2024 Mexican general election

Last updated

2024 Mexican general election
Flag of Mexico.svg
2 June 2024
Presidential election
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Opinion polls
  Claudia Sheinbaum 2022 (cropped).jpg Xochitl Galvez (cropped).jpg Jorge Alvarez Maynez (cropped).jpg
Nominee Claudia Sheinbaum Xóchitl Gálvez Jorge Máynez
Party MORENA PAN [lower-alpha 1] MC
Alliance Sigamos Haciendo Historia Fuerza y Corazón por México
2024 Mexican general election map.png
Presidential results by state
Incumbent President

Andrés Manuel López Obrador
MORENA (JHH)



Senate
←  2018
2030 →
All 128 seats in the Senate of the Republic
65 seats needed for a majority
PartyLeaderCurrent seats
MORENA Eduardo Ramírez Aguilar 57
PAN Julen Rementería 18
PRI Manuel Añorve Baños 13
MC Clemente Castañeda Hoeflich 12
PVEM Raúl Bolaños Cacho Cué  [ es ]7
PT Geovanna Bañuelos de la Torre 6
PRD Miguel Ángel Mancera 3
Independent 9
Chamber of Deputies
←  2021
2027 →
All 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies
251 seats needed for a majority
PartyLeaderCurrent seats
MORENA Ignacio Mier Velazco 202
PAN Jorge Romero Herrera  [ es ]114
PRI Rubén Moreira Valdez 68
PVEM Carlos Alberto Puente Salas 39
PT Alberto Anaya 35
MC Jorge Álvarez Máynez 28
PRD Luis Espinoza Cházaro 14

General elections are scheduled to be held in Mexico on 2 June 2024. [3] [4] Voters will elect a new president to serve a six-year term, all 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies and all 128 members of the Senate of the Republic. The members of the legislature elected on this date will be the first allowed to run for re-election in subsequent elections. These elections are taking place concurrently with the country's state elections.

Contents

Article 83 of the Mexican Constitution prohibits incumbent president Andrés Manuel López Obrador from pursuing re-election for another term ( sexenio ). [5] Claudia Sheinbaum was widely regarded by her party as the top contender to succeed López Obrador, ultimately securing the nomination of the ruling coalition, Sigamos Haciendo Historia . Xóchitl Gálvez emerged as the frontrunner of Fuerza y Corazón por México following a surge in popularity due to criticisms from López Obrador. [6] [7] Citizen's Movement, the only national party without a coalition, nominated Jorge Máynez. This will be the first general election in Mexico's history in which the main contenders for the country's presidency will be women.

Electoral system

The president is elected by plurality voting in a single turn; there is no second round provided. [8]

The 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by two methods: 300 are elected in single-member constituencies by plurality voting, with the remaining 200 elected by proportional representation in five multi-member districts, with seats allocated using Hamilton's method. No party is allowed to hold more than 300 seats. [9] [10]

The 128 members of the Senate are also elected by two methods, with 96 elected in 32 three-seat constituencies based on the states and the remaining 32 elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation. In the three-seat constituencies, two seats are allocated to the party receiving the highest number of votes and one seat to the party receiving the second-highest number of votes. [11]

Presidential candidates

Sigamos Haciendo Historia

Sigamos Haciendo Historia ("Let's Keep Making History") is the left-wing coalition encompassing the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), the Labor Party (PT) and the Ecologist Green Party of Mexico (PVEM). It is the successor to Juntos Hacemos Historia .

On 11 June 2023, Juntos Hacemos Historia announced an internal selection process to select a de facto presidential nominee. [12] The coalition required that prospective candidates resign from their positions in the government to stand for the nomination. [13] Marcelo Ebrard, secretary of foreign affairs, was the first to register as a candidate, followed by Claudia Sheinbaum, Head of Government of Mexico City. Other candidates included Adán Augusto López, [14] Gerardo Fernández Noroña, Ricardo Monreal, and Manuel Velasco.

