Visa policy of Australia

Last updated

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Au immigration departure 2023.png
Entry and exit stamps - now issued only on request.
Australia Visa.jpg
Visa label - no longer issued. All visas are now issued electronically.

The visa policy of Australia deals with the requirements that a foreign national wishing to enter Australia must meet to obtain a visa, which is a permit to travel, to enter and remain in the country. [1] A visa may also entitle the visa holder to other privileges, such as a right to work, study, etc. and may be subject to conditions.

Contents

Since 1994, Australia has maintained a universal visa regime, meaning that every non-citizen in Australia must have a visa, either as a result of an application, or one granted automatically by law. [2] Australia does not issue visas on arrival except for New Zealand citizens. [3] As of 2015 there was no intention to provide visa free entry for any country. [4]

Visitors holding passports from certain countries may apply for a visa using a truncated process:

Under the Migration Regulations 1994, certain persons are defined as holding a valid visa, without having pursued the standard Australian visa process, including [8] certain visitors, mostly linked to foreign militaries and governments, eligible for entry under the special purpose visa, pursuant to a variety of Australian laws and international agreements. [9]

Nationals of all other countries will need to apply for the Visitor visa online.

Since 1 September 2015, Australia ceased to issue visa labels on visa holders' passports, and all visas are issued and recorded on a central database. [10] Visa records can only be accessed through Visa Entitlement Verification Online (VEVO), a digital verification service provided by the Department of Home Affairs. [11]

Visa policy map

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  Australia
  eVisitor or Electronic Travel Authority   
  eVisitor
  Electronic Travel Authority
  Online Visitor visa

History

Visa formats in Australia have changed over the years. Australia was possibly one of the first countries to replace ink-based stamps with more secure stick-on labels in the 1970s. [12]

In 1987, the then-Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs initiated a scheme which saw the utilization of computers to process visitor visa applications in overseas Australian missions for the first time. [12]

In 1990, a second generation of the Immigration Records and Information System (IRIS II) was introduced as a replacement of the original 1987 scheme. At the time, IRIS II was the most advanced visa processing system in the world, simplifying immigration clearance processes at airports and enabling across-the-counter visa issue at the Australian diplomatic missions. [12]

In 1996, the Electronic Travel Authority system (ETA) was launched. The system allows visas to be issued electronically and linked to the applicant's passport, eliminating paper application forms. [13] Australia was the first country in the world to launch electronic visas. [12]

Australia officially ceased the issuance of visa stickers on 1 September 2015, and all visas are issued and recorded electronically. [10]

From July 2017, the use of outgoing departure cards ceased. Passengers were previously required to complete paper declarations upon departing Australia. Instead, the same information is now sourced automatically through electronic systems. [14] [15] [16]

The Departure card - used from the 1960s until July 2017 DefunctOutgoingPassengerCardAU.jpg
The Departure card - used from the 1960s until July 2017

By the end of 2017, all wet-ink passport stamping had ceased as a matter of course at the primary line for arrivals and departures at manned counters. Evidence of travel stamps can still be requested at a secondary manned counter typically immediately after the primary line (including if you have used SmartGate for automated passport processing). [17]

Physical arrival cards were replaced with a Digital Passenger Declaration mobile phone app in February 2022. In July 2022 physical paper cards were brought back and the app was scrapped due to poor user experience and difficulties it created for the travellers who were unable to use a suitable electronic device. [18]

Visa rules are set out in the Migration Act 1958 and the Migration Regulations, which are administered by the Department of Home Affairs.

Visa exemption

Special purpose visa

A special purpose visa is a visa exemption given by operation of law to certain foreign nationals in Australia to whom standard visa and immigration clearance arrangements do not apply. It effectively exempts certain persons from the normal processes for entry into Australia. These include members of the Royal Family and the members of the Royal party, guests of Government, Status of forces agreement forces members including civilian component members, Asia‑Pacific forces members, Commonwealth forces members, foreign armed forces dependents, foreign naval forces members, airline positioning crew members and airline crew members, eligible transit passengers, persons visiting Macquarie Island, eligible children born in Australia and Indonesian traditional fishermen visiting the Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands. [19] [20]

Transit without a visa

Some travelers do not need a Transit visa (subclass 771) if they depart Australia by air within 8 hours of the scheduled time of their arrival, hold confirmed onward booking and documentation necessary to enter the country of their destination and remain in the transit lounge at an airport (i.e. they do not need to clear immigration in order to re-check their luggage). [21]

Holders of passports of the following countries can transit without a visa: [22]

A Transit visa is required for Gold Coast airport, and for Cairns airport and Sydney airport if staying overnight. Transit without a visa through Adelaide applies only to passengers departing on the same aircraft unless advance notice is given by the airline. [23] In addition, those who need to leave the transit lounge for any reason must hold a valid Australian visa.

