	90 days on each visit in 12-month period. ROC passports without National ID numbers are not accepted unless the holder has permanent residency in another country. The longest is 3 months. For tourism or business purposes only, an Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) must be applied for in advance through the mobile application "AustralianETA", with a validity period of one year. Only a Republic of China passport holding a Republic of China national identity card number will be issued, and non registered citizens are not allowed to apply unless they have permanent residency in a third country. [19] May enter using SmartGate on arrival in Australia. [20] [21] Ashmore and Cartier Islands - Special authorisation required. [22]
Austria	Visa not required [23]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Azerbaijan	Visa required [24]
Bahamas	eVisa [25]
Bahrain	eVisa / Visa on arrival [26]	14 days
Bangladesh	Visa on arrival [27]	30 days	Visa-on-arrival fee is 51 USD Passengers who are eligible to tourism who holds round-trip air tickets and accommodation booking validations or business purposes and hold round-trip air tickets with a confirmation letter from the Board of Investment of Bangladesh can apply for a visa on arrival. Available at international airports in Dhaka, Chittagong, and Sylhet.
Barbados	Visa required [28]		Passengers holding a cruise booking certificate can stay visa free for up to 24 hours.
Belarus	Visa required [29]		Passengers who are not departing or transiting from Russia are eligible to apply for a visa upon arrival at Minsk National Airport and must provide proof of sufficient medical expenses. The condition is that proof documents must be submitted 3 working days before the actual date of entry. Visas are issued on arrival at the Minsk National Airport if the support. [30] When visiting Belovej National Park, you can enjoy a 3-day visa free entry. You need to make an appointment in advance and fill out the online form. The Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Belarus due to security concerns. [31]
Belgium	Visa not required [32]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Belize	Visa not required [33]	90 days
Benin	eVisa [34] [35]		Must have an international vaccination certificate.
Bhutan	eVisa [36] [37]
Bolivia	Online Visa / Visa on arrival [38]	30 days [39]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Visa not required [40] [41]	90 days	90 days within any 6-month period. Passport with National ID number required.
Botswana	eVisa [42] [43]		Due to the influence of the Chinese government, Botswana has removed the option for "Taiwan" and requires Taiwanese citizens to choose "China" in order to apply for an electronic visa.
Brazil	Visa required [44]		Brazilian visas issued before 14 May 2014 were affixed on laissez-passers. [45]
Brunei	Visa not required [46]	14 days	Must be in possession of a regular passport with a validity period of at least 6 months. [47]
Bulgaria	Visa not required [48]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Burkina Faso	eVisa [49] [50]	30 days	Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Burkina Faso. [51]
Burundi	Visa on arrival [52]	1 month	Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Burundi. [53]
Cambodia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [54] [55]	30 days
Cameroon	eVisa [56] [57]
Canada	Electronic Travel Authority [58] [59]	6 months	Passport with National ID number issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs required. On arrival from land or overseas eTA required when arriving by air. After arriving in Canada, you can use NEXUS to enter the country. [60]
Cape Verde	Visa on arrival [61]		Passengers are required to pre register their information on the EASE website for a maximum of 30 days. Those who do not register may be charged additional processing fees when applying for a visa on arrival.
Central African Republic	Visa required [62]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Central African Republic (CAR). [63]
Chad	eVisa [64] [65]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Chad. [66]
Chile	Visa not required [67]	90 days
China (People's Republic of)	With Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents or Chinese Travel Document only, including airside transit [68]		Holders of Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Resident can enter China via E-channel upon arrival. [69]
Colombia	Online Visa [70] [71]		The fee varies depending on the visa type. If the country option is displayed in Spanish when filling out the form, please select 'Other Cases and TERRITORIES'. Taiwanese citizens holding ROC passports or valid visas to the Schengen Area or the United States are eligible for visa-free entry. San Andrés and Leticia - Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival. [72]
Comoros	Visa on arrival [73]	45 days
Republic of the Congo	eVisa [74]		Passengers holding VIP invitation letters do not require visas. In April 2019 Congolese authorities announced a plan to introduce an electronic visa in August 2019. Visa applications can already be submitted online at the Republic of the Congo embassy in France website. [75]
Democratic Republic of the Congo	eVisa [76] [77]	7 days	Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). [78]
Costa Rica	Visa not required [79]	90 days
Côte d'Ivoire	eVisa [80] [81]	3 months	e-Visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
Croatia	Visa not required [82]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Cuba	Admission refused [83]		Taiwanese citizens are denied entry into Cuba. [83] As of June 2025, Timatic still suggests that Taiwanese citizens can enter Cuba with a visa. [84]
Cyprus	Visa not required [85]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period. Passport with National ID number required.
Czech Republic	Visa not required [86]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required. After arriving in the Czech Republic, you can use Easy Go to enter the country. [87]
Denmark	Visa not required [88]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Djibouti	eVisa [89] [90]