The coalition's internal process consisted of five opinion polls, with four polls selected from a list comprising each candidate's two suggested polling companies. [15] The polls were conducted from 28 August to 4 September. On 6 September 2023, Sheinbaum was declared the winner, later being confirmed as the prospective nominee. [16] [17]

Sigamos Haciendo Historia was officially registered as a coalition at the INE on 19 November 2023, designating Sheinbaum as the coalition's sole precandidate. [18] Sheinbaum formally registered her candidacy at the Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) on 18 February 2024. [19]

Candidate%
Claudia Sheinbaum 39.38
Marcelo Ebrard 25.80
Adán Augusto López 11.18
Gerardo Fernández Noroña 10.62
Manuel Velasco Coello 7.16
Ricardo Monreal 5.86

Nominee

Fuerza y Corazón por México

Fuerza y Corazón por México ("Strength and Heart for Mexico") [20] is the largest opposition coalition, a big tent composed of the National Action Party (PAN), the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). It stemmed from the political grouping Frente Amplio por México ("Broad Front for Mexico"), composed of the same parties.

Frente Amplio por México conducted an internal selection process to determine their de facto presidential nominee. In the initial phase, candidates were required to secure 150,000 signatures, including a minimum of 1,000 signatures from 17 out of the 32 federal entities in Mexico. Four candidates successfully advanced through this stage: Xóchitl Gálvez, Beatriz Paredes, Santiago Creel, and Enrique de la Madrid. [21] [22]

The following phases of the internal selection process involved polls. The first poll, held from 11 to 14 August, aimed to determine the top three candidates. Following this, a second poll was scheduled from 27 to 30 August, accounting for 50% of the points required for nomination. The remaining 50% would be determined through an online vote on 3 September. [23]

The first poll saw the elimination of Enrique de la Madrid. On 21 August, before the second poll, Santiago Creel withdrew and endorsed Xóchitl Gálvez. During the second poll, Gálvez secured a 15 point victory over Beatriz Paredes. On 31 August, the PRI endorsed Gálvez, effectively withdrawing Paredes, the party's candidate, from the race. [24] Later that day, the third poll was cancelled and Gálvez was confirmed as the prospective presidential nominee. [25]

On 20 November 2023, Frente Amplio por México registered as a coalition under the name Fuerza y Corazón por México, designating Gálvez as their sole precandidate. [26] She formally registered her candidacy at the INE on 20 February 2024. [27]

CandidateFirst pollSecond poll
%%
Xóchitl Gálvez 38.357.58
Beatriz Paredes 26.042.42
Santiago Creel 20.1Withdrawn
Enrique de la Madrid 15.6Eliminated

Nominee

Citizens' Movement

On 29 August 2023, Dante Delgado, the party leader of Citizen's Movement, ruled out joining Fuerza y Corazón por México, instead claiming that the party would nominate its own candidate to contend in the presidential election. [28] [29]

From 3 to 12 November, candidate registration for the party's presidential nomination was open. The first to register was Senator Indira Kempis Martínez, who had previously expressed interest in running for president. [30] Others who joined the race were Samuel García, Ana María Moreno Hernández, Lorena Romo Vite, Francisco Javier Rodriguez Espejel, Javier Gerardo Limones Cerniceros, Benjamín Antonio Russek de Garay, and Ernesto Miguel Sánchez Ruiz. [31] [32] [33] On 12 November, Marcelo Ebrard, who had failed to be selected as the candidate for Sigamos Haciendo Historia, announced he was not seeking the party's nomination, despite being courted by the party. [34]

On 17 November, the party disqualified seven out of eight precandidates, leaving Samuel García, the governor of Nuevo León, as the party's only precandidate. [35] However, on 2 December, García suspended his campaign due to a political crisis in his state over the appointment of an interim governor to replace him. [36] On 9 January 2024, federal deputy Jorge Máynez was proposed as a substitute to Samuel García, with García announcing on social media that Máynez was to be the party's next presidential candidate. [37] The next day, Máynez was officially designated as the party's sole precandidate. [38] Máynez formally registered his candidacy at the INE on 22 February 2024. [39]

Nominee

Independents

The registration deadline for individuals wishing to run for president as independent candidates (i.e. without the backing of a registered party) expired on 7 September 2023. [40]

