Administrative divisions of Mexico

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Mexico is a federal republic composed of 32 federative entities (Spanish : entidades federativas): 31 states and Mexico City. [1] According to the Constitution of Mexico, the states of the federation are free and sovereign in all matters concerning their internal affairs. [2] Since 2016, Mexico City was made a fully autonomous entity on par with the states. Each state federative entity has its own congress and constitution.

Contents

Overview

The current structural hierarchy of Mexican administrative divisions are outlined by Constitution of Mexico [3] as well as the constitutions and laws of federative entities. The laws together established the following levels of administrative divisions. The levels in bold are those regulated by the federal constitution.

The Constitution of Mexico states the country constitutes 31 states (Article 43) and Mexico City (Article 44). As of March 2024, there are 2,460 municipalities under the 31 states, adding the 16 boroughs of Mexico City to constitute 2476 territorial units with local autonomy. [4]

Federative entities

There are currently 32 federative entities (Spanish : entidades federativas) of Mexico. In the Congress of the Union, the federative entities are each represented by three senators. Two are elected by universal suffrage on the principle of relative majority and one is assigned to the party that obtains the largest minority. In addition, the federation makes up a constituency in which 32 senators are elected by the method of proportional representation. These makes a total of 128 members of the Senate. Federal Deputies, however, do not represent the states, but rather the citizens themselves. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate together comprise the Congress of the Union.

States

Mexican State
Estado Mexicano (Spanish)
  • Also known as:
  • Free and Sovereign State
    Estado Libre y Soberano
Political divisions of Mexico-en.svg
Category Federated state
LocationFlag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Number31
PopulationsSmallest 759,000 (Baja California Sur)
Largest 17,102,000 (México)
AreasSmallest 4,000 km2 (1,543 sq mi) (Tlaxcala)
Largest 247,460 km2 (95,543 sq mi) (Chihuahua)
Government
Subdivisions
Typical (unofficial) regional grouping of the Mexican states. Regions of Mexico.svg
Typical (unofficial) regional grouping of the Mexican states.

The states (Spanish : estados) of the Mexican Federation are free, sovereign, autonomous and independent of each other. They are free to govern themselves according to their own laws; each state has a constitution that cannot contradict the federal constitution, which covers issues of national competence. The states cannot make alliances with other states or any independent nation without the consent of the whole federation, except those related to defense and security arrangements necessary to keep the border states secure in the event of an invasion.

The political organization of each state is based on a separation of powers in a congressional system: legislative power is vested in a unicameral congress (the federal congress has two chambers), executive power is independent of the legislature and vested in a governor elected by universal suffrage, and judicial power is vested in a Superior Court of Justice. Since the states have legal autonomy, each has its own civil and penal codes and judicial body.

Mexico City

Mexico City
Ciudad de México (Spanish)
  • Also known as:
  • Federal District
    Distrito Federal
Mexico (city) in Mexico (zoom).svg
Category Capital city
LocationFlag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Number1
Populations9,305,000
Areas1,480 km2 (573 sq mi)
Government
  • Mexico City Government
Subdivisions

Mexico City (Spanish : Ciudad de México) is the capital of the United Mexican States. Before January 2016, the city was officially named the Federal District (Spanish : Distrito Federal).

Mexico City was separated from the State of Mexico, of which it was the capital, on November 18, 1824, to become the capital of the federation. As such, it belonged not to any state in particular but to all of them and to the federation. Therefore, the president of Mexico, who represented the federation, designated its head of government, previously referred to as the regent (regente) or head of department (jefe del departamento). However, the Federal District received more autonomy in 1997, and its citizens were then able to elect their chief of government for the first time.

