Name of the Czech Republic

Last updated • 11 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Muller's map of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia), 1720 Mullerova mapa Cech 00 prehledny list.jpg
Müller's map of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia), 1720
Muller's map of Moravia (Margraviate of Moravia), 1720 Tabula generalis Marchionatus Moraviae in sex Circulos divisae - CBT 5664694.jpg
Müller's map of Moravia (Margraviate of Moravia), 1720

The Czech Republic's official long and short names at the United Nations are Česká republika and Česko in Czech, and the Czech Republic and Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ) in English. [1] All these names derive from the name of the Czechs, the West Slavic ethnolinguistic group native to the Czech Republic. Czechia, the official English short name specified by the Czech government, is used by most international organisations.

Contents

Attested as early as 1841, [2] then, for example in 1856 [3] or 1866, [4] the word Czechia and the forms derived from it are always used by the authors synonymously with the territory of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia at that time). [5]

The Czech name Čechy is from the same root but means Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of modern Czechia. The name Bohemia is an exonym derived from the Boii, a Celtic tribe inhabiting the area before the early Slavs arrived. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1918) were part of the Holy Roman Empire; often called "the Czech lands", they sometimes extended further, to all of Silesia, Lusatia, and various smaller territories. The Czech adjective český means both "Czech" and "Bohemian".

The Czech Republic's official formal and short names in Czech were decided at its creation after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992. [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]

Czech-language name

The country is named after the Czechs (Czech : Češi), a Slavic tribe residing in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. However, the etymological origin and meaning of the ethnonym is uncertain. [12] [13] [14] [15] There were proposed several derivations, of which most common consider it a hypocoristic of a root čel- (čeleď meaning "family", člověk meaning "person", hence a "member of the people, kinsman"; itself deriving from Indo-European root *kel-/kol for "clan, generation") with hypocoristic suffix "-ch"; a hypocoristic of a personal name with root "Če" (*Čьstьslavъ > Čestislav, Česlav) with hypocoristic suffix "-ch"; from a toponym word "čachy/čechy" ("dry place"); from *čechati, *česati (meaning "comb, scrub, beat" and as such a "warrior"); from a word "čeh" (shepherd, boy). [12] [15] [16]

Varieties

Several variants of the name have been used over the centuries, due to the evolution of the Czech language. The digraph "cž" was used from the time of the 16th-century Bible of Kralice until the reform of 1842, being eventually replaced by "č" (changing Cžechy to Čechy). In the late 19th century the suffix for the names of countries changed from -y to -sko (e.g. Rakousy → Rakousko for Austria, Uhry → Uhersko for Hungary). While the notion of Česko appears for the first time in 1704, it only came into official use in 1918 as the first part of the name of the newly independent Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) . Within that state, the Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika, ČSR) [9] was created on 1 January 1969. [17] On 6 March 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic was renamed the Czech Republic (Česká republika, ČR). [18] When Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, the Czech part of the name was intended to serve as the name of the Czech state. The decision started a dispute as many perceived the "new" word Česko, which before had been only rarely used alone, as harsh sounding or as a remnant of Československo. [19] The older term Čechy was rejected by many because it was primarily associated with Bohemia proper and to use it for the whole country was seen as inappropriate. The negative attitude against the designations Čechy, Česko and Czechia for the territory of the Czech Republic, which also includes the territory of Moravia and Czech Silesia, exactly disagreement, is especially prominent among the inhabitants of Moravia, but not only among them. [20] [21] [22]

The use of the word "Česko" within the country itself has increased in recent years.[ citation needed ] [note 1] During the 1990s, "Česko" was rarely used and viewed as controversial. Some Czech politicians and public figures (e.g. media magnate Vladimír Železný) expressed concern about the non-use of Česko and Czechia.[ citation needed ] Václav Havel claimed that "Slugs crawl on me a little whenever I read or hear the word [Česko]." In 1997, the Civic Initiative Czechia was formed by linguists and geographers in Brno to promote the use of Czechia. [23] The following year, a conference of professionals aimed at encouraging the use of the name was held at Charles University in Prague. The Czech Senate held a session on the issue in 2004. [24] [25]