To formalize their candidacies, independent presidential hopefuls have to collect the signatures of voters endorsing them in an amount equal to 1% of the country's entire electoral roll – a total of over 966,000 [41] – distributed equally across at least 17 of the nation's states, within a period of 120 days. [42]

A total of 27 individuals informed the INE of their wish to run for the presidency as independent candidates before the deadline. By 7 September, six of them had been given permission to begin collecting signatures; the remaining 21 were given 48 hours to correct shortcomings in the documentation they had presented. [43] The six green-lighted prospective independent candidates were Rocío Gabriela González Castañeda, Ulises Ernesto Ruiz Ortiz, César Enrique Asiain del Castillo, Hugo Eric Flores Cervantes, María Ofelia Edgar Mares and José Eduardo Verástegui Córdoba. [43] A further three – Fernando Mauricio Jiménez Chávez, Manuel Antonio Romo Aguirre, and Ignacio Benavente Torres – were announced on 27 September. [44] [45]

At the conclusion of the 120-day deadline, the INE announced that none of the prospective independent candidates had been successful in collecting the required number of signatures. [46] [47]

Campaigns

Campaigning officially began on 1 March. [48]

Issues

Security

Polling indicates that crime and violence rank high on voters' concerns in the election. [49] During incumbent president Andrés Manual López Obrador's term, Mexico experienced one of its bloodiest periods. From 2018 to 2022, the number of intentional homicides surpassed 30,000, with the peak in 2020 at 36,773 homicides. [50] [51] However, since 2020, homicide rates have decreased. In 2023, homicides fell below 30,000 for the first time since 2018, totaling 29,675. [52] Despite this decrease, the numbers remain higher than any recorded between 1990 and 2017. [51] López Obrador tackled this issue by endorsing the "hugs, not bullets" slogan and establishing the civilian-led National Guard. Some have raised the suspicions that López Obrador's administration is underreporting intentional homicides, with some cases possibly being reclassified as having undetermined intentions in order to bring the figure down. [53]

Xóchitl Gálvez emphasized that security would be a key issue in her administration. She voiced her opposition to López Obrador's "hugs, not bullets" approach and proposed various measures to strengthen state police forces across the country by raising their salaries to MXN $20,000 a month, constructing a university for aspiring police officers, and empowering state governments with increased economic resources and advanced technology to combat criminals. [54] Gálvez also suggested doubling the amount of prosecutors, judges, and the size of Mexico's National Guard; [55] redirecting the Secretariat of National Defense's (SEDENA) focus from public works back to national security; vowing to work closely with the United States in order to confront the drug cartels; [56] and to construct a new maximum security prison. [57]

Claudia Sheinbaum has expressed her commitment to replicating her success as Head of Government of Mexico City, where her policies brought down intentional homicides to their lowest level since 1989 in 2023. [58] She detailed that she would use a similar framework, emphasizing zero impunity by enhancing coordination between the National Guard, state police forces, and prosecutors, along with improving intelligence and investigative services. Additionally, she unveiled plans to bolster the National Guard's capabilities, enabling them to expand their roles in highway surveillance and serve as first responders. She also emphasized the role of the judicial branch in bringing criminals to justice, proposing to have judges elected by popular vote and creating a disciplinary court to sanction corrupt judges. [57] [59]

Social programs

During his tenure, Andrés Manuel López Obrador implemented various social programs, with the largest being the Pension for the Well-being of Older People (Pensión para el Bienestar de las Personas Adultas Mayores), aimed at individuals aged 65 and above. [60] [61] These programs are very popular among voters. [62]

Both Xóchitl Gálvez and Claudia Sheinbaum support the social programs established by the outgoing administration and have pledged not to abolish them. Gálvez proposed reducing the age eligibility for the Pension for the Well-being of Older People from 65 to 60. [63] Sheinbaum pledged to ensuring that any increases to the pensions from all social programs will always be above the inflation rate. Additionally, she proposed the implementation of a new social program targeting women aged 60 to 64, where they would receive half the amount provided by the Pension for the Well-being of Older People. [59]