In 2016, the Mexican Congress approved a constitutional reform eliminating the federal district and establishing Mexico City as a fully autonomous entity on par with the states. [5] [6] However, unlike the other states of the Union, it would receive funds for education and health. When full autonomy was granted, Mexico City adopted its own constitution (it previously had only an organic law, the Statute of Autonomy) and its boroughs expanded their local government powers. [7]

Abbreviations and codes

Abbreviations of Mexican federative entities
Federative entityConventional
abbreviation
2-letter code*3-letter code
(ISO 3166-2:MX)
Region
Flag of Aguascalientes.svg  Aguascalientes Ags.AGMX-AGUNorth-Central
Flag of Baja California.svg  Baja California B.C.BC, BJ, BNMX-BCNNorthwest
Flag of Baja California Sur.svg  Baja California Sur B.C.S.BSMX-BCSNorthwest
Flag of Campeche.svg  Campeche Camp.CM, CPMX-CAMSoutheast
Flag of Chiapas.svg  Chiapas Chis.CH, CSMX-CHPSouthwest
Flag of Chihuahua.svg  Chihuahua Chih.CH, CIMX-CHHNorthwest
Flag of Coahuila.svg  Coahuila Coah.CH, CO, CUMX-COANortheast
Flag of Colima.svg  Colima Col.CLMX-COLWest
Flag of Mexico City.svg  Mexico City CDMXDFMX-CMXSouth-Central
Flag of Durango.png  Durango Dgo.DGMX-DURNorthwest
Flag of Guanajuato.svg  Guanajuato Gto.GJ, GTMX-GUANorth-Central
Flag of Guerrero.svg  Guerrero Gro.GE, GRMX-GROSouthwest
Flag of Hidalgo.svg  Hidalgo Hgo.HD, HGMX-HIDEast
Flag of Jalisco.svg  Jalisco Jal.JAMX-JALWest
Flag of the State of Mexico.svg  México Edomex. or Méx.EM, MXMX-MEXSouth-Central
Flag of Michoacan.svg  Michoacán Mich.MC, MH, MIMX-MICWest
Flag of Morelos.svg  Morelos Mor.MO, MRMX-MORSouth-Central
Flag of Nayarit.svg  Nayarit Nay.NAMX-NAYWest
Flag of Nuevo Leon.svg  Nuevo León N.L.NLMX-NLENortheast
Flag of Oaxaca.svg  Oaxaca Oax.OAMX-OAXSouthwest
Flag of Puebla.svg  Puebla Pue.PUMX-PUEEast
Flag of Queretaro.svg  Querétaro Qro.QA, QE, QTMX-QUENorth-Central
Flag of Quintana Roo.svg  Quintana Roo Q. Roo. or Q.R.QI, QRMX-ROOSoutheast
Flag of San Luis Potosi.svg  San Luis Potosí S.L.P.SLMX-SLPNorth-Central
Flag of Sinaloa.svg  Sinaloa Sin.SIMX-SINNorthwest
Flag of Sonora.svg  Sonora Son.SOMX-SONNorthwest
Flag of Tabasco.svg  Tabasco Tab.TA, TBMX-TABSoutheast
Flag of Tamaulipas.svg  Tamaulipas Tamps.TA, TMMX-TAMNortheast
Flag of Tlaxcala.svg  Tlaxcala Tlax.TLMX-TLAEast
Flag of Veracruz.svg  Veracruz Ver.VC, VE, VL, VZMX-VEREast
Flag of the Republic of Yucatan.svg  Yucatán Yuc.YC, YUMX-YUCSoutheast
Flag of Zacatecas.svg  Zacatecas Zac.ZA, ZTMX-ZACNorth-Central

*Mexico's post agency, Correos de México, does not offer an official list. Various competing commercially devised lists exist. The list here reflects choices among them according to these sources.

Subdivisions of federative entities

Location of Socorro Island and the rest of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, and extent of Mexico's western EEZ in the Pacific. The islands are part of Colima state, but under federal jurisdiction. Localisation de l'ile de Clipperton.png
Location of Socorro Island and the rest of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, and extent of Mexico's western EEZ in the Pacific. The islands are part of Colima state, but under federal jurisdiction.

Regions and districts

The intrastate region (Spanish : región) or district (Spanish : distrito) are not constitutional administrative division levels. However, some states with higher numbers of municipalities establish such regions to support the administration.

Intrastate regions exist in the following 11 states:

Municipalities and boroughs

According to the Constitution of Mexico, the states are internally divided into municipalities (Spanish : municipios), Mexico City is divided into boroughs (Spanish : demarcaciones territoriales). The autonomy of municipalities and boroughs within federative entities are protected by the Constitution of Mexico.