Dominica	Visa not required [91]	180 days
Dominican Republic	Visa not required [92]
Ecuador	Visa not required [93]	90 days
Egypt	eVisa / Visa on arrival [94] [95]	30 days
El Salvador	Visa required [96] [97]
Equatorial Guinea	eVisa [98] [99]
Eritrea	Visa required [100]		Visa covers Asmara only; to travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa). [101]
Estonia	Visa not required [102]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Eswatini	Visa not required [103]	90 days
Ethiopia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [104]	up to 90 days	Visa on arrival is obtainable only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport. [105] e-Visa holders must arrive via Addis Ababa Bole International Airport. e-Visa is available for 30 or 90 days. [106]
Fiji	Visa not required [107]	4 months	Lau Province- Special permission required. [108]
Finland	Visa not required [109]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
France	Visa not required [110]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required. Special permission is required to travel to 'Clipperton Island'. [111] You can use PARAFE to leave France. [112]
Gabon	eVisa [113] [114]	90 days	e-Visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport. New digital platform for issuing electronic tourist visas (e-Visas) in less than 48 hours, free of charge, for all applications submitted between July 1 and September 30, 2025.
Gambia	Visa not required [115]	90 days
Georgia	Admission refused [84]		Only those invited to participate in international conferences, sports events, world-class events, etc. held in Georgia can apply for an exception, but they need to obtain a visa based on specific circumstances.
Germany	Visa not required [116]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required. After arriving in Germany, EasyPass can be used for entry. [117] The EasyPass system can be used in various parts of Germany, including 8 airports such as Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Cologne/Bonn, Dusseldorf, Berlin, Stuttgart, Hanover, and Hamburg. However, people who stay in Germany for a long time still need a visa or residence permit to use the EasyPass system. [118]
Ghana	Visa required [119]
Greece	Visa not required [120]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required. Mount Athos Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed. [121] [122]
Grenada	Visa required [123]		Beginning on December 1, 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada. [124]
Guatemala	Visa not required [125]	90 days
Guinea	eVisa [126] [127]	90 days
Guinea-Bissau	Visa on arrival [128]	90 days
Guyana	eVisa [129] [130]		According to Timatic, all other visitors that are not visa exempt can obtain an eVisa before departure.
Haiti	Visa not required [131]	3 months	Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Haiti. [132]
Honduras	Visa not required [133]	3 months
Hungary	Visa not required [134]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Iceland	Visa not required [135]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
India	eVisa [136]	30 days	e-Visa holders must arrive via 32 designated airports [Note 1] or 5 designated seaports. [Note 2] [137] An Indian e-Tourist Visa may only be obtained twice within 1 calendar year. [138] Foreigners of Pakistani origin or who hold a Pakistani Passport are not eligible for an e-Visa. Foreigners who are not Pakistani nationals, but whose parents or grandparents (either paternal or maternal) were born in, or were permanent residents in Pakistan, are also not eligible for an e-Visa. [139] Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year. [140] [141] [142] [143]
Indonesia	e-VOA / Visa on arrival [144]	30 days [145]
Iran	eVisa [146] [147]	30 days	Tourist purpose: single trip from the 15th to the 30th; The maximum duration for a single business purpose is 14 days, limited to processing at designated ports. Kish Island - No visa required for 14 days. [148] Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Iran. [149]
Iraq	eVisa [150] [151]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Iraq. [152]
Ireland	Visa not required [153]	90 days
Israel	Electronic Travel Authorization [154] [155]	90 days	Entry refused by certain Muslim countries due to Arab league boycott of Israel if evidence of travel to Israel Passport with National ID number required. [156]
Italy	Visa not required [157]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required. After arriving in Italy, you can use eGates to enter the country. [158] The eGates system can be used at 20 airports in Italy. [159]
Jamaica	Affidavit of Identity required [160]		ROC passports are not recognized. Must hold an Affidavit of Identity issued by Jamaica. citizens of Taiwan with an "Affadivit of Identity" traveling as tourists may obtain a visa on arrival. [161]
Japan	Visa not required [162]	90 days	Passport with National ID number required. After arriving in Japan, J-BIS can be used for entry. [163]
Jordan	eVisa / Visa on arrival [164] [165]		Visa can be obtained upon arrival, it will cost a total of 40 JOD, obtainable at most international ports of entry and land border crossings. (except King Hussein/Allenby Bridge)
Kazakhstan	eVisa [166] [167]		Closed cities - Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty. [168]
Kenya	Electronic Travel Authorisation [169] [170]	90 days	Applications can be submitted up to 90 days prior to travel and must be submitted at least 3 days in advance. eTA fee is USD 32.50. Proof of reservation at the hotel where visitors plan to stay is required (if staying with friends, an invitation letter is also acceptable). Yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if coming from endemic countries.
Kiribati	Visa required [171]
North Korea	Visa required [172]		To enter for tourism purposes, one must first obtain authorization issued by a local travel agency in North Korea. Tourists are not allowed to leave North Korea outside of the capital Pyongyang. Special permission is required to travel to other areas, and tourists can only leave the capital with the accompaniment of government guides (cannot move independently). The Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to North Korea due to safety concerns. [173]
