Visa requirements for United States citizens

A United States passport with biometric chip.

Visa requirements for United States citizens and non-citizen nationals are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United States.

As of 10 January 2021, ^[update] holders of a United States passport could travel to 185 countries and territories without a travel visa, or with a visa on arrival. The United States passport currently ranks ^{[Note 1]} 7th in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passports of Belgium, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, and the UK) according to the Henley Passport Index. ^[1]

COVID-19 Restrictions

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries have imposed temporary travel restrictions on United States citizens or persons arriving from the United States. ^[2]

•   Argentina – Admission refused, except residents.
•   Austria – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Australia – Admission refused.
•   Bahamas - Admission permitted with prior completion of Travel Health Visa Application, which requires a negative COVID-19 test. ^[3]
•   Bangladesh – Medical certificate and 14-day institutional quarantine required.
•   Belgium – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Bermuda – 14-day self-quarantine required.
•   Botswana – Admission refused.
•   Brazil – Admission restricted via land borders. Entry via air unrestricted. ^[4]
•   Brunei – Admission refused.
•   Bulgaria – Admission refused unless exempted from the entry restrictions ordered by the Ministry of Health on 3 August 2020. Long-term visa or residence permit holders are permitted to enter, but must self-isolate for 14 days unless arriving from the EU/EEA after a two-week stay there.
•   Cambodia – Admission refused.
•   Canada – Admission refused for nonessential travel, except residents (who must self-isolate for 14 days).
•   Chile – Admission refused for nonessential travel.
•   China – Admission refused for nonessential travel. Admission granted to those with valid residence permits for work, family visitation, or personal emergencies; crew-members of international flights, vessels, or trains with valid visas; or those with diplomatic, service, or courtesy visas. Those with valid visas of any type issued after March 26, 2020 are not refused entry. All visa waiver policies suspended, including visa-free transit and visa-free entry to Hainan Province. All travelers entering on commercial flights are required to submit evidence of a negative RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 at least three days before boarding their flight. Other types of tests for the virus are not accepted. ^{[5] [6] [7] [8]}
•   Croatia – Now open
•   Cyprus – Admission refused for travelers arriving from the US and some other countries. ^[9]
•   Colombia – Admission refused until August 31, except residents (who must self-isolate for 14 days).
•   Costa Rica – Health Pass and proof of health insurance required for entry. ^[10]
•   Czech Republic – Admission refused.
•   Denmark – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods. Entry refused into Greenland and Faroe Islands until April 13.
•   El Salvador – Admission refused, except accredited diplomats and legal residents.
•   Estonia – Admission refused effective March 17. Right of entry will remain for citizens and those with a right of residence, as well as foreign citizens whose next of kin live in Estonia. Transit is allowed for foreigners not showing signs of COVID-19. A mandatory two-week quarantine will be set for anyone entering the country.
•   France – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Georgia – Admission refused until April 21st, except dependents of citizens and diplomats.
•   Germany – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Greece – Admission to Schengen Area refused until further notice, except residents, family members of EU/Greek citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Guatemala – Admission refused.
•   Hong Kong – Admission refused.
•   Honduras – Admission refused. ^[11]
•   Hungary – Admission refused.
•   Iceland – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   India – Admission refused.
•   Indonesia – Admission refused.
•   Ireland – Self-isolation required. ^[12]
•   Israel – Admission refused, except for new immigrants with an Aliyah visa. All arriving individuals must be tested at the airport. They must then be housed in a government funded hotel or remain under home isolation for 10 days. Arrivals will then take a second test and upon confirmation of a negative result will be released from the isolation. If an arrival refuses then the arrival must remain in isolation for an additional 4 days.
•   Italy – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Japan – Admission refused, except those with valid re-entry documentation and those meeting certain family, professional, or medical criteria. ^[13]
•   Jordan – Valid health insurance, a PCR test taken on arrival, and an tracking app download is required for entry. ^[14]
•   Latvia – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Liechtenstein – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Lithuania – Admission refused, except those with residence permit.
•   Luxembourg – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Macau – Admission refused.
•   Malaysia – Admission refused for nonresidents. Quarantine required for residents.
•   Malta – 14-day quarantine required.
•   Mexico – Admission refused by land for nonessential travel.
•   Mongolia – Admission refused.
•   Netherlands – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   New Zealand – Admission refused for nonresidents. 14-day managed quarantine required for residents. ^[15]
•   North Korea – Admission refused.
•   Norway – Admission refused.
•   Oman – Tourist visas suspended until April 30.
•   Panama – Admission refused.
•   Philippines – Admission refused, except spouses and children of Filipino nationals. ^[16]
•   Poland – Admission refused, except for those possessing residence or work permits. 14 days quarantine required.
•   Russia – Admission refused.
•   Singapore – Admission refused for nonresidents. Quarantine required for residents.
•   Slovakia – Admission refused for nonresidents. Quarantine required for residents.
•   Slovenia – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   South Africa – visitors who have been in, transited through, or are nationals of several designated "high-risk countries" (including the United States) are not allowed to enter. ^[17]
•   South Korea – Mandatory 14-day self-quarantine upon arrival. ^[18]
•   Spain – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Suriname – Admission refused.
•   Sweden – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•    Switzerland – Admission to Schengen Area refused from noon 17 March until April 30, except residents, family members of EU citizens, medical personnel, and people responsible for transport of goods.
•   Tajikistan – Admission refused.
•   Thailand – Admission refused, except residents.
•   Tunisia – Proof of negative PCR test and mandatory 14 day quarantine on arrival required. ^[19]
•   Turkmenistan – Admission refused.
•   Ukraine – Self-quarantine or COVID-19 test required on arrival. ^[20]
•   UAE – Visa issuance suspended for non-diplomatic passport holders.
•   UK – Self-Isolation required. ^[21]
•   Venezuela – Admission refused.
•   Vietnam – Admission refused. E-visa will be resumed after July 1. ^[22]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for holders of regular United States passports