Electoral reform

During his term, president Andrés Manuel López Obrador unsuccessfully attempted to pass electoral reforms multiple times. His latest proposal, unveiled on 5 February 2024 as one of twenty proposed constitutional reforms, aims to restructure the INE by reducing the number of counselers and requiring that electoral judges be elected by popular vote. Additionally, it would eliminate all seats allocated by proportional representation, reducing the Chamber of Deputies from 500 to 300 seats and the Mexican Senate from 128 to 64 seats. [64]

Members of Fuerza y Corazón por México have been critical of Lopez Obrador's efforts to reform the electoral system and have successfully blocked previous attempts in the legislature, deeming them undemocratic. On 18 February 2024, the coalition organized nationwide protests, dubbed as the "march for democracy," in multiple cities, with the largest one occurring at the Zócalo in Mexico City. Government figures estimate turnout at 90,000; however, organizers claim that about 700,000 attendees were at the protests. [65] Xóchitl Gálvez lauded the protests, asserting that Mexico's institutions would remain free from interference by authoritative figures. [66]

Sheinbaum suggested passing López Obrador's electoral reform if the outgoing administration failed to do so, supporting reducing the INE's costs and advocating for counselers and electoral judges to be elected via popular vote. Additionally, she proposed a constitutional amendment to prevent reelection for any popularly elected position. Furthermore, she announced her willingness to subject herself to a recall election, mirroring López Obrador in 2022. [67]

Debates

Prior to the campaigning period, the INE set the date and venue for the three presidential debates. [68] According to electoral law, presidential candidates are required to take part in a minimum of two debates. [69] Moderators are selected 30 days before the debate date. All debates will take place in Mexico City and will be broadcast on the INE's official YouTube channel, INETV. [70]

Debates for the 2024 Mexican presidential election
DateTimeVenueModerator(s)ParticipantsViewership
(millions)
7 April 20248:00 p.m. CST Instituto Nacional Electoral Denise Maerker
Manuel López San Martín		 Claudia Sheinbaum
Xóchitl Gálvez
Jorge Máynez 		13.7 [71]
28 April 20248:00 p.m. CST Estudios Churubusco Adriana Pérez Cañedo
Alejandro Cacho		16.18 [72]
19 May 20248:00 p.m. CST Centro Cultural Universitario Tlatelolco (UNAM)Luisa Cantú Ríos
Elena Solís
Javier Solórzano Zinser		TBAN/A

First debate

The first debate was held on 7 April 2024 at the INE headquarters. The theme of the debate was “the society we want”, with questions focused on health and education, corruption and governmental transparency, discrimination against vulnerable groups, and violence against women. [70] On 6 March, the INE selected journalists Denise Maerker and Manuel López San Martín as moderators of the debate. [73] The debate was the first in 18 years without López Obrador, who participated in the presidential debates during the 2006, 2012, and 2018 elections. [74]

The debate was characterized as light on proposals, with frequent personal attacks being prevalent. [75] Gálvez was described as attempting to attack Sheinbaum whenever she had the opportunity to do so in order to provoke her opponent, [76] interlacing attacks with incidents where Sheinbaum was involved, such as the collapse of the Colegio Rébsamen during the 2017 Mexico City earthquake, the Mexico City Metro overpass collapse, and the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico City. Gálvez called Sheinbaum the cold and heartless "ice lady" and at one point stated, "You're no AMLO. You don't even have his charisma". [77] Máynez accused Sheinbaum and Gálvez of belonging to the "old politics", and highlighted that Gálvez was endorsed by the "worst PRI in history". [78] Sheinbaum also briefly mentioned the 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador and praised diplomatic staff there for their courage during the incident. [79]

Many stated that there was no clear winner and that the debate would not influence polling. [80] [81] However, some highlighted Sheinbaum's calm and disciplined demeanor throughout the debate, even amid provocations from Gálvez. [81] Máynez was described as struggling to find footing, since he was overshadowed by the two better-known candidates. [82] López Obrador stated that "the whole narrative of the debate was to not recognize anything” done under his administration, while sources from his government said that the president was dissatisfied with Sheinbaum for not adequately defending his policies. [83]