South Korea	Electronic Travel Authorization [174] [175]	90 days	Taiwanese citizens can enter South Korea as a short term visit (e.g., tours, visiting relatives or friends, attending simple meetings) up to 90 days without a visa, though you should remain aware of the quarantine requirements. You must also have an onward or return ticket. It is illegal to work on a tourist visa, whether as a teacher or in any other capacity. [176] You must be in possession of a Korea Electronic Travel Authorization (K-ETA) to enter Korea visa-free. You can complete your K-ETA application up to 24 hours before boarding your flight and it will be valid for 3 years from the date of approval. There is a small, non-refundable charge. [176] Taiwanese passport has right to get K-ETA free until 2025. After arriving in South Korea, you can use the Smart Entry Service (SeS) to enter the country. [177]
Kuwait	Visa required [178]
Kyrgyzstan	eVisa [179] [180]		e-Visa holders must arrive via Manas International Airport or Osh Airport or through land crossings with China (at Irkeshtam and Torugart), Kazakhstan (at Ak-jol, Ak-Tilek, Chaldybar, Chon-Kapka), Tajikistan (at Bor-Dobo, Kulundu, Kyzyl-Bel) and Uzbekistan (at Dostuk). Visa on arrival is also available for those with pre-arranged landing visa invitation. Invitation letter issued by Kyrgyz travel agency or other inviting units.
Laos	eVisa / Visa on arrival [181]	30 days	17 [Note 3] of the 31 border crossings are only open to visa holders. [182] e-Visa may be used to enter Laos through Luang Prabang, Pakse and Vientiane international airports, 3 Thai-Lao Friendship Bridges [Note 4] and in Boten (road and railroad). [183] Visa on arrival is available at Luang Prabang, Pakse and Vientiane international airports, the 4 Thai-Lao Friendship Bridges [Note 5] and 6 border crossings. [Note 6] [182] Visa on arrival is extendable for an additional 60 days at the Department of Immigration in Vientiane. [184]
Latvia	Visa not required [185]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Lebanon	Visa required [186]		Pre examination syste Tourist visa on arrival, up to 30 days, requires first sending an email to the Jordanian representative office to handle the tourist visa on arrival, limited to entry from Beirut International Airport (BEY), and the passport must be valid for at least one month upon arrival. Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Lebanon. [187]
Lesotho	eVisa [188] [189]
Liberia	eVisa [190] [191]		Starting March 11, 2025, international travelers can apply for an electronic visa on arrival to visit Liberia, but if there is a Liberian embassy in one's country, the traveler is required to apply for a visa directly at the embassy and not through this portal.
Libya	eVisa [192] [193]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Libya. [194]
Liechtenstein	Visa not required [195]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Lithuania	Visa not required [196]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Luxembourg	Visa not required [197]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Madagascar	eVisa / Visa on arrival [198] [199]
Malawi	eVisa / Visa on arrival [200] [201]	90 days
Malaysia	Visa not required [202]	30 days	After arriving in Malaysia, you can use Autogate to enter the country. [203] Sabah and Sarawak - Malaysian Visa / eNTRI required. These states have their own immigration authorities but same visa policies applies as West Malaysia. However a single entry Visa / eNTRI is valid for multiple entry/exit between the territories inside Malaysia. [204]
Maldives	Free visa on arrival [205]	30 days [206]	With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.
Mali	Visa required [207]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Mali. [208]
Malta	Visa not required [209]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Marshall Islands	Visa not required [210]	90 days [211]
Mauritania	eVisa [212] [213]		Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.
Mauritius	Visa on arrival [214]	60 days [215]
Mexico	Visa required [216]		No visa is required for passengers with a valid visa or show proof of permanent residence of Canada, Japan, USA, United Kingdom or a Schengen Member State.
Micronesia	Visa not required [217]	30 days
Moldova	Admission refused [218]		Taiwanese citizens are not allowed to enter and transit. [219]
Monaco	Visa not required [220]
Mongolia	eVisa [221] [222]	30 days
Montenegro	Visa not required [223]	90 days	Passport with National ID number required.
Morocco	Visa required [224]
Mozambique	eVisa / Visa on arrival [225] [226]	30 days
Myanmar	eVisa [227] [228]	28 days	e-Visa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with Thailand — Tachileik, Myawaddy and Kawthaung or India — Rih Khaw Dar and Tamu. e-Visa available for both tourism (allowed stay is 28 days) or business (allowed stay is 70 days) purposes.
Namibia	eVisa [229]		Starting from September 22, 2023, Republic of China passport holders can apply for a Holiday Visa online through the website of the Ministry of the Interior, Immigration, and Security of the host country https://eservices.mhaiss.gov.na/holidayvisa-services . [230]
Nauru	Visa on arrival [231]		Get a free 90 day visa on arrival. [232] [233]
Nepal	Online Visa / Visa on arrival [234] [235]	30 days	Business purposes and obtain a license from the Nepalese Ministry of Industry for a maximum of 5 years.
Netherlands	Visa not required [236]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
New Zealand	Electronic Travel Authority [237]	3 months	Taiwan standard passport with National ID number required; otherwise, visa required. [238] [239] Taiwan diplomatic and official passports are unacceptable, and visas will not be endorsed in them. [240] International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority. [241] Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure. [242] Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy. [241]