  United States

  Visa free access

  Visa issued upon arrival

  Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa

  Visa available both on arrival or online

  Visa required prior to arrival

  Travel ban

Visa requirements

General visa requirements of sovereign countries towards United States citizens:

Country	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)	Reciprocity
Afghanistan	Visa required [23] [24]		Visitors born in Afghanistan do not require a visa. Visitors arriving via military air need to legalize their stay if they wish to leave via commercial airline. All visitors are fingerprinted. [25]	√
Albania	Visa not required [26] [27]	1 year [28]		X
Algeria	Visa required [29] [30]		Persons may be denied entry if entering with a passport containing visas or stamps issued by Israel.	√
Andorra	Visa not required [31]	3 months [32] [33]		√
Angola	eVisa [34] [35] [36]	30 days	Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested such pre-visa from the consulates of Angola abroad, are then issued with a visa on arrival at the country's border check points. For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period. [37] Besides having printed confirmation that a visa will be issued upon arrival, passengers must: have a return/onward ticket, and have a hotel reservation confirmation. [38]	X
Antigua and Barbuda	Visa not required [39] [40]	6 months [41]	Stringent application of rules regarding proof of sufficient funds, return ticket and accommodation. [42]	X
Argentina	Visa not required [43]	90 days	Extendable up to 180 days. Visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry.	X
Armenia	Visa not required [44]	180 days		X
Australia	eVisa [45]	90 days	90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted [46] May enter using SmartGate. [47]	√
Austria	Visa not required [48] [49]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [50] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Azerbaijan	eVisa / Visa on arrival [53]	30 days [54]	If intending to stay in the Republic of Azerbaijan for more than ten days, the visitor must register at the State Migration Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan within three days upon arrival in Azerbaijan. [55] Applicants of Armenian ancestry or with Armenian visas in their passport may not obtain a visa. [56] Can obtain a 30 days visa on arrival only if arriving on a direct flight of Azerbaijan Airlines from New York City. [57]	X
Bahamas	Visa not required [58] [59]	8 months	Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel	X
Bahrain	eVisa / Visa on arrival [60]	14 days [61]	Visa also obtainable online [62]	X
Bangladesh	Visa on arrival [63]	30 days [64]	Available at Shahjalal International Airport, Shah Amanat International Airport and Osmani International Airport. Visa is not required for Bangladeshi Americans. Departure tax applies. [65]	X
Barbados	Visa not required [66] [67]	6 months [68]		X
Belarus	Visa not required [69]	30 days	Must arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport. Exception: traveling to or from Russia requires a visa. [70] Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 5 days is mandatory. Visa-free visits to Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park for up to 3 days. [71] Visa-free visits to the Grodno and Augustow Canal visa-free zone for up to 5 days. [72] No transit without a visa under any circumstance. [73]	X
Belgium	Visa not required [74]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [75] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Belize	Visa not required [76] [77]	30 days [78]	Departure tax applies. [79]	X
Benin	eVisa [80] [81]	90 days	International Certificate of Vaccination required. [82] eVisas are available for 30 or 90 days	X
Bhutan	Visa required [83]		$250 per day is a non-negotiable minimum daily tariff paid by all visitors to Bhutan. Visas are issued only to tourists booked with a local licensed tour operator. [84]	√
Bolivia	Visa not required [85] [86]	90 days [87]		X
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Visa not required [88] [89]	90 days	90 days within any 6-month period Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory. [90]	X
Botswana	Visa not required [91] [92]	90 days	90 days within any year period [93]	X
Brazil	Visa not required [94] [95]	90 days	Up to 90 days per visit, but no more than 180 days per year.	X
Brunei	Visa not required [96] [97]	90 days		√
Bulgaria	Visa not required [98] [99]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period [100] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	X
Burkina Faso	Visa on arrival [101]	1 month	International Certificate of Vaccination required. [102]	X
Burundi	Visa required [103]		Visitors are fingerprinted	√
Cambodia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [104]	30 days	Visa is also obtainable online. [105] All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure. [106]	X
Cameroon	Visa required [107]		International Certificate of Vaccination and current immunization records required. [108]	√