Torres Strait

Residents of thirteen coastal villages in Papua New Guinea are permitted to enter the 'Protected Zone' of the Torres Strait (part of Queensland) for traditional purposes. This exemption from passport control is part of a treaty between Australia and Papua New Guinea negotiated when PNG became independent from Australia in 1975. Full list was determined in 2000 and includes the following 13 villages – Bula, Mari, Jarai, Tais, Buji/Ber, Sigabadaru, Mabadauan, Old Mawatta, Ture Ture, Kadawa, Katatai, Parama and Sui. They can make traditional visits (free movement without passports) as far as 10 degrees 30 minutes South latitude (near Number One Reef). Australian traditional inhabitants come from the following villages – Badu, Boigu, Poruma (Coconut Island), Erub (Darnley Island), Dauan, Kubin, St Pauls, Mabuiag, Mer (Murray Island), Saibai, Ugar (Stephen Island), Warraber (Sue Island), Iama (Yam Island) and Masig (Yorke Island). They can make traditional visits to the Papua New Guinea Treaty Villages and travel north as far as the 9 degrees South latitude (just north of Daru). [24] Vessels from other parts of Papua New Guinea and other countries attempting to cross into Australia or Australian waters are stopped by the Australian Border Force (ABF) or the Royal Australian Navy.

Electronic visa

All Australian visas are electronic visas since 2015, with details stored only in the Australian immigration database. Visa details are electronically linked to passport details. Physical labels or stamps are no longer needed. [25] [10] Nearly all Australian visas can be applied for online. [26]

Short-term travelers with certain passports benefit from reciprocal visa waiver agreements with Australia. These travelers still technically require a visa but obtain them through a streamlined online process, when staying for 3 months or less. Eligible visitors apply online for an Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) or eVisitor visa depending on their nationality. Visitors eligible for an ETA may also apply through some travel agents, airlines and specialist service providers. Many applications are granted in minutes, whereas others require further checking of information. [26]

eVisitor (subclass 651)

The eVisitor was introduced on 27 October 2008, replacing an older eVisa system, to create a reciprocal short stay travel arrangement for nationals of Australia and the European Union, while still maintaining the universal visa system. On 23 March 2013 the business and tourist purpose eVisitors visas were merged into a single application. [27]

The eVisitor is issued free of charge and allows the holder to visit Australia for unlimited times, up to 3 months per visit, in a 12-month period for tourism or business purposes. Applicants must also satisfy the health and character requirements as for other visas. [27]

Holders of passports of the following countries may apply for eVisitor: [27]

The grant rate of eVisitor has been consistently high over the years, never dropping below 97.7%. In the second quarter of 2018 the lowest approval rates for tourism applications were for the nationals of Romania (75%), Bulgaria (84.8%), Latvia (86.8%), Lithuania (88.5%) and Croatia (88.9%) with all other countries having a grant rate above 95%. [28]

The eVisitor in the last quarter of 2013 was granted automatically to 85.8% of applicants but the rates differed significantly among countries. The lowest automatically granted rates in the 4th quarter were for nationals of Bulgaria (16.2%), Romania (18.3%), Czech Republic (58.6%), Lithuania (59.3%), Latvia (62.4%) and Slovakia (66.3%) with all other countries having an automatic grant rate above 70%. [29]

In 2014, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania notified the European Commission that they considered that Australia required a visa for their nationals. [30] The notification was dismissed in 2015 after Australia lifted a transit visa requirement for Bulgarians, Cypriots and Romanians and made some clarifications. [31]

The European Commission ruled that the eVisitor's 'autogrant' treatment is not an equivalent to the Schengen visa application procedures. Applications for countries deemed high risk, i.e. not ETA, are routinely processed manually rather than via 'autogrant' and they are subject to additional documents prior to arrival, which is typical for a proper visa. [32]

Australia's SmartGate entry system for automatically processing through passport control can only be used for countries on ETA list, not by countries on eVisitor list. [33] According to HPI (Henley Passport Index) methodology pre-departure government approval, like eVisitor manual processing is not considered as visa free. [34]

In 2018, the European Union planned to introduce their own electronic travel authorisation, called ETIAS, needed for visa-exempt countries like Australia.

Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) (subclass 601)

Development of the ETA system commenced in January 1996. It was first implemented in Singapore on a trial basis on 11 September 1996, for holders of Singapore and US passports travelling on Qantas and Singapore Airlines. Implementation of online applications began in June 2001. [26] [35] The current ETA came into effect on 23 March 2013 replacing older ETAs (subclass 976, 977 and 956) while offering a single authorization for both tourist and business purposes. [36]

The ETA allows the holder to visit Australia for unlimited times, up to 3 months per visit, in a 12-month period for tourism or business purposes. The application requires a service charge of A$20. Applicants must also satisfy the health and character requirements as for other visas. [37]

Holders of passports of the following countries and territories may apply for an ETA: [37]

Holders of passports of certain countries eligible for eVisitor may also apply for an ETA:

Online Visitor visa (e600)

Since November 2012, visa labels in passport have not been required, but were issued at a request for a fee. As of September 2015 the possibility to obtain a visa label is no longer available and records are accessible only online through the Visa Entitlement Verification Online (VEVO) service.

On 23 March 2013, a new Visitor visa (subclass 600) replaced the previous Tourist visa (subclass 676). [38]

In the 4th quarter of 2013 the automatic grant rate for electronically lodged applications outside Australia stood at 28.3%. Previously the rate ranged from 20.4% to 63.2%. [29]

Visa types

There is a large range of visas that may be applied for, for a variety of purposes, including: [39] [40] [41]

External territories

Norfolk Island passport stamp Norfolk Island Passport Stamp.tif
Norfolk Island passport stamp

SmartGate

SmartGate is an automated border processing system introduced by the Australian Border Force and New Zealand Customs Service. The SmartGate is available to eligible holders of electronic passports of age 16 years or older issued by the following jurisdictions: [67]

APEC Business Travel Card

Holders of passports issued by the following countries who possess an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) containing the "AUS" code on the reverse that it is valid for travel to Australia can enter visa-free for business trips for up to 90 days. [69]

ABTCs are issued to nationals of: [70]

Temporary entrants statistics

The number of temporary entrants and New Zealand citizens physically present in Australia is estimated every three months by identifying those who have entered Australia and those who have neither left nor granted permanent residency. [71]

Temporary visa holders30 September 201430 September 2015% Change% of Total
New Zealand (Special Category 444) visa657,210661,5500.735.4
Student visa387,800425,7409.822.8
Visitor visa226,010258,91014.613.8
Temporary Skilled visa196,930186,810-5.110.0
Working Holiday Maker visa151,220144,450-4.57.7
Bridging visa94,840114,39020.66.1
Other Temporary visa47,21052,19010.52.8
Temporary Graduate visa21,97025,52016.21.4
Total visa1,783,1901,869,5504.8100

Overstaying visa

Foreign nationals who remain in Australia after their visa has expired are termed overstayers. Official government sources put the number of visa overstayers in Australia at approximately 50,000. This has been the official number of illegal immigrants for about 25 years and is considered to be low. Other sources have placed it at up to 100,000, but no detailed study has been completed to quantify this number, which could be significantly higher.

The government calculates a "Modified Non-Return Rate" of the people who arrive on a Visitor visa granted outside Australia, but do not depart before their visa expires. It is considered when assessing visa applications as an indicator of Visitor visa compliance. [72]

Enforcement of visa restrictions

On 1 June 2013, the Migration Amendment (Reform of Employer Sanctions) Act 2013 commenced and put the onus on businesses to ensure that their employees maintain the necessary work entitlements in Australia. The new legislation enables the Department of Immigration and Border Protection to levy infringement notices against business (A$15,300) and individual (A$3,060) employers on a strict liability basis – meaning that there is no requirement to prove fault, negligence or intention. [73] [74]

Reciprocity issues

Whilst nationals of all member states of the European Union and Schengen associated countries were entitled to use the eVisitor system since 27 October 2008, the European Commission assessed whether the eVisitor visa fully satisfied reciprocity requirements. In its Seventh report on certain third countries' maintenance of visa requirements in breach of the principle of reciprocity from 2012, the European Commission found that in principle, the eVisitor provided equal treatment of the nationals of all member states and Schengen associated countries. However, while the average autogrant rate was high (86.36%), the quarterly reports on eVisitor application statistics showed that applications by nationals of some member states were mainly processed manually. Autogrant rates for Bulgaria and Romania were at just 18% and 23%, as the majority of applications were sent for additional examination. The Commission therefore engaged to continue to closely monitor the processing of eVisitor applications. The Commission would submit its assessment of whether eVisitor was equivalent to the Schengen visa application process in a separate document in parallel with the assessment of the Final Rule on ESTA. [75] The Schengen Area does not have visa requirements in place for short-term stays of Australian nationals. [76] [77] The United Kingdom and Ireland are exempt from this particular EU policy, but still do not impose any short-term visa requirements on Australians. [78] [79]