English-language name

The historical English name of the country is Bohemia, derived ultimately from Germanic Boi-haima, meaning "home of the Boii", a Celtic tribe who inhabited the area from the 4th century BC. The name survived all the later migrations affecting the area, including the arrival of the Slavs and the creation of the Czech state. In the 9th century, the country became officially known as the Duchy of Bohemia, changing to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 11th century, and the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century. The Bohemian state included the three historical lands: Bohemia proper (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Silesia (Slezsko). From the 14th century until 1635 it also included Upper and Lower Lusatia. The higher hierarchical status of the Bohemian region led to that name being used for the larger country (a linguistic device called pars pro toto ), and the people and language of that country were referred to as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century. A number of other names for the country have been used, including Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas and others. [26] [27]

The first known usage of the word Czechia in English comes from a book of 1841 by Henry and Thomas Rose, A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged. [28] [26]

Shortly before the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there were proposals to use the traditional name Bohemia for the newly formed state. [29] However, out of consideration for Slovak national aspirations, the name "Czecho-Slovakia" (later "Czechoslovakia") was adopted instead.

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the name Czechia appeared in English, alongside the official name, as a reference to all the Czech lands [30] and to differentiate between the Czech and Slovak parts of the state. It was used at least as early as 4 January 1925; appearing in the article "Literary History of the Czechs", published by The New York Times . [31] The name was used in the Anglophone press before the German occupation of the Czech lands in 1939. [32] [33] [34] [35]

The current English ethnonym "Czech" comes from the Czech ethnonym associated with the area spelled historically as "Cžech" until the reform of 1842, possibly influenced by Latin "Czechus", or the Polish spelling "Czech". [36] [37] [38] The words "Czechian", "Czechish", "Czechic" and later "Czech" (using antiquated Czech spelling) [26] have appeared in English-language texts since the 17th century. During the 19th-century national revival, the word "Czech" was also used to distinguish between the Czech- and German-speaking peoples living in the country. The term "Czechia" is attested as early as 1569 in Latin [26] and 1841 in English (Poselkynie starych Przjbiehuw Czeskych – Messenger of the old Fates of Czechia). [28] [26] There were other early mentions in 1856 [39] and in an 1866 report on the Austro-Prussian War. [40]

French-language name

Cyprien Robert in Le monde gréco-slave (1843), writes, that between Slovakia and Czechia proper, or the Kingdom of Bohemia, lies the Duchy of Moravia, which, along with several Silesian districts, is also an integral part of the territory of the Czech Slavs. The name Czechia is obviously used to refer to Bohemia: Entre la Slovaquie et la Tchéquie proprement dite ou le royaume de Bohème, s'étend le duché de Moravie, qui, avec plusieurs districts de Silésie, fait également partie intégrante du territoire des Tchéquo-Slaves. [41]

Latin-language name

Pavel Stransky ze Zap, Respublica Bojema, 1634: I. De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae. Pavel Stransky ze Zap, Respublica Bojema, 1634, De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae, s. 1.jpg
Pavel Stránský ze Záp, Respublica Bojema, 1634: I. De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae.

Although in Latin the Bohemian lands (three historical regions of Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava), and Silesia (Slezsko) were referred to by the collective name Bohemia, based on the fact that they were part of the whole "Corona regni Bohemiae" (Bohemian Crown), in the first half of the 16th century Bohemia (proper) was referred to as Czechia, the first historically documented record of which can be found in the Chronicle of Bohemia (Kronyka Czeska) of Václav Hájek z Libočan in 1541. (Václav Hájek did not use the term in the Latin text, but in the Czech text; he used the then-existing digraph Cž, instead of the present letter Č, with i.e. Cžechya. [42]

In the second half of the 16th century the name Czechia began to be commonly used in Latin and in 1598 Czechia was listed in the Bohemian(Czech)-Latin-Greek-German dictionary published by Daniel Adam z Veleslavína. [43]