Canada	Visa not required [109] [110]	6 months	Anyone with a criminal record (including misdemeanors or alcohol-related driving offenses in the US) may not be able to enter Canada without first obtaining an approval for rehabilitation [111] or a Temporary Resident Permit (TRP). [112] Passport Card, NEXUS card, or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel	√
Cape Verde	Visa not required [113]	30 days	Must register online at least five days prior to arrival. [114]	X
Central African Republic	Visa not required [115] [116] [117]	180 days	International Certificate of Vaccination required. [118]	X
Chad	Visa required [119] [120]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. Registration within 72 hours is mandatory prior to arrival. [121] Registration is good for the life of the passport. [122]	√
Chile	Visa not required [123]	90 days [124] [125]		√
China	Visa required [126]		Registration mandatory within 24 hours of arrival; [127] All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure between the ages of 14 and 70. 24-hour visit without a visa when in transit through China (unless arriving in Fuzhou Changle International Airport, Huangshan Tunxi International Airport, Mudanjiang Hailang Airport, Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport and Yanji Chaoyangchuan Airport). 72-hour visit without a visa when in transit through Changsha, Guilin and Harbin. 144-hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Dalian, Guangzhou, Hangzhou, Jieyang, Kunming, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qinhuangdao, Qingdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Tianjin, Wuhan, Xiamen and Xi'an. [128] Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 24, 72 and 144-hours visa-free transit (TWOV) policies. Visas for U.S. citizens are valid for up to 10 years. [129]	√
Colombia	Visa not required [130] [131]	90 days	Extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period [132] Colombian-born U.S. citizens and U.S. citizens traveling with children may face special exit requirements. [133]	X
Comoros	Visa on arrival [134] [135]			X
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Visa required [136] [137]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. Registration required. Visas must be issued at the DR Congo embassy in Washington, D.C. [138]	√
Republic of the Congo	Visa required [139] [140]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. A letter of invitation or written proof of a hotel reservation required. [141]	√
Costa Rica	Visa not required [142]	90 days	Departure tax applies. [143]	X
Côte d'Ivoire	eVisa [144]	3 months	eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport International Certificate of Vaccination required [145]	X
Croatia	Visa not required [146] [147]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory. [148]	X
Cuba	Tourist Card required [149]	30 days	Tourist travel was historically prohibited under U.S. law for U.S. citizens, permanent residents, and others subject to U.S. jurisdiction. [150] Under the Cuban Assets Control Regulations, all persons subject to U.S. jurisdiction are not permitted to travel to Cuba, and must be licensed in order to engage in any travel-related transactions pursuant to travel to, from, and within Cuba. In July 2015, the United States resumed diplomatic relations with Cuba. Discussions on lifting the travel ban have initiated. On June 16, 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump announced new travel restrictions. [151] [152] Tourist Card can be extended up to maximum 60 days with a fee.	√
Cyprus	Visa not required [153] [154]	90 days	Admission temporarily refused until March 30, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. 90 days within any 180-day period [155] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	X
Czech Republic	Visa not required [156] [157]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [158] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Denmark	Visa not required [159] [160]	90 days	US citizens can enter Denmark for up to 90 days every six months, regardless of whether they have stayed in other Schengen countries (except other Nordic countries) prior to entry into Denmark. [161] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Djibouti	eVisa [162]	31 days		X
Dominica	Visa not required [163] [164]	6 months	Departure tax applies. [165]	X
Dominican Republic	Visa not required [166] [167]	30 days	Extendable up to 90 days Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Sea Travel	X
Ecuador	Visa not required [168]	90 days	Extendable for another 90 days, per year [169]	X
Egypt	eVisa / Visa on arrival [170]	30 days	eVisa issued for 30 days. [171] 30 days when arriving by air; Tourists arriving at Sharm El Sheikh, Saint Catherine or Taba airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts do not require a visa up to 15 days [172]	X
El Salvador	Visa not required [173] [174]	3 months	Admission temporarily refused due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.	X
Equatorial Guinea	Visa not required [175]	90 days	International Certificate of Vaccination required if you are traveling from a country with risk of yellow fever. [176]	X
Eritrea	Visa required [177]		Airport departure tax applies. [178]	√