In 2014, Bulgaria, Cyprus and Romania notified the European Commission that they considered Australia's low rate of automatically granted eVisitor authorisations for their nationals tantamount to a normal visa requirement for their nationals. [30] Implications were that if the notification were accepted the EU might suspend the visa exemption for certain categories of Australian nationals, and at the latest six months after publication of the regulation, the Commission might decide to suspend the visa-free access to all Australian nationals. [80]

Some countries regard the ETA as being equivalent to visa-free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory. The United States, for example, offers its Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport holders, [81] and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that "Governments provide reciprocal visa-free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes". [82] However, the United States has required from January 2009 a similar ETA, called the Electronic System for Travel Authorization, from nationals of Australia. As of December 1998, Japan also granted visa-free access to Australians. [83] Other ETA eligible countries and territories Canada, [84] Hong Kong, [85] Malaysia, [86] Singapore, [87] South Korea [88] and Taiwan [89] also grant visa-free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30-day visa on arrival. [90]

Future

In 2014, Australia announced that among the countries discussed for visa waiver extension were the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. [91] In 2022, newly elected Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced his intention to include Indonesia as eligible for the Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601). [92] [93] [94]

Visitor statistics

According to the data with the Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], in 2018–19, there were approximately 9.3 million international visitors that came to Australia on short trips.1

By a short trip is implied a trip that is of a lesser duration than 1 year. As per the ABS, the number reflects the total number of border crossings in the duration rather than the number of people travelling to Australia from overseas.

Among the international visitors in Australia in 2018–19, the maximum number were Chinese nationals. With more than 1.4 million visitors across Australia, China was the biggest source country for international tourists in the Land Down Under in 2018–19.

The primary reason for international travelers to come to Australia was for holiday. Around 47% stated their reason as holiday.

When in Australia, the international travelers spent an average of 11 days in the country. While travelers spend more time in South Australia [17 days], those who visited Queensland stayed for around 10 days on an average.

The record high number of 9.3 million visitors in 2018-19 was around 3.8 million over than the number of international visitors 10 years ago, and 272,300 more as compared to a year previously.2

Generally, there has been an increase recorded in the number of international visitors to Australia in the recent decades.

Surveys have revealed that a significant number of Indians that traveled to Australia for recreation preferred heading to South Australia.

Most visitors arriving to Australia were from the following countries of nationality: [95] [96] [97]

Country/Territory201820172016201520142013
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 1,432,1001,356,8001,208,3001,023,600839,500708,900
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1,384,9001,359,5001,347,4001,309,9001,241,4001,192,800
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 789,100780,400716,600609,900553,000501,100
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 733,400733,000715,700688,400652,100657,600
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 469,200434,700417,900335,500326,500324,400
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 447,800432,900429,700395,800372,100339,800
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 401,100396,800390,000338,800324,500278,100
Flag of India.svg  India 357,700302,700262,300233,100196,600168,600
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong 308,700281,200247,900219,700201,600183,500
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 288,000302,200280,100230,100204,100197,500
Total9,245,8008,815,3008,269,2007,428.6006,868.0006,382.300

Somalia

Entry and transit is refused to Somalia nationals using Somali travel documents. Nationals of Somalia must use other documents to enter. [98]

Hamas-Israel Conflict: Visa Support and financial assistance

The Australian Government is providing an additional $1 million in funding for emergency financial assistance in 2024-25 to people from significantly affected areas of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories who have arrived in Australia on temporary visas and who have been assessed to be in financial hardship. This increases total funding provided for emergency financial assistance in 2023-24 and 2024-25 to $3 million. The Australian Government has stated that People from significantly affected areas of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories who have arrived on a temporary visa and are unable to access standard visa pathways or return, may apply for a Bridging visa E (subclass 050) (BVE). People from significantly affected areas of Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories and their family members who meet the requirements for a departure BVE may remain in Australia lawfully as the holder of a BVE until they are able to make arrangements to depart Australia. [99]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Holders of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports.
  2. ↑ Except holders of diplomatic or official passports.
  3. ↑ Including all classes of British nationality.
  4. ↑ Only British citizens are eligible to apply for eVisitor.
  5. ↑ Holders of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passports.
  6. ↑ Except holders of diplomatic or official passports.
  7. ↑ Only British citizens and British Nationals (Overseas) are eligible to apply for an ETA.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Must be applied for outside Australia.
  9. 1 2 3 4 May be applied for in or outside Australia.