Furthermore, the designation Czechia is mentioned, for example, by Pavel Stránský ze Záp in his work Respublica Bojema from 1634, who mentions it already in his first chapter De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae: "Europaei orbis ea regio, quam (quemadmodum Chorographis placet) inter longitudinis gradum trigesimum quartum et quintum aliquanto ultra trigesimum octavum, et inter latitudinis gradum quadragesimum octavum et nonum ad quinquagesimum primum, gens mea colit, usitato jam nomine Bojemia, seu Bohemia, et Boemia, itemque Czechia vocatur.". In Emanuel Tonner's translation, 1893: On the location and nature of the country of Bohemia : "That country in Europe, that part of the world, in which (as geographers teach) according to the longitude between the thirty-fourth and fifth degrees to the thirty-eighth, and according to the latitude between the forty-eighth and ninth degrees to the fifty-first, the Bohemians (Čechové, Czechs, i.e. Czech people) inhabit, my nation, by its usual name, is called Bohemia (Čechy, i.e. Czechia"). The description includes County of Kladsko, which belonged to Bohemia until 1742 (historical territory of Bohemia). Further east from Bohemia is Moravia. [44]

The Latin name was later adopted into English (as well as the common "Bohemia" in the past).

Adoption of Czechia

In accordance with Resolution No. 4 I. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Geneva 1967) and Resolution No. 2 III. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Athens 1977), the Terminological Committee of the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping, and Cadaster in cooperation with the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs nationally standardized Czechia as the English translation of Česko in early 1993. [45] Other names suggested in the 1990s included Czechomoravia or Czechlands. [46]

In 2013, Czech president Miloš Zeman recommended the wider official use of Czechia in English sources, [47] and on 14 April 2016 Czech political leaders endorsed the short name Czechia in English. [48] The short name Czechia was approved by the Czech cabinet on 2 May 2016 and was internationally standardized by being published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 5 July 2016. [1] [7] [49] [50] [51]

In September 2016, the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recommended the use of Czechia and added it as the sole form of the country name to their list of country names. [52] On 26 September 2016, the International Organization for Standardization included the short name Czechia in the official ISO 3166 country codes list. [53] [54] In November 2016 the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented recommendations on how to use the short name Czechia in international contexts. [55] On 1 June 2017, the geography department of the Faculty of Sciences of Charles University in Prague organized a special conference to assess the progress of the name's proliferation. [56]

In 2018, the European Union updated its official guidelines and replaced "Czech Republic" with "Czechia" as the short name of the country. The same was done by the Council of Europe. [57]

Multinational technology companies that have adopted the name Czechia include Google, [58] Apple, [59] and Microsoft. [60] [61] The business network LinkedIn updated its locations to Czechia in October 2020. [62]

In 2021, the government of the United States started using the form Czechia instead of Czech Republic as the short name for the country. [63]

The International Ice Hockey Federation updated to Czechia in December 2021. [64] On 28 April 2022, a conference of all sports associations was held under the patronage of the Foreign Ministry at the Czernin Palace. Following basketball, ice hockey, baseball, rugby, and association football, which started to use the short name, all remaining sports agreed to transition to the short name Czechia shortly. [65] The Czech Football Association announced the adoption of the names Česko and Czechia on 24 May 2022. [66]

AP Stylebook updated on 1 July 2022 online entry with the following statement: "Czechia, the Czech Republic. Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic." [67]

In August 2022, the exception of keeping the long form of the name on the country plates at the United Nations was dropped and Czechia is since then used on name plates at the United Nations. [68]

In September 2022, the UEFA website was updated to Czechia. [69] NATO, the World Bank, FIFA, ISU and the Universal Postal Union switched to Czechia in October 2022. [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]

On 1 November 2022, the Czech Olympic Committee requested the International Olympic Committee and European Olympic Committees to enter the name Czechia into their databases of countries for sports competitions. These were both adjusted. [75] [76] [77]

In January 2023, The Czech Ministry of Tourism updated the website VisitCzechRepublic.com to VisitCzechia.com. [78]

On 10 February 2023, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the organisers of the Eurovision Song Contest, began to refer to the country as Czechia with the name being changed on the Eurovision website. This was announced with the release of the Czech entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, upon which the EBU confirmed that the country would be referred to as Czechia at the contest going forward. [79]

The government of Canada adopted the short name Czechia in 2023. [80] [81] [82] Lonely Planet tour guides began using the name in June 2023. [83] OECD and OSCE adopted Czechia in October 2023. [84] [85]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ According to the official Czech list of country names: "Česko is a standardized one-word name of the state, which is officially named Česká republika according to its constitution". [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bohemia</span> Historical region in the Czech Republic

Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohemian kings, including Moravia and Czech Silesia, in which case the smaller region is referred to as Bohemia proper as a means of distinction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech Republic</span> Country in Central Europe

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic has a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,871 square kilometers (30,452 sq mi) with a mostly temperate continental and oceanic climate. The capital and largest city is Prague; other major cities and urban areas include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň and Liberec.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moravia</span> Historical region in the Czech Republic

Moravia is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czechs</span> West Slavic ethnic group

The Czechs, or the Czech people, are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history, and the Czech language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moravians</span> Ethnic group

Moravians are a West Slavic ethnic group from the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, who speak the Moravian dialects of Czech or Common Czech or a mixed form of both. Along with the Silesians of the Czech Republic, a part of the population to identify ethnically as Moravian has registered in Czech censuses since 1991. The figure has fluctuated and in the 2011 census, 6.01% of the Czech population declared Moravian as their ethnicity. Smaller pockets of people declaring Moravian ethnicity are also native to neighboring Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia</span> Czech political party

The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia is a communist party in the Czech Republic. As of 2022, KSČM has a membership of 20,450. Sources variously describe the party as either left-wing or far-left on the political spectrum. It is one of the few former ruling parties in post-Communist Central Eastern Europe to have not dropped the Communist title from its name, although it has changed its party program to adhere to laws adopted after 1989. It was previously a member party of The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL in the European Parliament, and an observer member of the European Left Party, but is now unaffiliated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech lands</span> Historical regions of the Czech Republic

The Czech lands or the Bohemian lands is a historical-geographical term which, in a historical and cultural context, denotes the three historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia out of which Czechoslovakia, and later the Czech Republic, were formed. Together the three have formed the Czech part of Czechoslovakia since 1918, and the Czech Republic since 1 January 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bretislav I</span> Duke of Bohemia from 1034 to 1055

Bretislav I, known as the "Bohemian Achilles", of the Přemyslid dynasty, was Duke of Bohemia from 1034 until his death in 1055.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koruna Česká (party)</span> Czech monarchist political party

Czech Crown is a Czech monarchist political party that strives for the restoration of Czech monarchy with the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. The party was founded in 1990 and its current leader is Vojtěch Círus. In the 2017 Czech legislative election, Koruna Česká ran in a coalition with TOP 09 and received 5.35% of the vote. In the 2019 European Parliament election, it ran together with the KDU-ČSL and received 7.24% of the vote.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</span> Incorporated states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings. The crown lands primarily consisted of the Kingdom of Bohemia, an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire according to the Golden Bull of 1356, the Margraviate of Moravia, the Duchies of Silesia, and the two Lusatias, known as the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia and the Margraviate of Lower Lusatia, as well as other territories throughout its history. This agglomeration of states nominally under the rule of the Bohemian kings was referred to simply as Bohemia. They are now sometimes referred to in scholarship as the Czech lands, a direct translation of the Czech abbreviated name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Bohemia</span> Monarchy in Central Europe (1198–1918), predecessor of modern Czechia

The Kingdom of Bohemia, sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe. It was the predecessor state of the modern Czech Republic.

This article deals with historic administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia up to 1992, when the country was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia</span>

The coat of arms of Czechoslovakia were changed many times during Czechoslovakia’s history, some alongside each other. This reflects the turbulent history of the country and a wish to use appropriate territorial coats of arms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Province of German Bohemia</span> 1918-1919

The Province of German Bohemia was a province in Bohemia, now the Czech Republic, established for a short period of time after the First World War, as part of the Republic of German-Austria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koněprusy Caves</span> Cave and archaeological site in the Czech Republic

Koněprusy Caves, also Zlatý kůň, is a cave system in the heart of the limestone region known as Bohemian Karst in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It is located in the municipality of Koněprusy, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of Prague, 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Beroun. With the length of 2 km (1.2 mi) and vertical range of 70 m (230 ft), it is the largest cave system in Bohemia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech Republic–Poland relations</span> Bilateral relations

Poland and the Czech Republic are both members of the European Union and of NATO. Both joined the EU simultaneously on 1 May 2004. They also both joined NATO on 12 March 1999. Both countries, together with Slovakia and Hungary, form the Visegrád Group, which is an important regional group in Central Europe. Both countries are also members of the Bucharest Nine, Three Seas Initiative, OECD, OSCE, Council of Europe and the World Trade Organization.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Moravia</span>

An official version of the flag of Moravia, unlike the provincial Moravian coat of arms, does not exist, because such a flag has never been granted to Moravia. However, there are several documented variants of Moravian flags used in the past. The first recorded version dates from the mid-13th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Česká spořitelna</span>

Česká spořitelna is a Czech bank, headquartered in Prague. Despite being organized as a joint-stock bank, it is the heir to a long history of savings banks in the Czech Republic, going back to the establishment of Böhmische Sparkasse in 1825. Since the early 21st century, it has been part of the Vienna-headquartered Erste Group.