Estonia	Visa not required [179] [180]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [181] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Eswatini	Visa not required [182]	30 days	Extendable up to 60 days [183]	X
Ethiopia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [184]	up to 90 days	Visa on arrival is obtainable only at Addis Ababa Bole International Airport. [185] eVisa holders must arrive via Addis Ababa Bole International Airport. eVisas are available for 30 or 90 days. [186] Visitors are fingerprinted	X
Fiji	Visa not required [187]	4 months [188]		X
Finland	Visa not required [189] [190]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [191] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
France	Visa not required [192] [193]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area (in Regions of France) [194] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] A bilateral agreement pre-dating the Schengen area may allow 90 days of stay in France regardless of days spent in other Schengen countries. [195] [196] [197] [198]	√
Gabon	eVisa / Visa on arrival [199]	6 months	eVisas are available for one to six months. Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport. [200] International Certificate of Vaccination required. [201]	X
Gambia	Visa required [202] [203]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. [204]	√
Georgia	Visa not required [205]	1 year	Visitors must hold proof of health insurance.	X
Germany	Visa not required [206]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [207] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Ghana	Visa required [208] [209]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. [210]	√
Greece	Visa not required [211] [212]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [213] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Grenada	Visa not required [214] [215]	3 months	Extensions possible	X
Guatemala	Visa not required [216]	90 days	An exit tax must be paid when departing by air. [217]	X
Guinea	eVisa [218]	up to 5 years	International Certificate of Vaccination required. [219]	X
Guinea-Bissau	eVisa / Visa on arrival [220]	90 days [221]	Visitors must apply for a visa on arrival in advance or online. [222]	X
Guyana	Visa not required [223]	3 months [224]		X
Haiti	Visa not required [225] [226]	3 months		X
Honduras	Visa not required [227]	3 months	Departing airport tax applies.	X
Hungary	Visa not required [228] [229]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [230] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Iceland	Visa not required [231] [232]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [233] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
India	eVisa [234]	180 days	e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports [Note 2] or 3 designated seaports. [Note 3] [235] An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year. $100 fee along with bank surcharge of 2.5% [236] Confirmation has to be shown at the border where a visa on arrival is issued. Visitors are fingerprinted. American citizens are eligible for a ten-year, multiple-entry tourist visa. [237] American citizens of Pakistani heritage are not eligible for a ten-year, multiple-entry tourist visa, and must apply for a regular visa.	X
Indonesia	Visa not required [238] [239]	30 days		X
Iran	Visa required [240]		Iranian visas must be obtained from the Special Interests section of the Embassy of Pakistan, Washington, D.C. or an Iranian embassy all around the world [241] US visitors are fingerprinted and photographed upon entry. [242] Independent travelers must be accompanied by an authorized guide at all times. Tourist visa not required for Kish Island. [243]	√
Iraq	Visa required [244]		Some U.S. citizens must obtain an exit stamp at a Residency Office before departing the country. Some visitors who plan to stay for more than 10 days must also obtain a residency stamp. [245] Visitors who come as part of a government-sponsored tour, upon presentation of proper paperwork from the government, may receive a visa on arrival at Baghdad International Airport for $80 + 1250 Iraqi dinar. Visitors are not required to obtain any other permits, including for Iraqi Kurdistan, or submit blood tests. [246]	√
Ireland	Visa not required [247] [248]	3 months	Strict application of immigration rules regarding providing proof of the trip purpose, sufficient funds, return ticket and accommodation. [249]	√
Israel	Visa not required [250]	3 months	Admission temporarily refused due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Dual nationals of Israel and the United States who don't have an Israeli passport, including infants, may be required to obtain an Israeli passport in order to leave Israel. [251] Entry prohibited for any person "who knowingly issues a public call for boycotting Israel". [252]	X
Italy	Visa not required [253] [254]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [255] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Jamaica	Visa not required [256]	6 months	There is a departure tax for travelers, which is regularly included in airfare. [257]	X
Japan	Visa not required [258]	90 days	All visitors are fingerprinted [259]	√