Second debate

The second debate was held on 28 April 2024 at Estudios Churubusco. The theme was "the route to the development of Mexico", addressing topics including economic growth, employment, inflation, infrastructure, poverty, climate change, and sustainable development. To ensure state inclusivity, the INE gathered questions from citizens of all 32 federal entities. [70] On 28 March, the INE selected journalists Adriana Pérez Cañedo and Alejandro Cacho as moderators of the debate. [84] The debate was the most watched in Mexican history, with 16.18 million viewers. [85]

Similar to the first debate, Gálvez was again described as the aggressor, even holding placards several times while Sheinbaum spoke, prompting moderator Pérez Cañedo to reprimand her. [86] Gálvez questioned Sheinbaum about investigating potential corruption within López Obrador's administration, including allegations involving one of the president's sons and the illicit enrichment of Rocío Nahle García, to which Sheinbaum challenged her to file a complaint. [87] Throughout the debate, Sheinbaum avoided addressing Gálvez by name, referring to her instead as the "candidate of the PRIAN" and the "corrupt one"; in retaliation, Gálvez called her the "candidate of lies" and the "narco-candidate". [88] Máynez was mostly ignored by the other candidates, which allowed him to flesh out proposals, with periodic attacks on Gálvez. [89] Some praise was also drawn to Lopez Obrador's social programs, with Sheinbaum and Gálvez agreeing to maintain them. [90]

Many stated that the debate would not influence polling as there was no clear consensus on a winner. It was described that on social media, opinions on the winner were very closely linked to the opinions on the candidates prior to the debate. [91] In Google Trends, Máynez led in average interest during the debate, although there were moments when Sheinbaum had higher peaks than Máynez. [92]

Third debate

The third and final debate is scheduled for 19 May 2024, to be held at UNAM's Centro Cultural Universitario Tlatelolco. Focused on democracy and governance, this debate will address issues including security, organized crime, migration, foreign policy, democracy, and the separation of powers. Differing from the prior debates, this event will not include citizen participation; instead, candidates will be able to directly debate each other. [70] On 18 April 2024, the INE selected journalists Luisa Cantú Ríos, Elena Arcila, and Javier Solórzano Zinser as moderators of the debate, each respectively representing the northern, southern, and central regions of Mexico. [93]

Incidents

Political assassinations

Since January 2024, multiple aspiring candidates for political office have been killed, according to the watchdog group Civic Data. [94] On 10 February, a congressional candidate of MORENA in Ecatepec was shot dead in a street along with his brother after having allegedly received threats from a local union. [95] By April 2024, the number had risen to 17. [96]

Opinion polls

Graphical summary
Mexican Presidential Polling 2024 general election.svg

Polling aggregations

Source of poll
aggregation		Dates
administered		Dates
updated		 Claudia Sheinbaum 2022 (cropped).jpg Xochitl Galvez (cropped).jpg Jorge Alvarez Maynez (cropped).jpg Lead
Sheinbaum
SHH 		Gálvez
FCM 		Máynez
MC
Oraculus through May 20246 May 202457%35%9%22%
CEDE through 23 April 20242 May 202459.8%33.3%6.9%26.5%
Polls.mx through 6 May 20246 May 202456%33%10%23%
Average57.6%33.8%8.6%23.8%

Notes

  1. ↑ Gálvez, while not officially affiliated with the PAN, secured the nomination with the party's support as an external candidate. [1] Additionally, according to the coalition agreement, the constituent parties of Fuerza y Corazón por México recognize the presidential nominee as part of the PAN. [2]