References

  1. 1 2 "The Czech Republic". The United Nations Terminology Database. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  2. ↑ Rose, Hugh James (1841). "A New General Biographical Dictionary, Vol. III, BAH-BEE".
  3. ↑ "Notes and Queries: Medium of Inter-Communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. Second Series, Volume Second, July-December, 1856". 1856.
  4. ↑ "Latest from Prussia. The Mercury, page 4, Saturday, 21 July 1866". Mercury. 21 July 1866.
  5. ↑ Beckovský, Jan František (1700). "Poselkyně starých přjběhůw cžeských, aneb, Kronyka cžeska od prwnjho do nyněgssý Země cžeské přjchozu dwauch knjžat charwátských Cžecha y Lecha wlastnjch bratřj až do sstiastného panowánj cýsaře ržjmského, krále cžeského [et] c. Ferdynanda prwnjho wždyckny wjtěze slawného. K rozmnoženj obecného dobrého, k zwelebenj gazyka cžeského, a k prospěchu bližnjho. Djl prwnj w němž se někteřj cyzý přjběhowé nacházegj, kteřj k domácým přináležegjce od nich se odcyzyti nemohli" (in Czech). Praha (Staré Město pražské): Jan Karel Jeřábek. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
  6. 1 2 Boháč, Pavel; Kolář, Jaroslav (1993). Jména států a jejich územních částí[Names of states and their territorial parts] (in Czech). Praha: Český úřad zeměměřický a katastrální. ISBN   978-8-08691-857-0.
  7. 1 2 "World Geographical Names database". UNGEGN . 25 April 2019. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  8. ↑ "Ústava České republiky ze dne 16. prosince 1992" [Constitution of the Czech Republic of 16 December 1992]. Parliament of the Czech Republic (in Czech). Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  9. 1 2 Knappová, Miloslava (1983). "Česko = Česká socialistická republika". Naše řeč (in Czech). 66 (4): 205–206. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  10. ↑ "FAQ: Česko". Ústav pro jazyk český (in Czech). Archived from the original on 9 March 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  11. ↑ "Česko". Internetová jazyková příručka (IJP) [Online language guide] (in Czech). 8 January 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  12. 1 2 Spal, Jaromír (1953). "Původ jména Čech" [Origin of the name Čech]. Naše řeč (Our Speech) (in Czech). 36 (9–10). The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic: 263–267. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  13. ↑ Čmejrková, Světla; Daneš, František (2010). "Czech". Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire . 88 (3): 692. The origin of the ethnonym Čech (Česi or Čechové in plural) is not entirely clear.
  14. ↑ Dickins, Tom (2011). "The Czech-Speaking Lands, their Peoples and Contact Communities: Titles, Names and Ethnonyms". The Slavonic and East European Review . 89 (3): 402. As Spal has observed, the origin of Čech (Bohemian) is far from clear, but amongst the more plausible explanations is that it has the root čel, as in čeleď (family), and also člověk (person).
  15. 1 2 Rejzek, Jiří (2012) [2001]. Český etymologický slovník[Czech etymological lexicon] (in Czech). Voznice: Leda. p. 111. ISBN   9788073352967.
  16. ↑ Wenzel, Walter (2022). "Der Name Čech ‚Tscheche'" [The Name Čech ‚Czech‘]. Lětopis (in German) (2): 99–100. This essay about the name Čech has been written in response to the explanation of this ethnonym in the latest Czech etymological dictionary by J. Rejzek. This author offers several possible explanations, but none of them seems to be convincing. The only one that might be correct is the derivation from a full name Česlav from Proto-Slavic *Čьstьslavъ, where the initial open syllable Če- was supplemented by the hypocoristic suffix -ch.
  17. ↑ "Ústavní zákon ze dne 27. října 1968 o československé federaci" [Constitutional Act of 27 October 1968 on the Czechoslovak Federation]. Parliament of the Czech Republic (in Czech). Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  18. ↑ "53/1990 Sb. Ústavní zákon České národní rady o změně názvu České socialistické republiky" [53/1990 Sb. Constitutional Act of the Czech National Council on the Change of the Name of the Czech Socialist Republic]. Zákony pro lidi (in Czech). Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  19. ↑ Lazarová, Daniela (13 May 2004). "Looking for a name". Radio Prague . Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  20. ↑ "Deklarace geografů proti svévolnému prosazování názvu Czechia". e-petice.cz/. 22 June 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  21. ↑ Sandr, Michal (6 June 2019). "Hnusný název Česko (Ugly name Czechia)". Moravský národ. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  22. ↑ "Czechia (Čečíja, amer. angl. Čečia) = Čechy, Moravia = Morava, Silesia = Slezsko. Jsme z Moravy". Moravská orlice. April 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  23. ↑ "Česko/Czechia". The Civic Initiative Czechia. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  24. ↑ "Funkční rozlišování spisovných názvů Česká republika a Česko a jejich cizojazyčných ekvivalentů" [Functional differentiation of literary names Czech Republic and Czechia and their equivalents in foreign languages]. Senate of the Czech Republic (in Czech). 11 May 2004. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  25. ↑ "Těsnopisecký záznam ze 7. veřejného slyšení Senátu Parlamentu České republiky" [Stenographic record of the 7th public hearing of the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic]. Senate of the Czech Republic (in Czech). 11 May 2004. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Šitler, Jiří (1 July 2017). "Czechia si to bude muset protrpět" [Czechia will have to endure it]. Lidové noviny (in Czech). Retrieved 6 July 2017– via PressReader.
  27. ↑ Moryson, Fynes (1908) [1626]. The Itinerary of Fynes Moryson Containing His Ten Yeeres Travell through the Twelve Dominions of Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland, Denmarke, Poland, Italy, Turky, France, England, Scotland & Ireland (Volume IV). Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons . Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  28. 1 2 Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1 January 1841). A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged. Fellowes. Retrieved 10 May 2017– via Google Books.
  29. ↑ Beneš, Edvard (1917). Bohemia's case for independence. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN   0-405-02734-6.
  30. ↑ Munzar, Jan; Drápela, Milan Václav (1999). "Czechia = Bohemia + Moravia + Silesia". Moravian Geographical Report (in Czech). 7 (2). Brno: Ústav Geoniky: 58–61. Retrieved 31 December 2019– via Masaryk University.
  31. ↑ "Literary History of the Czechs". The New York Times . 4 January 1925. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  32. ↑ "Soviet Note to Germany". The New York Times. 20 March 1939. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  33. ↑ "Saving The Children". The Palestine Post . 28 December 1939. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  34. ↑ "Dr. Benes Broadcasts To His Countrymen". The Barrier Miner . Broken Hill, New South Wales. 16 March 1940. p. 6. Retrieved 10 May 2017– via Trove.
  35. ↑ "Search results containing "Czechia"". Chronicling America . Library of Congress. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  36. ↑ "Czech definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary . HarperCollins . Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  37. ↑ "Czech". American Heritage Dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  38. ↑ "Czech - Definition in English". Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University. Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. Origin Polish spelling of Czech Čech.
  39. ↑ "Replies to Minor Queries". Notes and Queries . II (27). Oxford University Press: 20. July 1856. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  40. ↑ "Latest From Prussia". The Mercury . Hobart, Tasmania. 21 July 1866. p. 4. Retrieved 10 May 2017– via Trove.
  41. ↑ Robert, Cyprien (1843). "4". Le monde gréco-slave, in: Revue des deux mondes, volume 8, new series (in French). Paris. p. 450.
  42. ↑ Hájek z Libočan, Václav (1819). Kronyka Czeská (reprint). Brno: Rytijrž Jan Ferdynand z Ssenfeldu.
  43. ↑ Šitler, Jiří (2 July 2017). "Czechia si to bude muset protrpět". Lidové noviny - Orientace (in Czech). pp. 1, 20.
  44. ↑ Mistra Pavla Stránského ze Zapské Stránky poopravené i rozmnožené vypsání vší obce království českého. Z latiny přeložil, životopisem Stránského a mnohými poznámkami opatřil Emanuel Tonner. Praha: V Praze Tiskem J. Otty. 1893. p. 1.