Jordan	Visa on arrival [260]	30 days	Visa on arrival obtainable at most international ports of entry and at most international land border crossings (except King Hussein/Allenby Bridge crossing). [261] Iris scan is taken on arrival and departure [262]	X
Kazakhstan	Visa not required [263] [264]	30 days	As part of the no-visa pilot program in period 15 July 2014 – 15 July 2015. In June 2015 this program was extended until December 31, 2017. [265] [266]	X
Kenya	eVisa / Visa on arrival [267]	3 months	International Certificate of Vaccination is recommended. [268] All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure	X
Kiribati	Visa not required [269]	30 days	Airport Embarkation Tax applies. [270]	X
North Korea	Travel restricted [271] [272] [273]		U.S. passports holders must obtain a special passport validation from the U.S. federal government before travel.	√
South Korea	Visa not required [274]	90 days	All visitors are fingerprinted. [275]	√
Kuwait	eVisa / Visa on arrival [276]	3 months		X
Kyrgyzstan	Visa not required [277]	60 days [278]		X
Laos	eVisa / Visa on arrival [279] [280]	30 days	Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge, [Note 4] and at 13 border crossings [Note 5] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand. [281] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020. [282] eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders. Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.	X
Latvia	Visa not required [283] [284]	180 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [285] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] A bilateral agreement pre-dating the Schengen area allows an additional 90 days of stay in Latvia (to a total of 180) regardless of days spent in other Schengen countries. [286]	√
Lebanon	Free visa on arrival [287]	1 month	Extendable for 2 additional months. Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket	X
Lesotho	Visa not required [288]	14 days	Extendable up to 180 days. [289]	X
Liberia	Visa required [290]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. [291]	√
Libya	Visa required [292]		Visitors travelling to Libya for touristic purposes are required to convert US$1,000 or equivalent on arrival. Holders of passports bearing an Israeli visa or entry/exit stamps from Israel are not allowed to enter Libya. [293]	√
Liechtenstein	Visa not required [294]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [295]	√
Lithuania	Visa not required [296] [297]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] Mandatory medical insurance. [298]	√
Luxembourg	Visa not required [299] [300]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [301] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Madagascar	eVisa / Visa on arrival [302]	90 days		X
Malawi	eVisa / Visa on arrival [303] [304]		From 1 October 2015 visitors are generally advised to obtain a visa in advance. [305]	X
Malaysia	Visa not required [306]	3 months	All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure. [307] Immigration offenses, such as visa overstaying, are punishable by caning.	X
Maldives	Free visa on arrival [308] [309]	30 days	Extendable up to 90 days.	X
Mali	Visa required [310] [311]		Letter of invitation required. International Certificate of Vaccination required. [312]	√
Malta	Visa not required [313] [314]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [315] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Marshall Islands	Visa not required [316]	unlimited	Departure fee applies. U.S. citizens may live and work freely in the Marshall Islands under the Compact of Free Association. [317]	√
Mauritania	Visa on arrival [318]		Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport. International Certificate of Vaccination required. [319]	X
Mauritius	Visa not required [320]	90 days [321]		X
Mexico	Visa not required [322] [323]	180 days	Visitors must obtain a Forma Migratoria Multiple. There is no charge for a tourist FMM for stays of less than 7 days when entering by land. For visitors staying more than 7 days up to 180 days and entering by land the cost is 575 Mexican Pesos. An FMM is required for all visitors entering via air, regardless of length of stay, and the cost is included in the travelers airfare and remitted by the airline. [324] [325] Passport Card or Enhanced Drivers License valid for Land and Sea Travel	X
Micronesia	Visa not required [326]	unlimited [327]	All states except Yap have a departure fee. [328] U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Micronesia under the Compact of Free Association. There is no limit to the length of time U.S. citizens can remain in the FSM. [329]	√
Moldova	Visa not required [330]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period Registration upon arrival is mandatory. [331]	X
Monaco	Visa not required [332]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period [333] [334]	√
Mongolia	Visa not required [335]	90 days	Registration required after 30 days. [336]	X
Montenegro	Visa not required [337]	90 days	Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory. [338]	X
Morocco	Visa not required [339]	3 months [340]		X