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References

  1. ↑ "Xóchitl Gálvez se aleja de la CDMX: Marko Cortés la "destapa" para la candidatura presidencial". El Heraldo de México (in Spanish). 14 June 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  2. ↑ https://repositoriodocumental.ine.mx/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/165534/CGex202402-21-rp-3-a.pdf
  3. ↑ "Elección Federal 2024". Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  4. ↑ "ELECCIONES 2024: Proceso Electoral en números". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  5. ↑ Constitución Politica de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Artículo 83. 1917 (México).
  6. ↑ "As a child, she sold street tamales; a senator now, she's shaking up Mexico's presidential race". AP News. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  7. ↑ Shortell, David (22 July 2023). "Mexico's president is on the attack. It's political 'gold' for his rival". CNN. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  8. ↑ Mexico IFES
  9. ↑ "The Mexican Electoral System". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 22 April 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  10. ↑ "Constitution, Arts. 52 et seq" (PDF).
  11. ↑ Electoral system IPU
  12. ↑ Valdés, Luis (7 June 2023). "En Morena ya inició el proceso de elección del candidato presidencial: AMLO". 24 Horas (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  13. ↑ "'Corcholatas' de Morena: ¿Es ilegal no renunciar a un cargo público y hacer campaña?". El Financiero (in Spanish). 8 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  14. ↑ "Adán Augusto 'se despide' en Chiapas: anuncia renuncia para ser candidato a la presidencia". El Financiero (in Spanish). 10 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  15. ↑ Raziel, Zedryk (12 June 2023). "Morena anunciará su candidato a la presidencia el 6 de septiembre". El País México (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  16. ↑ Sheridan, Mary Beth (7 September 2023). "Women win Mexican primaries; one will likely be first female president". The Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  17. ↑ Raziel, Zedryk (7 September 2023). "Claudia Sheinbaum gana la encuesta de Morena y será la candidata a la presidencia de México". El País México (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  18. ↑ "Claudia Sheinbaum se registra en México como precandidata – DW – 20/11/2023". dw.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  19. ↑ Arce, Jean (18 February 2024). "Pre-election Protests In Mexico As Ex-mayor Joins Presidential Race". Barron's. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  20. ↑ "PAN, PRI y PRD amarran coalición Fuerza y Corazón por México para 2024". Expansión Política (in Spanish). 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  21. ↑ Ruiz, Jessica (9 August 2023). "Frente Amplio por México. ¿Qué aspirantes pasaron a la siguiente etapa?". Diario de Yucatán (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  22. ↑ Ochoa, Por Ximena (16 August 2023). "De la Madrid quedó fuera del proceso del Frente Amplio por México tras primer sondeo". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  23. ↑ Monroy, Jorge; Lugo, Eric (26 June 2023). "Frente Amplio por México arrancará el 4 de julio la búsqueda de su aspirante presidencial". El Economista. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  24. ↑ Morán Breña, Carmen (31 August 2023). "El PRI retira a Beatriz Paredes y lanza a Xóchitl Gálvez a la carrera presidencial por el Frente Amplio por México". El País México (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  25. ↑ "Mexico opposition picks businesswoman Galvez as presidential candidate". RFI. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2023.
  26. ↑ Jornada, La; redacción, la (20 November 2023). "Registran PAN, PRI y PRD ante INE coalición "Fuerza y Corazón por México"". La Jornada (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 April 2024.
  27. ↑ "Mexico Opposition Senator Xochitl Galvez Enters Presidential Race". Barron's. 20 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  28. ↑ Vargas, Octavio (29 August 2023). "Movimiento Ciudadano rechaza alianza con el 'PRIAN': "No vamos a unirnos con los que causaron la tragedia en México"". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  29. ↑ "MC: contamos con el tiempo necesario para ganar elección presidencial y en CDMX". Movimiento Ciudadano (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  30. ↑ "Indira Kempis se suma a las aspirantes a la Presidencia en 2024". 29 August 2023.