Nicaragua	Visa not required [243]	90 days
Niger	Visa required [244]		Holders of a pre-approved confirmation from the National Police may obtain a visa on arrival (flyer visa) upon arrival at Niamey. The passport will be compounded for 1 working day and the traveler is required to appear at the Director General of Immigration the next working day to register and collect their passport. [245] Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Niger. [246]
Nigeria	eVisa [247] [248]
North Macedonia	Visa not required [249]	90 days	Passport with National ID number required.
Norway	Visa not required [250]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required. Go to Jan Mayen Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours. Anyone of any nationality may live and work freely in Svalbard per the Svalbard Treaty.
Oman	Visa not required / eVisa [251] [252]	14 days / 30 days
Pakistan	Visa required [253]		Extra registration with the Immigration Head Office of Pakistan in Hong Kong is required in advance of arrival. [254] [255] The Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Pakistan due to safety concerns. [256]
Palau	Visa not required [257] [258]	90 days [206]
Panama	Visa not required [259]	90 days
Papua New Guinea	eVisa [260] [261]	60 days	Available at Gurney Airport (Alotau), Mount Hagen Airport, Port Moresby Airport and Tokua Airport (Rabaul). The Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Papua New Guinea due to safety concerns. [262]
Paraguay	Visa not required [263] [264]	90 days
Peru	Visa not required [265]	183 days
Philippines	Visa not required [266] [267]	14 days	Visa exemption applies for tourism purposes only. Effective until June 30, 2026. [268] [269] eVisa is still available for short-term visits not exceeding 30 days. [270] Visa required for longer tourism trips or other travel purposes. [271]
Poland	Visa not required [272]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Portugal	Visa not required [273]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Qatar	eVisa / Visa on arrival [274] [275]	30 days	Available at Hamad International Airport [276]
Romania	Visa not required [277]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Russia	eVisa [278] [279]	30 days	The scope of application covers the entire territory of Russia, with a visa validity period of 60 days and a stay period of 16 days. The visa fee is $40, and children under 6 years old are free of charge. Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization. [280] For visiting Crimea, visas issued by Russia are required. [281] Russia signed the "Shared Values Visa" law on August 19, 2024, aimed at simplifying the residence permits for citizens of countries that do not conform to Russia's traditional spirit and values. This means that one can obtain a three-month temporary residency without passing the exam. The focus of this law is to simplify the residence permit for foreign citizens with traditional Russian spirit and values. As long as they comply with Russian values, foreign citizens do not need to prove their knowledge of Russian language, Russian history, or Russian law (without examination), and can obtain a temporary residence permit for three months. By simplifying the process, more people can be attracted to settle in Russia, and these foreign citizens must come from countries that oppose Russian values. This list applies to 47 regions, including Taiwan. [282] The Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Russia due to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine. [283]
Rwanda	eVisa / Visa on arrival [284] [285]	30 days
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Electronic Travel Authorisation [286] [287]	3 months
Saint Lucia	Visa not required [288]	6 weeks
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Visa not required [289]	6 months
Samoa	Visa not required [290]	60 days
San Marino	Visa not required [291]
São Tomé and Príncipe	eVisa [292] [293]
Saudi Arabia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [294] [295]	90 days	Restricted tourism and Islamic sub pilgrimage purposes; Holding a business or tourist visa issued by the United States, the United Kingdom, or a Schengen area country, and the visa is valid, used, and stamped, can apply for a visa on arrival. It is necessary to travel on airlines such as Saudi Arabian Airlines (SV), Flyadeal (F3), Saudigulf (6S), or Nasir (XY). Special access permission is required to travel to Mecca and Medina. Non Muslims and followers of the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entering the country.
Senegal	Visa required [296]
Serbia	Travel Certificate required [297]		Travel certificate issued on a separate piece of paper. [298] Holders of passports of the Taiwan can apply for a short-stay visa (visa C) in person at the relevant diplomatic-consular mission or through the Welcome to Serbia portal.If the request for issuing a visa for a short stay (visa C) is submitted in person, the visa is issued on the same day, and if it is submitted online, it is necessary to make an appointment at the competent diplomatic-consular mission of the Republic of Serbia to collect the visa. It is necessary to apply for an entry permit letter from the Serbian embassy or consulate abroad in advance. The permit letter is not attached to the passport and can be used for a maximum stay of 90 days [299]
Seychelles	Electronic Border System [300] [301]	3 months	Application can be submitted up to 30 days before travel. Visitors must upload a reservation confirmation(s) for each visitor's location of stay in Seychelles. Yellow fever vaccination certificate is required if coming from endemic countries. Payment of the fee (EUR 10) by credit or debit card. Valid for one journey only and it expires once exit the country.
Sierra Leone	eVisa [302] [303]
Singapore	Visa not required [304]	30 days	Holders of passports without National ID numbers are required to hold a valid Taiwanese re-entry permit. [304] After arriving in Singapore, you can use the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA) to enter the country. [305]