Mozambique	Visa on arrival [341]	30 days [342]		X
Myanmar	eVisa [343]	28 days	eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with Thailand — Tachileik, Myawaddy and Kawthaung or India — Rih Khaw Dar and Tamu. eVisa available for both tourism (allowed stay is 28 days) or business (allowed stay is 70 days) purposes.	X
Namibia	Visa not required [344]	3 months [345]		X
Nauru	Visa required [346]		Visas are issued with validity of 30 days. [347]	√
Nepal	Visa on arrival [348]	90 days	Obtainable at Tribhuvan International Airport and certain land borders. Total of no more than 150 aggregate days in any given calendar year. [349] Also available Multiple Entry 5 years Tourist Visa	X
Netherlands	Visa not required [350] [351]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area (European Netherlands) [352] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
New Zealand	Electronic Travel Authority [353]	90 days [354]	May enter using eGate. [355] International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be obtained alongside Electronic Travel Authority. [356]	√
Nicaragua	Visa not required [357]	90 days	A tourist card must be purchased upon arrival. [358]	X
Niger	Visa required [359] [360]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. [361]	√
Nigeria	Visa required [362] [363]			√
North Macedonia	Visa not required [364]	90 days	Registration with the local police within 24 hours of arrival is mandatory [365]	X
Norway	Visa not required [366] [367]	90 days	3 months within a 6-month period, regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries, but including time spent in other Nordic countries [368] [369] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Oman	eVisa [370]	30 days	Holders of a visa or entrance stamp of the Emirate of Dubai that is valid for at least 21 days are visa exempt. [371] Holders of a visa for Qatar that is valid for travel to Oman and valid for at least one month are visa exempt when arriving directly from Qatar. [372] Iris scan is taken on arrival. [262]	X
Pakistan	Online Visa [373]		Online Visa eligible. [374] Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes. [375]	X
Palau	Visa not required [376]	1 year [377]	U.S. citizens may live and work freely in Palau under the Compact of Free Association.	√
Panama	Visa not required [378]	180 days	Denial of entry or transit to any person who has a criminal conviction. [379]	X
Papua New Guinea	Free eVisa / Visa on arrival [380]	60 days	Extendable for 30 days [381] Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.	X
Paraguay	Visa on arrival [382]	90 days	U.S. citizens arriving by air may obtain a visa on arrival at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asuncion. This is a multiple entry visa with a validity of up to 10 (ten) years. If entering elsewhere, a visa must be obtained in advance from the embassy or consulate. [383]	X
Peru	Visa not required [384]	183 days	Determined on arrival [385]	X
Philippines	Visa not required [386] [387]	30 days	Naturalized US citizens of former Philippine nationality (balikbayan) allowed to stay for one year.	X
Poland	Visa not required [388]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] Dual nationals must use their Polish passport [389] A bilateral agreement pre-dating the Schengen area allows a stay in Poland regardless of days spent in other Schengen countries. [390] [391] [198]	√
Portugal	Visa not required [392] [393] [394]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area [395] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Qatar	Visa not required [396]	30 days		X
Romania	Visa not required [397] [398]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period. [399] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	X
Russia	Visa required [400]		72-hour visa-free for international cruise ship/ferry passengers only if travelling with an organized tour and accompanied at all times by a tour operator. Registration required after 7 business days. [401] [402] American citizens may receive multiple entry visas valid for three years. [403]	√
Rwanda	eVisa / Visa on arrival [404] [405]	30 days	Visitors are fingerprinted International Certificate of Vaccination required. [406]	X
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Visa not required [407] [408]	3 months		X
Saint Lucia	Visa not required [409] [410]	6 weeks		X
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Visa not required [411]	1 month [412]		X
Samoa	Visa not required [413]	60 days	Departure tax applies. [414]	X
San Marino	Visa not required [415] [416]			√
São Tomé and Príncipe	Visa not required [417]	15 days	International Certificate of Vaccination required. [418]	X
Saudi Arabia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [419] [420]	90 days		X
Senegal	Visa not required [421]	90 days	International Certificate of Vaccination required. [422]	X
Serbia	Visa not required [423]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period [424]	X
Seychelles	Free Visitor's Permit on arrival [425]	3 months	Extendable up to a year [426]	X
Sierra Leone	Visa on arrival [427]		International Certificate of Vaccination required. [428]	X