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References

  1. ↑ "MIGRATION ACT 1958 - SECT 29 Visas". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  2. ↑ Australian Government – Department of Home Affairs (20 March 2018). "Visiting Australia". www.homeaffairs.gov.au. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  3. ↑ Australian Government – Department of Home Affairs (7 July 2021). "Special Category Visa". www.homeaffairs.gov.au. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  4. ↑ Rompies, Karuni; Topsfield, Jewel (2 September 2015). "Doubts over Indonesia's plans to scrap tourist visa for Australians". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  5. ↑ Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) r 5.15A
  6. ↑ "Subclass 651 eVisitor - Eligibility". Australian Department of Home Affairs . Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  7. ↑ "Subclass 601 Electronic Travel Authority - Eligibility". Australian Department of Home Affairs . Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  8. ↑ Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth)
  9. ↑ Migration Regulations 1994 (Cth) r 2.40
  10. 1 2 3 "Electronic visa record". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "Check visa conditions online (VEVO)".
  12. 1 2 3 4 "A History of the Department of Immigration: Managing Migration to Australia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017.
  13. ↑ "Migration Regulations (Amendment) 1996 No. 75". www.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  14. ↑ "Outgoing Passenger Cards Are Out". www.travelonline.com. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  15. ↑ "Airport departure & arrivals passenger cards to be axed?". Executive Traveller. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  16. ↑ "Removal of the outgoing passenger card" (Press release). Canberra, ACT: Australian Government (Minister for Immigration and Border Protection). 25 June 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  17. ↑ "Passport Stamping". www.abf.gov.au. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  18. ↑ "Australia to axe incoming passenger arrival card for digital app". Executive Traveller. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
  19. ↑ "Migration Act 1958, taking into account amendments up to Migration Amendment (Temporary Sponsored Visas) Act 2013". Australian Government - ComLaw. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "Migration Regulations 1994, taking into account amendments up to Migration Amendment (Visa Application Charge) Regulation 2013". Australian Government - ComLaw. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  21. ↑ "Do I need a visa to transit through Australia?". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  22. ↑ "Travellers eligible to transit without a visa".
  23. ↑ KLM - Visa Information
  24. ↑ "Torres Strait Treaty and You - What is free movement for traditional activities?". Australian Government = Dept. of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  25. ↑ Planned cessation of Australian visa labels in 2015 (pdf) (Report). Australian Government (Department of Immigration and Border Protection). March 2015.
  26. 1 2 3 "Fact Sheet 53 – Australia's Entry System for Visitors". Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  27. 1 2 3 "Subclass 651 eVisitor". Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  28. ↑ "Report" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  29. 1 2 "Report" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Border Protection. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  30. 1 2 "Information from the Commission about notifications by the Member States of cases of non-reciprocity in accordance with Article 1(4)(a) of Council Regulation (EC) No 539/2001 as amended by Regulation (EU) No 1289/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council". European Commission. 12 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  31. ↑ "Report from the Commission of 22.4.2015 assessing the situation of non-reciprocity with certain third countries in the area of visa policy" (PDF).
  32. ↑ "Report from the Commission assessing the situation of non-reciprocity with certain third countries in the area of visa policy" (PDF). Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  33. ↑ "Smartgates". www.abf.gov.au.
  34. ↑ "Passport Index". Henley & Partners.
  35. ↑ "Policy study on an EU Electronic System for travel Authorization (EU ESTA) - Annexes: Introduction of the ETA, eVisitor and eVisa systems" (PDF). PricewaterhouseCoopers. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  36. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) for Electronic Travel Authority (subclass 601)". Australian - Embassy Republic of Korea. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  37. 1 2 "Subclass 601 Electronic Travel Authority". Australian Department of Home Affairs. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  38. ↑ "Visitor visa (subclass 600)" . Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  39. ↑ "Visa listing". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  40. ↑ "Information for Visitors". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  41. ↑ "Fees and charges for visas". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  42. ↑ "New Visitor visa options for Chinese applicants" . Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  43. ↑ "Visa products available for Chinese nationals to visit, work or study in Australia" (PDF). Retrieved 1 March 2017.
  44. ↑ "Transit visa (subclass 771)". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  45. ↑ "Medical Treatment visa (subclass 602)". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  46. 1 2 "The Path to Permanent Residency in Australia – Teddington Legal".
  47. ↑ "Working Holiday visa (subclass 417)". www.border.gov.au. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  48. ↑ "Work and Holiday visa (subclass 462)".
  49. ↑ "Student visa (subclass 500)".
  50. 1 2 Shultz, Moran (16 May 2018). "Partner Visa and Family Members Visa information". LifeinAus.com. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  51. ↑ "Resident Return Visas (Subclasses 155 and 157)". Department of Immigration and Citizenship. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
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