  45. ↑ Čižmárová, Libuše (1993). "K peripetiím vývoje názvů našeho státu a postojů k nim od roku 1918 (Příspěvek k 80. výročí vzniku Československé republiky)". Naše řeč (in Czech). 82 (1): 1–15.
  46. ↑ Rocks, David (10 May 1998). "After 5 Years, Czech Republic Still Searching for a Short Name". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  47. ↑ McDonald-Gibson, Charlotte (11 October 2013). "What's in a name? Czech Republic mulls shock rebranding as Czechia". The Independent . Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  48. ↑ "Czechia: Czech Republic leaders approve plan to change country's name" . The Independent. 14 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  49. ↑ "Short country name "Česko"/"Czechia" to be entered in UN databases". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  50. ↑ "Vláda schválila doplnení jednoslovného názvu Cesko v cizích jazycích do databází OSN" [The government has approved the addition of one-word Czech name in foreign languages to UN databases]. Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky (in Czech). 2 May 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  51. ↑ Tapon, Francis (22 May 2017). "Czechia Has Won The Czech Republic Name Debate". Forbes . Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  52. ↑ "Czechia: New English-language country name for the Czech Republic" (PDF). Permanent Committee on Geographical Names. September 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  53. ↑ "CZ: ISO 3166 codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  54. ↑ Laughland, Oliver (14 April 2016). "Czech Republic officials say country would like to be called 'Czechia' instead". The Guardian . Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  55. ↑ "How to Use the Short Country name "Czechia"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  56. ↑ Fraňková, Ruth (8 June 2017). "Czechia: mapping progress one year on". Radio Prague. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  57. ↑ "Publications Office – Interinstitutional Style Guide – Annex A5 – List of countries, territories and currencies". publications.europa.eu. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  58. ↑ "A je to "oficiální". Mapy Google začaly Česku říkat Czechia" [And it's "official". Google Maps calls Česko Czechia]. iDNES (in Czech). 20 January 2017. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  59. ↑ Chan, Sewell (19 April 2018). "Swaziland's King Wants His Country to Be Called eSwatini". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  60. ↑ "Maps". www.bing.com.
  61. ↑ "Country/region availability and supported languages - Business Central". docs.microsoft.com. 25 January 2024.
  62. ↑ "LinkedIn: Log In or Sign Up". LinkedIn.
  63. ↑ "Czechia - The World Factbook". 26 January 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  64. ↑ "IIHF Member National Association Czechia". Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  65. ↑ "Czechia vs. Czech republic! Co budeme nosit na dresech?". www.olympijskytym.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  66. ↑ "Komuniké ze zasedání VV FAČR ze dne 24. 5. 2022 | FAČR". Fotbal.cz. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  67. ↑ @APStylebook (1 July 2022). "We have a new Stylebook Online entry: Czechia, the Czech Republic.Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  68. ↑ "Member States".
  69. ↑ "Czechia". Uefa.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  70. ↑ NATO. "Member countries". NATO. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  71. ↑ "Czechia | Data".
  72. ↑ "FIFA".
  73. ↑ "Czechia - ISU".
  74. ↑ "Member Countries".
  75. ↑ "Český olympijský výbor požádá o zápis názvu Czechia do mezinárodní sportovní databáze".
  76. ↑ "Czechia - International Olympic Committee".
  77. ↑ "Czechia - European Olympic Committee". 11 October 2016.
  78. ↑ "VisitCzechia". 6 February 2024.
  79. ↑ "Czechia - Eurovision.tv".
  80. ↑ "Canada and Czechia". 22 July 2021.
  81. ↑ "Travel advice and advisories for Czechia". 16 November 2012.
  82. ↑ "Canada-Czechia relations". 20 May 2020.
  83. ↑ Baker, Mark; Di Duca, Marc; Skochova, Iva Roze (June 2023). Prague & Czechia (13th ed.). Lonely Planet. ISBN   9781787016316.
  84. ↑ "Czechia".
  85. ↑ "Participating States".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.