Visa requirements for United States citizens

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Visa requirements for United States citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states that are imposed on citizens of the United States.

Contents

As of 2024, holders of a United States passport may travel to 186 countries and territories without a travel visa, or with a visa on arrival. The United States passport ranks [Note 1] 8th in terms of travel freedom, according to the Henley Passport Index. [1] It is also ranked 8th by the Global Passport Power Rank. [2]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for United States citizens holding ordinary passports
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United States and its territories
Freedom of movement
Visa not required / ETA
Visa on arrival
eVisa
Visa available both on arrival or online
Visa required
Travel restricted (either by local law or US regulations) Visa Requirements for United States citizens.svg
Visa requirements for United States citizens holding ordinary passports
  Visa not required / ETA
   eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required
   Travel restricted (either by local law or US regulations)

Visa requirements

General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens:

Territories or administrative subdivisions with different visa policies

Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above, recognized administrative subdivisions that operate on different visa policies and restricted zones:

Visitor toVisa requirementAllowed stayNotes (excluding departure fees)
Africa
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required
  • Travel Permit for Foreigners is required to travel outside of the capital. [482]
Flag of Ascension Island.svg  Ascension Island eVisa [483] [484] 3 months
  • 3 months within any one-year period.
Flag of Saint Helena.svg  Saint Helena Visa Free with Payment
  • Visitor's Pass granted on arrival. [485]
Flag of Tristan da Cunha.svg  Tristan da Cunha Permission required
Flag of France.svg  Mayotte Visa not required [487] 90 days
Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined
Flag of Somaliland.svg  Somaliland Visa on arrival30 days
  • Obtainable on arrival or at the Somaliland Mission in Alexandria, VA. [488]
Flag of France.svg  Réunion Visa not required [489] 90 days
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required
  • All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
Flag of Sudan.svg Darfur Travel permit required
  • Separate travel permit is required. [490]
Asia
Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg  British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required
  • Special permit required. [491]
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Hainan Visa not required [492] 30 days
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong Visa not required90 days [493]
  • Visa required for holders of US diplomatic passports [494]
Flag of India.svg Protected and restricted areas of India PAP/RAP required
Flag of Kurdistan.svg  Iraqi Kurdistan eVisa [501] 30 days
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Baikonur & Priozersk Special permission required
Flag of Iran.svg Kish Island Visa not required
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau Visa not required30 days [504]
  • Visa required for holders of US diplomatic passports
Flag of Malaysia.svg Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required
  • These states have their own immigration authorities and a passport is required to travel to them, but the same visa applies. [505]
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives outside Malé Permission required
  • Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives. [506]
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine Visa not required
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required
  • Tibet Travel Permit required in addition to Chinese visa. [511]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Mecca and Medina Special access requiredNon-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry. [512]
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Closed cities of Turkmenistan Special permit required
Flag of Vietnam.svg Phú Quốc Visa not required30 days [514]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden Special permission required
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Flag of Aland.svg  Åland Islands Visa not required [515] 3 months
Flag of Anguilla.svg  Anguilla Visa not required3 months [516]
Flag of Aruba.svg  Aruba Visa not required [517] [518] 30 days
Flag of Bermuda.svg  Bermuda Visa not required [519] 6 months
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba)Visa not required180 days
Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg  British Virgin Islands Visa not required30 days
Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg  Cayman Islands Visa not required6 months [520]
Flag of Colombia.svg San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival
Flag of Curacao.svg  Curaçao Visa not required6 months
  • Maximum consecutive period of six months each calendar year. [522]
Flag of France.svg French West Indies (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy)Visa not required3 months
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland Visa not required [523]
Flag of Montserrat.svg  Montserrat Visa not required6 months
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg Puerto Rico Freedom of movementUnlimited
  • U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals may live and work freely in Puerto Rico.
  • Passport/EDL is not required for entry of U.S. Citizens. [524]
Flag of Sint Maarten.svg  Sint Maarten Visa not required6 months
  • Maximum stay allowed is 6 months uninterrupted with the possibility to extend [525] [526]
Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg  Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required90 days [527]
Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg U.S. Virgin Islands Freedom of movementUnlimited
  • U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals may live and work freely in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
  • Passport / EDL is not required for entry of U.S. Citizens. [524]
Europe
Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg  Abkhazia Visa required [528]
Flag of Belarus.svg Brest and Grodno Visa not required
[ may be outdated as of February 2022 ]
10 days [529]
Flag of Crimea.svg  Crimea Visa required
[ may be outdated as of February 2022 ]
  • Visa issued by Russia is required. [530]
War flag of Novorussia.svg  Novorossiya Restricted area
[ may be outdated as of February 2022 ]
  • Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine. [531]
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg  Northern Cyprus Visa not required3 months [532] Under certain conditions, may be only thirty or sixty days [532]
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg  Faroe Islands Visa not required [523]
Flag of Gibraltar.svg  Gibraltar Visa not required [533]
Flag of Guernsey.svg  Guernsey Visa not required [534]
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg  Isle of Man Visa not required [535]
Flag of Norway.svg Jan Mayen Permit required [533] 24 hours
  • Permit issued by the local police required for stays less than 24 hours [536]
  • Permit issued by the Norwegian police required for stays of more than 24 hours. [537]
Flag of Jersey.svg  Jersey Visa not required [538]
Flag of Russia.svg Closed cities of Russia Special authorization required
Flag of South Ossetia.svg  South Ossetia De facto visa required
  • South Ossetia has no visa regime, however entry and exit can only be done by land border crossing with Russia, a multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter. [539] [540]
Flag of Norway.svg  Svalbard Visa not required [541] Unlimited
  • Anyone of any nationality may live and work freely in Svalbard per the Svalbard Treaty.
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg  Transnistria Visa not required24 hours
Oceania
Flag of American Samoa.svg American Samoa Freedom of movementUnlimited
  • Passport is required for entry because American Samoans, by law, are not US citizens; rather they are US nationals.
  • U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals may live and work freely in American Samoa. [544]
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required
  • Special authorisation required. [545]
Flag of France.svg Clipperton Island Special permit required
  • Special permit required. [546]
Flag of the Cook Islands.svg  Cook Islands Visa not required31 days [547]
Flag of Fiji.svg Lau Province Special permission required
  • Special permission required. [165]
Flag of French Polynesia.svg  French Polynesia Visa not required90 days
  • 90 days within any 180-day period. [548]
Flag of Guam.svg Guam Freedom of movementUnlimited
  • U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals citizens may live and work freely in Guam.
  • Passport/EDL is required for entry. Under certain circumstances, a government issued photo ID and proof of citizenship may be used in lieu a passport on a case-by-case basis. [549] [550] [524]
Flag of Niue.svg  Niue Visa not required30 days [551]
Flags of New Caledonia.svg New Caledonia Visa not required90 days
  • 90 days within any 180-day period [552]
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg Northern Mariana Islands Freedom of movementUnlimited
  • U.S. citizens and U.S. nationals citizens may live and work freely in the Northern Mariana Islands.
  • Passport / EDL is not required for entry of U.S. Citizens. [524]
Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg  Pitcairn Islands Visa not required [553] 14 days
Flag of Tokelau.svg  Tokelau Entry permit required [554]
South America
Flag of Argentina.svg Bandera de la Provincia de Misiones.svg  Misiones Isla Apipé and Isla del medioVisa not required90 days
  • By being Argentine territories, the same visa policy applies.
Bandera Provincia Galapagos.svg Galápagos Pre-registration required
  • Online pre-registration is required.
  • Transit Control Card must be obtained at the airport prior to departure. [555]
Flag of France.svg French Guiana Visa not required3 months [556] International Certificate of Vaccination required.
South Atlantic and Antarctica
Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg  Falkland Islands Visa not required [557] 1 month
  • A visitor permit is normally issued as a stamp in the passport on arrival.
Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required
Blank flag.svg  Antarctica Special permits requiredSpecial permits required for Flag of Norway.svg  Bouvet Island, Flag of the British Antarctic Territory.svg  British Antarctic Territory, Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg  French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Bandera de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego.svg  Argentine Antarctica, Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australian Antarctic Territory, Flag of Magallanes, Chile.svg Chilean Antarctic Territory, Flag of Australia (converted).svg Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Flag of Norway.svg Peter I Island, Flag of Norway.svg Queen Maud Land, Flag of New Zealand.svg Ross Dependency. [560] [561] [562] [563] [564] [565] [566] [567] [568] [569] [570] [571]