Slovakia	Visa not required [306]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Slovenia	Visa not required [307]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Solomon Islands	Free Visitor's Permit on arrival [308]	3 months
Somalia	Admission refused [309]		Passengers with a Taiwanese passport are not allowed to enter or transit. In June 2025, Somalia lifted its ban on visitors entering with Taiwanese passports, although Timatic still shows that Taiwanese citizens are unable to enter Somalia. [310] Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Somalia. [311]
South Africa	Visa required [312]		Visas issued free of charge.
South Sudan	eVisa [313] [314]		Obtainable online. Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel. When traveling online, a printed visa authorization letter must be presented. Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to South Sudan. [315]
Spain	Visa not required [316]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Sri Lanka	eVisa / Visa on arrival [317] [318]	60 days / 30 days	According to the e-Visa site, citizens of Taiwan would need to select People's Republic of China (Special Administrative Region of China) as their nationality while applying for the e-Visa. [319] The standard visitor visa allows a stay of 60 days within any 6-month period. [320] Visa fees (for Standard visitor visa): SAARC - USD 35 Non SAARC - USD 75 e-Visa categories will be charged an additional USD 18.50 service fee. If transiting from any of the Sri Lankan airports, An e-Visa is exempted (2 day transit period).
Sudan	Visa required [321]		All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit. [322] Go to Darfur Separate travel permit is required. [322] Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Sudan. [323]
Suriname	Visa not required [324] [325]	90 days	An entrance fee of USD 50 or EUR 50 must be paid online prior to arrival. [326] Multiple entry e-Visa is also available. [327]
Sweden	Visa not required [328]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Switzerland	Visa not required [329]	90 days	90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Passport with National ID number required.
Syria	eVisa [330] [331]		Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Syria. [332]
Tajikistan	eVisa [333] [334]		Go to Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez. [335] [336] [337]
Tanzania	eVisa / Visa on arrival [338] [339]
Thailand	Visa not required [340]	60 days	After arriving in Thailand, you can use the automated passport control (APC) system to enter the country. [341]
Timor-Leste	Visa on arrival [342]	30 days
Togo	eVisa [343] [344]	15 days
Tonga	Visa required [345]
Trinidad and Tobago	eVisa [346] [347]
Tunisia	Visa required [348]
Turkey	eVisa [349] [350]	30 days
Turkmenistan	Visa required [351]		Closed cities - A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. [352]
Tuvalu	Visa not required [353]	90 days
Uganda	eVisa [354] [355]
Ukraine	eVisa [356] [357]		Ukraine resumed its eVisa service in February 2025. [358] Taiwanese citizens need to select the "China (Taiwan)" option to apply for an electronic visa. Prohibited from entering Novorossiya. Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine. [359] Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Ukraine. [360]
United Arab Emirates	Visa required [361]		May apply using 'Smart service'. [362] The longest transit electronic visa is 96 hours. You must travel the entire journey on Emirates Airlines, with a transit time exceeding 4 hours.
United Kingdom	Electronic Travel Authorisation [363]	6 months	ETA valid for 2 years when issued. [364] Passport with National ID number required. [365] After arriving in the UK, ePassport gates can be used for entry. [366]
United States	Visa Waiver Program [367] [368]	90 days	ESTA is valid for 2 years from the date of issuance. [369] ESTA is also required when entering the country by cruise ship or land. [370] Visa required for nationals of VWP countries who have travelled or been present in Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, Syria or Yemen at any time on or after 1 March 2011 (with limited exceptions), or those who have travelled or being present in Cuba at any time on or after 12 January 2021, or nationals of VWP countries who are also nationals of Iran, Iraq, North Korea, Sudan or Syria. After arriving in the United States, Global Entry can be used for entry. [371] If entering by air or cruise, one must apply in advance through the electronic travel authorization system and obtain a valid entry period of 2 years; Land travelers do not need to apply for ESTA in advance; A passport with a Republic of China national ID number is required, and for other situations, the DS-232 form must be filled out to apply for a visa.
Uruguay	Visa required [372]
Uzbekistan	eVisa [373] [374]
Vanuatu	Visa not required [375]	30 days
Vatican City	Visa not required [376]
Venezuela	Admission refused [377]		Venezuela is extremely unfriendly to Taiwan. Due to the influence of the Chinese government, Venezuela no longer recognizes Taiwanese passports and therefore does not issue visas to Taiwanese citizens (for business and tourism). This means that Taiwanese citizens will not be able to enter Venezuela. [377] As of June 2025, Timatic still suggests that Taiwanese citizens can enter Venezuela with a visa. [378] Due to security concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Venezuela. [379]
Vietnam	eVisa [380] [381]		Direct flight traveling to Phú Quốc can be exempted from a visa for 30 days.
Yemen	Visa required [382]		Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden. [383] Passengers can transit without visa with a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country within 24 hours. They must stay in the international transit area of the airport and have documents required for the next destination. Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Yemen. [384]
Zambia	eVisa [385] [386]		There is no Taiwan option in the application system.
Zimbabwe	eVisa [387] [388]