Each municipality is autonomous in its ability to elect its own administration. A council is headed by a municipal president (Spanish : presidente municipal) who is elected every three years. Each municipality has a council (Spanish : ayuntamiento) composed of councilors in terms of population size. In most cases, the council is responsible for providing all utilities required for its population. This concept, which arises from the Mexican Revolution, is known as a "free municipality".

The boroughs of Mexico City are colloquially known as alcaldías in Spanish, these boroughs kept the same territory and name as the former delegaciones. [8] A borough is headed by a borough mayor (Spanish : alcalde) who is elected every three years.

As of March 2024, there are 2,460 municipalities in the 31 states of Mexico. [9] The state with the highest number of municipalities is Oaxaca, with 570, and the state with the lowest number is Baja California Sur, with only five. [10] There are 16 boroughs in Mexico City. These sums up to 2,476 division units.

Local settlements

The divisions of municipalities and boroughs are regulated solely by constitutions and laws of the respective federative entities. This level of divisions are collectively called localities (Spanish : localidades) by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Spanish : Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, INEGI) of the federal government.

Among the states, settlement classification schemes vary. Common types of localities include:

Some larger cities are consolidated with its own municipality and form a single level governance. In some cases, cities are further divided into delegaciones or colonias .

Mexico City further divides its boroughs into neighborhoods (Spanish : colonias).

History

Constitutional empire

Political divisions of the First Mexican Empire.
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Treaty of Cordoba
Acquisitions (1822-1823) Political divisions of Mexico 1821 (location map scheme).svg
Political divisions of the First Mexican Empire.
  Treaty of Córdoba
  Acquisitions (1822–1823)

On September 27, 1821, after three centuries of Spanish rule, Mexico gained independence. The Treaty of Córdoba recognized part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain as an Independent Empire – "monarchist, constitutional and moderate". [11] The new country named itself the Mexican Empire. The morning after the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City on September 28, 1821, Agustín de Iturbide ordered the Supreme Provisional Governmental Junta (September 1821 – February 1822) to meet to elect a president of the Imperial Regency and to issue a declaration of independence for the new nation. Iturbide was elected president of the Regency, and that afternoon the members of the Regency and the Supreme Junta signed the Declaration.

A minority of the Constituent Congress, looking for stability, elected Agustín de Iturbide as emperor. On July 21, 1822, Iturbide was crowned Emperor of Mexico. [12] However, the Constitutional Empire quickly demonstrated the incompatibility of its two main parts: the Emperor and the Constituent Congress. The deputies were imprisoned just for expressing their opinions, and eventually Iturbide decided to dissolve the Congress and instead establish a National Board. [13]

The lack of a legitimate legislature, the illegitimacy of the Emperor, and the absence of real solutions to the nation's problems increased revolutionary activity. [14] Antonio López de Santa Anna proclaimed the Plan of Casa Mata, to which later joined Vicente Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo. Iturbide was forced to reestablish the Congress and, in a vain attempt to save the order and keep the situation favorable to his supporters, he abdicated the crown of the empire on March 19, 1823. [15]

Congress nullified the designation of Iturbide and therefore the recognition of the abdication. It deemed the coronation of Iturbide to have been a logical mistake in consummation of Independence. [15] The dissolution of the Empire was the first political realignment of independent Mexico.

Federal republic

Political divisions of Mexico after the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was enacted.
Federal territory
Sovereign state Political divisions of Mexico 1824 (location map scheme).svg
Political divisions of Mexico after the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was enacted.
  Federal territory
  Sovereign state

After the fall of the Empire, a triumvirate called the Supreme Executive Power was created. The provisional government created the Federal Republic, and it was in effect from April 1, 1823, to October 10, 1824. [16]

Unrest in the provinces was widespread. On May 21, 1823, The Founding Plan of the Federal Republic was enacted. Its sixth article stated, "The component parts of the Republic are free, sovereign and independent States in that which touches internal administration and government". [17] Most of the Free States, which were invited to form the Federal Republic, joined the Union, except for the five Central American provinces, the former Captaincy General of Guatemala, which formed their own Federal Republic. [18]