Pre-approved visas pick-up

Pre-approved visas can be picked up on arrival in the following countries instead of an embassy or consulate.

Pre-approved
visas pick-up
on arrival
Conditions
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan [572] For a maximum stay of 15 days if the application was submitted at least 2+12 months before arrival and if the clearance was obtained.
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon [573] Must hold approval from the General Delegate of Security.
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea [574] Must have a sponsor who must submit an application at least 48 hours before arrival.
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia [575] Available only if arriving from a country without a diplomatic mission of Liberia and if a sponsor obtained an approval.
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria [576] Holders of a visa application who have a Nigerian company taking responsibility for them.
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan [577] Holders of an entry permit issued by the Ministry of Interior.
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan [578] Holders of an invitation letter from the local company that was approved by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Passport card

The United States passport card can be used as an alternative to the passport booklet only when travelling to and from Canada, Mexico, Bermuda, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, The Bahamas, British Virgin Islands, Caribbean Netherlands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Turks and Caico at maritime ports-of-entry or land border crossings. [579] The card is not valid for international air travel whatsoever; if traveling by air, the passport book is required. [580]

APEC Travel Business Card

The APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) is meant to facilitate travel for U.S. citizens engaged in verified business in the APEC region. [581]

The U.S. ABTC should enable access to a dedicated fast-track lane for expedited immigration processing at some participating foreign APEC member airports. [582]