Singapore	Visa not required [429]	90 days [430]	All visitors are fingerprinted on arrival and departure [431]	√
Slovakia	Visa not required [432] [433]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] Medical insurance required. Sufficient funds of $50 per person per day required. Registration within 3 working days required. [434]	√
Slovenia	Visa not required [435] [436]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52] Registration with the local police within 72 hours of arrival is mandatory. [437]	√
Solomon Islands	Free Visitor's permit on arrival [438]	3 months	3 months within 12 months [439]	X
Somalia	Visa on arrival [440]		Available at Berbera, Borama, Burao, Erigavo and Hargeisa airports. 30 days, available at Bosaso Airport, Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport.	X
South Africa	Visa not required [441]	90 days	Holders of passports without 2 blank pages may be refused entry. [442]	X
South Sudan	Electronic Visa [443]		Obtainable online [444] Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel [445] International Certificate of Vaccination required.	X
Spain	Visa not required [446] [447]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. [448] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Sri Lanka	eVisa / Visa on arrival [449]	30 days [450]		X
Sudan	Visa required [451] [452]		Holders of passports that contain visas or entry/exit stamps for Israel will likely be refused entry. Exit visa required. Registration within 3 days mandatory. [453]	√
Suriname	E-tourist card [454]	90 days	Multiple entry eVisa is also available. [455]	X
Sweden	Visa not required [456] [457]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. [458] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Switzerland	Visa not required [459] [460]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period in the Schengen Area. [461] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers. [51] [52]	√
Syria	Visa required [462] [463]		Registration required within 15 days. Departure tax applies at all borders. Persons with passports bearing Israeli visas or entry/exit stamps are not allowed to enter. [464] Visas are not currently available to United States residents. [465]	√
Tajikistan	eVisa [466] [467]	45 days	If arriving from a country that has a Tajik diplomatic mission a visa should be obtained in advance. eVisa holders can enter through all border points. [468]	X
Tanzania	eVisa / Visa on arrival [469] [470] [471]	3 months	Ordinary visa available on arrival for $100 [472]	X
Thailand	Visa not required [473]	30 days	Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.	X
Timor-Leste	Visa on arrival [474]	30 days	For arrivals by air only [475]	X
Togo	Visa on arrival [476]	7 days [477]		X
Tonga	Free visa on arrival [478] [479]	31 days		X
Trinidad and Tobago	Visa not required [480]	90 days [481]		X
Tunisia	Visa not required [482]	90 days [483]		X
Turkey	eVisa [484] [485]	3 months		X
Turkmenistan	Visa required [486]		Departure fee applies. [487] 10-day visa on arrival if holding letter of invitation issued by a company registered in Turkmenistan with a prior approval from the Foreign Ministry. [488]	√
Tuvalu	Free visa on arrival [489]	1 month	Extendable up to 3 months [490] Visa on arrival is issued free of charge.	X
Uganda	eVisa / Visa on arrival [491]	90 days	Determined at the port of entry. Must apply online at least 2 business days or more prior to travel. [492] As of March 2017, airlines were refusing passengers permission to board flights to Uganda if they did not have a print-out of the document showing that they had successfully applied for an eVisa. Ugandan immigration authorities also may require additional documentation, including proof of a return plane ticket and detailed tour itinerary in Uganda. International Certificate of Vaccination required. [493]	X
Ukraine	Visa not required [494]	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period [495]	X
United Arab Emirates	Free visa on arrival [496] [497]	30 days	Extension possible with a fee Iris scan taken on arrival U.S. passport holders can sign up for E-Gate access on arrival/departure at Dubai International Airport	X
United Kingdom	Visa not required [498] [499]	6 months [500]		√
Uruguay	Visa not required [501]	3 months [502]		X
Uzbekistan	eVisa [503] [504]	30 days	5-day visa-free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country. [505] Registration within 3 days is mandatory. [506]	X
Vanuatu	Visa not required [507]	30 days	Extendable up to 120 days [508]	X
Vatican City	Visa not required [509]			X
Venezuela	Visa required [510]			√
Vietnam	eVisa [510]	30 days	A single entry eVisa is available. [511] Phú Quốc visa exemption for up to 30 days. [512] [513]	X
Yemen	Visa required [514] [515]		Registration mandatory. Exit visa required for stays over 30 days. [516]	√
Zambia	eVisa / Visa on arrival [517]	90 days	Exact period determined on arrival, later extendable free of charge. All visitors are fingerprinted. Two blank pages required International Certificate of Vaccination required. [518] Electronic visa also available. [519]	X
Zimbabwe	eVisa / Visa on arrival [520]	3 months	Tourism purposes only. [521] Electronic visa also available. [522]	X