On January 31, 1824, the decree to create a Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation was issued, which incorporated the basic structure of the Federal Republic. It was determined that the criteria for inviting states to the federation should be that they "...not be so few that through expansion and wealth in a few years they be able to aspire to constitute themselves as independent nations, breaking the federal bond, nor so many that through lack of manpower and resources the system should come to be unworkable." [19]

Between 1823 and 1824, some of the Free States created their own constitutions, and others had already installed a Constituent Congress. Special cases were those of Yucatán, which on December 23, 1823, decided to join the federation but as a Federated Republic, and Chiapas, which decided by referendum to join the federation on September 14, 1824. [20]

On October 4, 1824, the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1824 was enacted. The constitution officially created the United Mexican States. The country was composed of 19 states and 4 federal territories. [21] After the publication of the constitution, on November 18, the Federal District was created. [22] On November 24, Tlaxcala, which had retained a special status since the colonial era, was incorporated as a territory. [23]

On October 10, 1824, Guadalupe Victoria took office as the first President of Mexico. [24]

Centralist republic

The Centralist Republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the Federal Republic.
Territory proclaimed its independence
Territory claimed by the Republic of Texas
Territory claimed by the Republic of the Rio Grande
Rebellions Political divisions of Mexico 1836-1845 (location map scheme).svg
The Centralist Republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the Federal Republic.
  Territory proclaimed its independence
  Territory claimed by the Republic of Texas
  Territory claimed by the Republic of the Rio Grande
  Rebellions

The political structure of the Republic was amended by a decree on October 3, 1835, when the centralist system was established.

The constituent states of the Republic lost their freedom, autonomy, independence, and sovereignty by being totally subordinated to the central government. However, the territorial division itself was the same, as the text of Article 8 of the Law determined: The national territory is divided into departments, on the basis of population, location and other leading circumstances: its number, extension and subdivisions, would be detailed by constitutional law. [25]

The Seven Constitutional Laws (Spanish : Siete Leyes Constitucionales) were promulgated on December 30, 1836. [26] The 1st article confirmed the decree of the law October 3, 1835; the Republic would be divided into departments, these in districts and the districts in parties. The 2nd article posited that the division of the Republic into departments would be under a special law with constitutional character. [27] On December 30, 1835, a transitory decree was added to the Seven Laws. The decree stated that the territory of Tlaxcala and the Federal District would become a part of the Department of Mexico. The territories of Alta and Baja California would form the department of the Californias. Coahuila y Tejas would be divided into two departments. Colima would form part of Michoacán, and Aguascalientes would be declared a department.

This period of political instability caused several conflicts between the central government and the entities of the country, and there were rebellions in several states: [28]

On September 11, 1842, the region of Soconusco joined Mexico as part of the department of Chiapas.

Restoration of the Republic and Second Empire

The Federal Republic was restored by the interim president José Mariano Salas on August 22, 1846. The state of Guerrero was provisionally erected in 1849, on the condition that it be approved by the legislatures of the states of México, Puebla and Michoacán, whose territories would be affected.

On February 5, 1857, the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857 was enacted. In 1864, however, after the French intervention, the conservative Mexicans restored the constitutional monarchy, known as the Second Mexican Empire, led by the emperor Maximilian of Habsburg and supported by the French army of Napoleon III. The Empire was deposed in 1867 by the republican forces of Benito Juárez and the Federal Republic was restored again under the Constitution of 1857.

The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1917 was the result of the Mexican Revolution. The third Constitution of Mexico confirmed the federal system of government that is currently in effect. [29]

See also

Notes

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guadalupe Victoria</span> 1st President of Mexico from 1824 to 1829

Guadalupe Victoria, born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican general and politician who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence and after the adoption of the Constitution of 1824, was elected as the first president of the United Mexican States. He was a deputy in the Mexican Chamber of Deputies for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power following the downfall of the First Mexican Empire, which was followed by the 1824 Constitution and his presidency. He later served as Governor of Puebla.

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References

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