U.S. APEC Business Travel Card holders may also use the Global Entry kiosks at participating airports upon their U.S. return. [583]

As the U.S. is a transitional member of the ABTC scheme, however, the U.S. APEC Business Travel Card cannot be used in lieu of a visa to enter an APEC member country. [584] The program was initially set to expire on September 30, 2018, but the November 2017 signing of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Travel Cards Act of 2017 (S. 504) ensured it would permanently remain. [585]

Consular protection of U.S. citizens abroad

American diplomatic missions, including embassies (blue), interests sections, and other representations (light blue) US embassies 2007.png
American diplomatic missions, including embassies (blue), interests sections, and other representations (light blue)

The United States has the second most diplomatic missions of any country in the world.[ citation needed ] See also List of diplomatic missions of the United States and List of diplomatic missions in the United States.

The ' Department of State ' regularly publishes ' travel warnings ' or travel alerts.

Non-visa restrictions

A United States passport with a biometric chip United States Passport.svg
A United States passport with a biometric chip

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages. [586] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being valid or available.

Vaccination

Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021 The New Cover of the International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Philippines.jpg
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers older than nine months to one year [587] to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana. [588]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently or has transited for 12 hours in those countries: Algeria, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Chad, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Lesotho, Libya, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. [589] [590]

Passport validity length

Very few countries, such as Paraguay, just require a valid passport on arrival.

However many countries and groupings now require only an identity card – especially from their neighbours. Other countries may have special bilateral arrangements that depart from the generality of their passport validity length policies to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens [591] [592] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled). [593]

Some countries, such as Japan, [594] Ireland and the United Kingdom, [595] require a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay.

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, [596] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, [597] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Peru, [598] Philippines, [599] Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam. [600]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except Ireland) together with Switzerland also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives [601] and South Africa.

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States, [602] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record, while others impose restrictions depending on the type of conviction and the length of the sentence.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning them from entering the country or expelling them if they have already entered. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. [603]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport) Border Control Entry Permit Israel.jpg
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait, [604] Lebanon, [605] Libya, [606] Syria, [607] and Yemen [608] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.[ citation needed ]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Biometrics

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to change planes rather than go landside. [609]

Fingerprinting countries/regions include Afghanistan, [610] [611] Argentina, [612] Brunei, Cambodia, [613] China, [614] Ethiopia, [615] Ghana, Guinea, [616] India, Japan, [617] [618] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken), [619] Malaysia upon entry and departure, [620] Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, [621] Singapore, South Korea, [622] Taiwan, Thailand, [623] Uganda, [624] the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its own legislation), [625] [626] [627] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa. [628]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports [629] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa. [630] [631] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders. [632] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints. [633] [634]

Foreign travel statistics

These are the numbers of visits by U.S. nationals to various countries in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

  1. The general licenses are: [125]
    • Family visits
    • Official business of the U.S. government, foreign governments, and certain intergovernmental organizations
    • Journalistic activity
    • Professional research and professional meetings
    • Educational activities
    • Religious activities
    • Public performances, clinics, workshops, athletic and other competitions, and exhibitions
    • Support for the Cuban people
    • Humanitarian projects
    • Activities of private foundations or research or educational institutes
    • Exportation, importation, or transmission of information or informational materials
    • Certain export transactions that may be considered for authorization under existing Department of Commerce regulations and guidelines with respect to Cuba or engaged in by U.S.-owned or -controlled foreign firms
    To use a general license, travelers are required only to attest to one on a form provided by the airline, and only when traveling on a flight directly from the U.S. They are expected to maintain a full-time schedule consistent with the terms of the general license, and to only make transactions related to this purpose. Airlines and travelers are required to maintain records of all Cuba-related transactions for at least five years. [126] [127]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Data for 2016
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Data for 2017
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Data for 2014
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  6. 1 2 3 Data for 2013
  7. 1 2 3 4 Data for arrivals by air only.
  8. 1 2 Data for 2012
  9. Excluding one-day visits
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Data for 2010
  11. Data for 2007
  12. Data for 2009
  13. Data for 2005
  14. 1 2 Data for 2019
  15. Data for arrivals by air only.
  16. Data for 2015

See also

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Notes

  1. Using dense ranking.
  2. Custom procedure for 24-hour visa-free transit is required in principle, except in Beijing (both Capital and Daxing), Shanghai Pudong, Hangzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Chengdu Tianfu if no leaving of international transit areas. [104] No leaving of airports are allowed in Tianjin, Weihai, Xi'an and Zhengzhou airports for Canadian and United States citizens.
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Lantui - Baka (China)
    • Meuang mom - Wan Pong (Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng Dry Port - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Pakxan - Bungkan (Thailand)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Phoudou (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
    • Lalai (Vietnam)
    • Pangmone - Phayao (Thailand)
    • Daktaock - Nam Giang (Vietnam)
    • Savannakhet Airport
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Bokeo
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammouane
    • Bokeo
    • Samliemkham (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Tanalaeng - Nongkai (Thailand)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)