  31. ↑ "Samuel García se registra como precandidato de MC a la Presidencia: 'Vamos a hacer historia'". El Financiero (in Spanish). 12 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  32. ↑ "Samuel García no fue el único: se registraron en total ocho aspirantes en Movimiento Ciudadano". Proceso. 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  33. ↑ "MC define fechas para la selección de sus candidatos a las elecciones de 2024". La Silla Rota. 23 September 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  34. ↑ "Marcelo Ebrard da un no definitivo a MC; rechaza inscripción a su proceso rumbo a 2024". El Universal. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  35. ↑ "Samuel García único precandidato de Movimiento Ciudadano a la presidencia". MVS Noticias (in Spanish). 17 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  36. ↑ "Samuel García is back as Nuevo León governor, ending 2024 campaign". Mexico News Daily. 2 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  37. ↑ "Samuel García destapa a Jorge Álvarez Maynez como candidato presidencial de Movimiento Ciudadano". www.proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  38. ↑ Martínez, Armando (10 January 2024). "Jorge Álvarez Máynez se-registra como-precandidato presidencial de-MC". Grupo Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  39. ↑ "Se registra Jorge Álvarez Máynez ante el INE como candidato presidencial por MC". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 February 2024.
  40. ↑ "Candidaturas Independientes 2024". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  41. ↑ ""Dios decidirá": 966 mil firmas separan a Eduardo Verástegui de ser candidato presidencial". Animal Político. 1 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  42. ↑ "Requisitos para poder obtener la constancia de registro como candidata o candidato independiente". Instituto Nacional Electoral. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  43. 1 2 "Tarjeta informativa: Recibe INE manifestación de intención de 27 aspirantes a candidaturas independientes para la Presidencia de la República". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  44. ↑ "INE expide constancias a candidaturas independientes". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  45. ↑ Martínez, Fabiola (28 September 2023). "Pasan 9 a siguiente fase por la vía independiente a la Presidencia". La Jornada. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
  46. ↑ "No habrá candidatos independientes a la Presidencia: así le fue a Eduardo Verástegui y al resto de los aspirantes". InfoBae. 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  47. ↑ "No habrá candidaturas independientes para la Presidencia de la República porque no tuvieron el apoyo requerido: Dania Ravel con Mario Maldonado". Instituto Nacional Electoral. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  48. ↑ "Mexico is about to have its biggest election ever. Here's what to know". Associated Press. March 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  49. ↑ "¿Qué le preocupa al mundo y a los mexicanos en 2024?". Business Insider México (in Spanish). 30 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  50. ↑ "México - Homicidios Intencionados 2022". Datosmacro.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  51. 1 2 "Informe de Seguridad". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  52. ↑ "Los homicidios dolosos caen un 4.18% en 2023 en México, primera vez por debajo de los 30,000". Forbes México (in Mexican Spanish). 16 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  53. ↑ "Mexico marks another record-breaking year for murders". Houston Herald. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  54. ↑ Figueroa, Por Héctor (5 March 2024). "Xóchitl Gálvez construirá la Universidad Nacional para la Seguridad". Excélsior (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  55. ↑ "Xóchitl Gálvez presenta sus 15 propuestas de seguridad". El Financiero (in Spanish). 4 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  56. ↑ "Mexico's presidential candidates promise security or continuity as campaigns officially begin". ABC News. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  57. 1 2 Dávila, Fernando (1 March 2024). "Sheinbaum, Xóchitl Gálvez y Álvarez Máynez: Esto es lo que proponen en seguridad". Excélsior (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  58. ↑ "Claudia Sheinbaum destaca tasa más baja de homicidios dolosos desde 1989 en CDMX". El Heraldo de México (in Spanish). 2 August 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  59. 1 2 "Anuncia Claudia Sheinbaum nuevo programa para mujeres, y profundizar estrategia de seguridad". MVS Noticias (in Spanish). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  60. ↑ "Pension for the Well-being of Older People / Pensión para el Bienestar de las Personas Adultas Mayores (2019-) - Non-contributory pensions - Non-contributory pensions programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean database". dds.cepal.org. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  61. ↑ Soto, Dulce (13 September 2023). "Gasto en programas sociales creció 30% con AMLO, pero mantiene pobreza extrema". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  62. ↑ "Approval Tracker: Mexico's President AMLO". www.as-coa.org. 4 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  63. ↑ "Xóchitl Gálvez firma con su sangre: 'No se van a eliminar los programas sociales'". El Financiero (in Spanish). 