Other Visa requirements

APEC Business Travel Card

  Full members of the scheme

  Transitional members (United States, Canada)

Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries: ^[389]

Australia 2 Brunei 2 Chile 2 Hong Kong 4 Indonesia 4 Japan 2 Malaysia 2 Mexico 1 New Zealand 2

Papua New Guinea 4 Peru 2 Philippines 4 Russia 3 Singapore 4 South Korea 2 Thailand 2 Vietnam 4

_{1 - Up to 180 days
2 - Up to 90 days
3 - Up to 90 days in a period of 180 days
4 - Up to 60 days}

Although Taiwan is a member of this program, its nationals are also not allowed to use ABTC to enter China, instead they are required to use Taiwan Compatriot Permits.

The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages: ^[390]

• No need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by Canada and United States)
• Undertake legitimate business in participating economies
• Expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members

Vaccination

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area. ^[391]

Dependent, disputed or restricted territories

Visa requirements for nationals of Republic of China for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries, and restricted zones:

Greater China

ROC nationals without household registration (NWOHRs) are required to obtain a Chinese Travel Document from a Chinese embassy, consulate or diplomatic mission prior to travelling to Hong Kong SAR and mainland China. As Chinese Travel Documents are issued as a replacement of the Chinese passport, all holders of Taiwan passports who have citizenship or nationality of another country are ineligible and are required to apply for a Chinese visa on their non-ROC passports instead. ^[392]