Territories or administrative subdivisions with different visa policies

Visa requirements for United States citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above, recognized administrative subdivisions that operate on different visa policies and restricted zones:

Africa
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Eritrea outside Asmara	Travel permit required		To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa). [523]
Ascension Island	eVisa [524] [525]	3 months	3 months within any year period
Saint Helena	Visitor's Pass required		Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling. [526]
Tristan da Cunha	Permission required		Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands. [527]
Mayotte	Visa not required [528]	90 days
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Undefined		Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
Somaliland	Visa on arrival	30 days	30 US dollars, payable on arrival. [529] [530]
Réunion	Visa not required [531]	90 days
Sudan outside Khartoum	Travel permit required		All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
Darfur	Travel permit required		Separate travel permit is required. [532]
Asia
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
British Indian Ocean Territory	Special permit required		Special permit required. [533]
Hainan	Visa not required when travelling as part of a tour group		Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (2 or more people) [534] [535]
Hong Kong	Visa not required	90 days [536]	Admission refused unless travelling from Mainland China, Macao or Taiwan or a resident of Hong Kong. Before March 24 2020, Americans were granted a 90-day visa free stay.
Protected and restricted areas of India	PAP/RAP required		Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year. [537] [538] [539] [540] [541] [542]
Iraqi Kurdistan	Visa on arrival		Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports. [244]
Baikonur & Priozersk	Special permission required		Special permission required for the city of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Priozersk near Almaty. [543]
Kish Island	Visa not required		Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa. [242]
Macau	Visa not required	30 days [544]
Sabah and Sarawak	Visa not required		These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies. [545]
Maldives outside Malé	Permission required		Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of the Maldives. [546]
Mecca and Medina	Special access required		Non-Muslims and those following the Ahmadiyya religious movement are strictly prohibited from entry.
North Sentinel Island	Restricted zone
Palestine	Visa not required		Travel to Gaza Strip may be restricted . [547]
Taiwan	Visa not required	90 days [548]	Visitors fingerprinted
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province	OIVR permit required		OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez. [549] [550] [551]
Tibet Autonomous Region	TTP required		Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars). [552] [553] [554]
Closed cities of Turkmenistan	Special permit required		A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat. [555]
Korean Demilitarized Zone	Restricted zone
UNDOF Zone and Ghajar	Restricted zone
Phú Quốc	Visa not required	30 days [512]
Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden	Special permission required		Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden. [516]
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Anguilla	Visa not required	3 months [556]
Aruba	Visa not required	90 days	90 days within any year period [557] [558] 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined
Bermuda	Visa not required	6 months	Decided on arrival. [559]
(Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba)	Visa not required	90 days	90 days within any year period [560] [561] 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined
British Virgin Islands	Visa not required	30 days	Extensions possible [562]
Cayman Islands	Visa not required	6 months [563]
San Andrés and Leticia	Tourist Card on arrival		Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival. [564]
Curaçao	Visa not required	90 days	90 days within any year period [565] 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined
French West Indies	Visa not required	3 months	French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy [566]
Greenland	Visa not required [567]
Margarita Island	Visa required		All visitors are fingerprinted. [568]
Montserrat	Visa not required	6 months
Sint Maarten	Visa not required	90 days	90 days in 1 year [569] [570] 90 days in Aruba, Caribbean Netherlands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten combined
Turks and Caicos Islands	Visa not required	90 days [571]
Europe
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Abkhazia	Visa required [572]
Mount Athos	Special permit required		Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed. [573] [574]
ATO zone	Special permission required [575]
Brest and Grodno	Visa not required	10 days [576]
Crimea	Visa required		Visa issued by Russia is required. [577]
Novorossiya	Restricted area		Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine. [578]
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus	Visa not required	3 months [579] [580]
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus	Access Permit required [581]		Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.
Faroe Islands	Visa not required [567]
Gibraltar	Visa not required [582]
Guernsey	Visa not required [583]
Isle of Man	Visa not required [584]
Jan Mayen	Permit required [582]	24 hours	Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours [585] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours. [586]
Jersey	Visa not required [587]
Kosovo	Visa not required	90 days [588]
Artsakh	Visa required [589] [590]		Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan. [591]
Closed cities of Russia	Special authorization required		Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization. [402]
South Ossetia	Visa not required		Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia. [592] [593]
Svalbard	Visa not required [594]	Unlimited	Anyone may live and work freely in Svalbard per the Svalbard Treaty.
Transnistria	Visa not required	24 hours	Registration required after 24h. [595] [596]
Oceania
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
American Samoa	Freedom of movement	Unlimited	Proof of citizenship is required for entry. U.S. citizens may live and work freely in American Samoa. [597]
Ashmore and Cartier Islands	Special authorisation required		Special authorisation required. [598]
Clipperton Island	Special permit required		Special permit required. [599]
Cook Islands	Visa not required	31 days [600]
Lau Province	Special permission required		Special permission required. [188]
French Polynesia	Visa not required	90 days	90 days within any 180-day period [601]
Guam	Freedom of movement	Unlimited	U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in Guam. Proof of citizenship is required for entry. [602] [603]
Niue	Visa on arrival	30 days [604]
Northern Mariana Islands	Freedom of movement	Unlimited	U.S. citizens and American Samoan citizens may live and work freely in the Northern Mariana Islands. Proof of citizenship is required for entry. [605]
Pitcairn Islands	Visa not required	14 days	Visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore. [606] [607] [608]
Tokelau	Entry permit required [609]
United States Minor Outlying Islands	Special permits required		Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island. [610] [611] [612] [613] [614] [615] [616]
South America
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Galápagos	Pre-registration required		Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure. [617]
French Guiana	Visa not required	3 months [618]	International Certificate of Vaccination required.
South Atlantic and Antarctica
Visitor to	Visa requirement	Allowed stay	Notes (excluding departure fees)
Falkland Islands	Visa not required		Visa is not required. [619]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	Permit required		Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling). [620] [621]