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  64. ↑ López, Alejandro I. (6 February 2024). "Las 20 reformas constitucionales que propone López Obrador". El País México (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  65. ↑ Marentes, Amaranta (19 February 2024). "Tens of thousands rail against Mexico's president and ruling party in 'march for democracy'". Associated Press. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  66. ↑ Marentes, Amaranta (19 February 2024). "Mexicans rally to 'protect democracy' ahead of elections". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  67. ↑ "100 propuestas y discurso íntegro de Claudia Sheinbaum". El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  68. ↑ Barney, Luis Ernesto Quintana (23 February 2024). "¿Cuándo serán los debates para las elecciones presidenciales en México y qué temas tratarán?". CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  69. ↑ Vallejo, Guadalupe (16 January 2024). "El ABC de la propuesta del INE para los debates entre presidenciables 2024". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  70. 1 2 3 4 "Conoce los temas que debatirán las candidaturas a la Presidencia de la República en los ejercicios que contemplarán preguntas de la ciudadanía". Central Electoral (in Spanish). 23 February 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
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  72. ↑ "13.7 millones de personas mayores de 18 años vieron por televisión el Segundo Debate Presidencial". Central Electoral (in Spanish). 30 April 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  73. ↑ "Denise Maerker y Manuel López San Martín son las personas propuestas para moderar el Primer Debate Presidencial". Central Electoral (in Spanish). 6 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  74. ↑ "El debate presidencial 2024 será el primero sin AMLO desde 2006". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  75. ↑ "Candidates spar in Mexico's first presidential debate ahead of June 2 election". AP News. 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  76. ↑ "Así le hemos contado el primer debate presidencial". El País México (in Mexican Spanish). 7 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  77. ↑ "'¡¿Cómo creerle a una mentirosa?!' Las frases que 'encendieron' el debate presidencial 2024". El Financiero (in Spanish). 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  78. ↑ "'¡¿Cómo creerle a una mentirosa?!' Las frases que 'encendieron' el debate presidencial 2024". El Financiero (in Spanish). 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  79. ↑ "Candidates spar in Mexico's first presidential debate ahead of June 2 election". Associated Press. 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  80. ↑ Esquivel, Karen (8 April 2024). "Debate presidencial en México: ¿quién ganó? ¿Quién perdió?". CNN (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  81. 1 2 "¿Quién ha ganado el debate presidencial? Siete expertos dan su veredicto". El País México (in Mexican Spanish). 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  82. ↑ "Elecciones 2024: Postdebate 2024". ADNPolítico (in Spanish). 8 April 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  83. ↑ "Mexico's outgoing leader is unhappy with the first presidential debate". Associated Press. 9 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  84. ↑ "Adriana Pérez Cañedo y Alejandro Cacho fueron designados como moderadores para el Segundo Debate Presidencial". Central Electoral (in Spanish). 29 March 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  85. ↑ México, Fernando Merino / El Sol de. "Segundo debate presidencial es el más visto en la historia: INE". El Sol de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 May 2024.
  86. ↑ "A Xóchitl Gálvez la regañaron en el segundo debate presidencial por esta razón". sdpnoticias. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  87. ↑ "Así le hemos contado el segundo debate presidencial de México 2024". El País México (in Mexican Spanish). 28 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  88. ↑ ""La candidata de las mentiras" y "la del PRIAN": Sheinbaum y Xóchitl se ponen estos motes en debate". www.proceso.com.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  89. ↑ "Xóchitl Gálvez combate; Claudia Sheinbaum se cuida en el segundo debate". ABC Noticias (in Spanish). 29 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
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  91. ↑ "Elecciones en México: quién ganó el segundo debate presidencial 2024". www.ambito.com (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  92. ↑ Campos, Mariana (29 April 2024). "¿Quién generó más interacciones en Google tras segundo debate presidencial: Gálvez, Sheinbaum o Máynez ?". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 30 April 2024.
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  94. ↑ Stevenson, Mark (28 February 2024). "Two mayoral hopefuls of a Mexican city are shot dead within hours of each other". Associated Press. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  95. ↑ "Another mayoral hopeful is killed in southern Mexico, one of a half-dozen murdered this year". Associated Press. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
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