Areas	Travel with ROC passport	Travel with Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents	Travel with Chinese Travel Document
Mainland China (excluding Tibet Autonomous Region)	Single-entry Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents on arrival for 3 months, applicable to holders of Taiwanese ID cards only. Permit is still required even for airside transit	Up to 5 years	Up to 2 years
Tibet Autonomous Region	Valid Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents and Tibet Travel Permit required	Valid Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents and Tibet Travel Permit required	Valid Chinese Travel Document and Tibet Travel Permit required
Hong Kong	Online registration for 30 days free of charge, applicable to passports with National ID number only. Registration or Taiwan Compatriot Permit not required for airside transit [393] [394]	30 days	Hong Kong SAR Entry Permit required except for airside transit
Macau	30 days [395]	30 days [396]	7 days, must be in transit to or from a third country or region [397]

Notes:
Single-entry Mainland Travel Permit for Taiwan Residents can be applied with ROC passport (with a validity of more than 3 months), ROC National ID card, return ticket and 2 passport-sized photos, fee is CNY 150. Some airports may require additional documents, such as an invitation letter. Eligible airports are: Beijing, Changchun, Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Fuzhou, Guilin, Guiyang, Haikou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Hefei, Jinan, Kunming, Nanchang, Nanjing, Nanning, Ningbo, Qingdao, Quanzhou, Sanya, Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Wuxi, Xiamen, Xi'an, Xuzhou, Yancheng, Yantai and Zhengzhou. ^[398] The single-entry travel permit is valid for a stay up to 3 months. Holder of a valid, long-term travel permit is not eligible to use this service, he or she must instead carry the long-term permit or will be refused entry for not doing so.

Other

Visitor to	Visa requirement	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Europe
Abkhazia	Visa required [399]
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Visa not required	3 months. Passport required. [400]
United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus	Access Permit required	Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas. [401]
Gibraltar	Visa not required	Visa not required for holders of passports with National ID number only. [402]
Kosovo	Visa not required	90 days, pre-arrival notifications must be made at least two weeks in advance. [403]
South Ossetia	Visa required	Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia. [404] [405]
Transnistria	Visa required	Moldovan visa required. Registration required after 24h. [406]
Africa
British Indian Ocean Territory	Special permit required	Special permit required. [407]
Mayotte	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [408]
Réunion	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [409]
Ascension Island	Admission refused [410] [411]	From May 2015, the Ascension Island Government does not issue entry visas (including eVisas) to citizens of Taiwan. [412]
Saint Helena	eVisa [413]
Tristan da Cunha	Permission required	Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands. [414]
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Visa regime undefined	Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
Somaliland	Visa on arrival	30 days for 40 US dollars. [415] Due to safety concerns, the Taiwanese government advises its citizens not to travel to Somaliland. [416]
Asia
Iraqi Kurdistan	Visa required [417]
Palestine	Visa not required	Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed. [418] [419]
Korean Demilitarized Zone	Access restricted	Restricted zone.
UNDOF Zone and Ghajar	Access restricted	Restricted zone.
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Anguilla	Visa not required	3 months. Passport with National ID number required. [420]
Aruba	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [421]
Bermuda	Visa not required	6 months [422]
Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [423]
British Virgin Islands	Visa not required	6 months [424]
Cayman Islands	Visa not required	60 days. Passport with National ID number required. [425]
Curacao	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [426]
French Guiana	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [427]
French West Indies	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [428]
Greenland	Visa not required	90 days in 180 days. Passport with National ID number required. [429]
Montserrat	Visa not required	6 months [430]
Puerto Rico	Visa not required	90 days. ESTA and passport with National ID number required. [431]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [432] [433]
Sint Maarten	Visa not required	90 days. Passport with National ID number required. [434]
Turks and Caicos Islands	Visa not required	90 days [435]
U.S. Virgin Islands	Visa not required	90 days. ESTA and passport with National ID number required. [436]
Oceania
American Samoa	Electronic Travel Authorization [437]	30 days. [438]
Cook Islands	Visa not required	31 days [439]
French Polynesia	Visa not required	90 days within 180 days. Passport with National ID number required. [440]
Guam	Visa not required	45 days. Must hold a National ID card and disembark on a nonstop flight from Taiwan. Otherwise under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA and passport with National ID number required. [441]
New Caledonia	Visa not required	90 days within 180 days. Passport with National ID number required. [442]
Niue	Visa not required	30 days [443]
Northern Mariana Islands	Visa not required	45 days. Must hold a National ID card and disembark on a nonstop flight from Taiwan. Otherwise under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA and passport with National ID number required. [444]
Pitcairn Islands	Visa not required	14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore. [445] [446] [447]
United States Minor Outlying Islands	Special permits required	Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island. [448] [449] [450] [451] [452] [453] [454]
Wallis and Futuna	Visa not required	90 days within 180 days. Passport with National ID number required. [455]
South America
Galápagos	Pre-registration required	Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure. [456]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
Falkland Islands	Visa not required	A visitor permit is normally issued as a stamp in the passport on arrival, The maximum validity period is 1 month. [457]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	Permit required	Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling). [458] [459]
Antarctica	Special permits required	Special permits required for British Antarctic Territory, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Argentine Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory, Chilean Antarctic Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land, Ross Dependency. [460] [461] [462] [463] [464] [465] [466] [467] [468] [469] [470] [471]

Arab League — Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel.

See also

• Republic of China portal

• Visa policy of Taiwan
• Taiwan passport
• List of nationalities forbidden at border

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135. Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland.
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180. "Kyrgyzstan eVisa".
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185. Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, 9 October 2017.
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189. "Lesotho eVisa".
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191. "Apply for a Liberia Visa Online". E-Visa Liberia. Retrieved 2025-06-09.
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195. Visa , Government of Liechtenstein (in German).
196. Do I need a visa? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, 30 August 2017.
197. Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg.
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199. "Madagascar eVisa".
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201. "Malawi eVisa".
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203. Team, Internet. "「臺馬互惠自動通關」馬上通！". 駐馬來西亞台北經濟文化辦事處 Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-09-13.
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219. "Visa regime for foreigners".
220. Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office.
221. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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224. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
225. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
226. "Mozambique eVisa".
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235. "Nepal Online Visa".
236. Short-stay Schengen visa (90 days or less) , Government of the Netherlands.
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238. "A2.15 Unacceptable travel documents". immigration.govt.nz. Immigration New Zealand. 7 November 2011.
239. "E2.1 People to whom a visa waiver applies". immigration.govt.nz. Immigration New Zealand. 1 July 2019.
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248. "Nigeria Immigration Services".
249. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
250. Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration.
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261. "PNG Easy Visitor Permit".
262. "Travel Warning for Papua New Guinea". Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan). 10 July 2017. Retrieved July 15, 2025.
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272. Visa-free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland.
273. Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal.
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287. "Saint Kitts and Nevis eTA".
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314. "South Sudan eVisa".
315. "Travel Warning for South Sudan". Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan). 10 July 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
316. Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain.
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319. "Information".
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326. "Entry-fee".
327. "Suriname eVisa | VFS Global | Official partner of the Government of Suriname".
328. List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden.
329. Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland.
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332. "Travel Warning for Syria". Bureau of Consular Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China (Taiwan). 10 July 2017. Retrieved June 24, 2025.
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350. "Türkiye eVisa".
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356. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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362. "UAE Smart Service".
363. UK visa requirements: list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom, 2 October 2017.
364. "Apply for an electronic travel authorisation (ETA)" . Retrieved 28 April 2025.
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368. "Official ESTA Application".
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370. "Entry into the United States by land, sea, or air".
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378. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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387. International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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389. "ABTC Economy Entry Information" (PDF).
390. "APEC Business Travel Card".
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425. Visa-free and visa-required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands.
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Notes

1. • Ahmedabad
   • Amritsar
   • Bagdogra
   • Bengaluru
   • Bhubaneswar
   • Chandigarh
   • Chennai
   • Coimbatore
   • Delhi
   • Gaya
   • Goa-Dabolim
   • Goa-Manohar
   • Guwahati
   • Hyderabad
   • Indore
   • Jaipur
   • Kannur
   • Kochi
   • Kolkata
   • Kozhikode
   • Lucknow
   • Madurai
   • Mangaluru
   • Mumbai
   • Nagpur
   • Port Blair
   • Pune
   • Surat
   • Thiruvananthapuram
   • Tiruchirappalli
   • Varanasi
   • Visakhapatnam
2. • Chennai
   • Cochin
   • Mormugao (Goa)
   • Mumbai
   • Mangalore
3. • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
   • Lantui - Baka (China)
   • Meuang mom - Wan Pong (Myanmar)
   • Tanalaeng Dry Port - Nongkai (Thailand)
   • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
   • Pakxan - Bungkan (Thailand)
   • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
   • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
   • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
   • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
   • Phoudou (Thailand)
   • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
   • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
   • Lalai (Vietnam)
   • Pangmone - Phayao (Thailand)
   • Daktaock - Nam Giang (Vietnam)
   • Savannakhet Airport
4. • Vientiane
   • Savannakhet
   • Bokeo
5. • Vientiane
   • Savannakhet
   • Khammouane
   • Bokeo
6. • Samliemkham (Thailand and Myanmar)
   • Khamsavath - Nongkai (Thailand)
   • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
   • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
   • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
   • Boten - Bo han (China)