List of volcanoes in Mexico

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Volcanoes in Mexico form a significant part of the country's geological landscape, with numerous active and extinct volcanoes scattered throughout the nation. These volcanoes are primarily located within the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, a major volcanic arc in North America that extends across central-southern Mexico. The diverse array of volcanic features in Mexico includes stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, cinder cones, lava domes, and calderas.

Contents

Many of Mexico's volcanoes are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Notable volcanoes in Mexico include Popocatépetl, one of the country's most active and dangerous volcanoes, Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl), the highest peak in Mexico, and Parícutin, a cinder cone volcano that famously emerged from a cornfield in 1943. Mexican volcanoes play a significant role in the country's geography, climate, and culture, influencing local ecosystems, agriculture, and human settlements. The volcanic activity also poses potential hazards to surrounding communities, necessitating ongoing monitoring and disaster preparedness efforts.

Types of volcanoes

Major volcanoes of Mexico (minor volcanoes not shown) Map mexico volcanoes.gif
Major volcanoes of Mexico (minor volcanoes not shown)

There are multiple types of volcanoes in Mexico. Volcanoes can be of different types such as cinder cone volcanoes, composite volcanoes, shield volcanoes, and lava domes. Each of these variations of volcanoes forms in its own way. Cinder cone volcanoes are the simplest type of volcano. This volcano forms from particles of solidified lava that ejected from a single vent. When the lava is eruptive and blows into the air, it separates into small fragments that solidify and fall around the central vent to form an oval cone at the top of the volcano. “Composite volcanoes or stratovolcanoes, make up some of the world’s most memorable mountains: Mount Rainier, Mount Fuji, and Mount Cotopaxi.” [1] These volcanoes are very steep sided and symmetrical, in a cone shape. They have a conduit system which allows the magma to flow from deep within the Earth’s surface. They have many vents within the volcano which allows the lava to break through the walls, which allows for the volcano to grow up to thousands of meters tall. Composite volcanoes are also known to explode violently, as (for instance) Mount St. Helens did in 1980. [2] Another type of volcano, known as shield volcanoes, are very large and look like shields from above. The lava from within shield volcanoes is very thin, so when it pours out in all directions from the central summit vent, it travels for long distances. These volcanoes filled up slowly over time, with eruptions creating layers on top of layers. Unlike shield volcanoes, lava dome volcanoes are created by small masses of lava that are too thick to flow very far down the slope. They commonly occur within the creators of large composite volcanoes. The dome grows from lava expanding within the volcano. When lava domes explode, they violently release huge amounts of ash and rock.

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is the Neogene volcanic arc that takes place on the southern edge of the North American plate. It is approximately 1000 kilometers long. It overlies the Rivera and Cocos slabs. It’s a unique volcanic belt, as it is not parallel to the Middle American trench, where most of the stratovolcanoes are usually positioned. It has a wide range of chemical compositions, such as intraplate. It consists of many volcanic features that include monogenetic volcano cones, shield volcanoes, lava dome, complexes, and major calderas. Fun fact: It actually snows all year long on some of the highest peaks are people living, and when the weather is clear, they can be seen by those who live in Mexico on some of the high parts from which these volcanoes rise. Before the Trans-Mexican Belt took over, the Sierra Madre Occidental actually was in that exact area. This is how the Trans-Mexican Volcanic belt evolved and changed and the Rivera plate begin to subduction beneath Central Mexico in the early to late Miocene. 2) The slab tear begins to propagate west to east across the back northern area of the belt, which allowed asthenospheric heat in to generate the Mafic episode.3) The latest Miocene was the onset of more silic volcanics generated by flat slab subduction which pushed the belt further to the north.4) Lastly, The late Pliocene to Holocene is characterized by slab rollback sending the volcanic arc trenchward to the present day position.

List

This is a list of active and extinct volcanoes in Mexico.

NameElevation (m)Elevation (ft)LocationLast eruptionVolcanic type
Los Atlixcos 8002625 19°48′32″N96°31′34″W / 19.809°N 96.526°W / 19.809; -96.526 Shield
Acatlán Volcanic Field 19906529 20°27′N103°34′W / 20.45°N 103.57°W / 20.45; -103.57 PleistoceneCaldera
Volcán Bárcena 3321089 19°18′N110°49′W / 19.30°N 110.82°W / 19.30; -110.82 1953Cinder
Ceboruco 22807480 21°07′30″N104°30′29″W / 21.125°N 104.508°W / 21.125; -104.508 1875Composite
Cerro Prieto 223732 32°25′05″N115°18′18″W / 32.418°N 115.305°W / 32.418; -115.305 Holocene Composite
Sierra Chichinautzin 393012,894 19°05′N99°08′W / 19.08°N 99.13°W / 19.08; -99.13 400 CEShield
El Chichón 10603478 17°20′N93°12′W / 17.33°N 93.20°W / 17.33; -93.20 1982Composite
Cofre de Perote 428214,049 19°29′31″N97°09′00″W / 19.492°N 97.15°W / 19.492; -97.15 1150Shield
Colima 433014,306 19°31′N103°37′W / 19.51°N 103.62°W / 19.51; -103.62 2019Composite
Comondú-La Purísima 7802559 26°00′N111°55′W / 26.00°N 111.92°W / 26.00; -111.92 Cinder
Coronado 4401444 29°04′48″N113°30′47″W / 29.08°N 113.513°W / 29.08; -113.513 Composite
Las Cumbres 394012,926 19°09′N97°16′W / 19.15°N 97.27°W / 19.15; -97.27 3920 BCE ± 50Composite
Las Derrumbadas 348011,417 19°12′N97°18′W / 19.20°N 97.30°W / 19.20; -97.30 Composite
Durango volcanic field 20756808 24°09′N104°26′W / 24.15°N 104.43°W / 24.15; -104.43 Composite
La Gloria Volcanic Field 360011,483 19°20′N97°15′W / 19.33°N 97.25°W / 19.33; -97.25 Composite
Guadalupe 11003609 29°04′N118°17′W / 29.07°N 118.28°W / 29.07; -118.28 Shield
Los Humeros 315010,335 19°41′N97°27′W / 19.68°N 97.45°W / 19.68; -97.45 4470 BCEComposite
Iztaccihuatl 528617,342 19°12′N98°36′W / 19.2°N 98.6°W / 19.2; -98.6 HoloceneComposite
Jaraguay volcanic field 9603150 29°20′N114°30′W / 29.33°N 114.50°W / 29.33; -114.50 HoloceneComposite
Jocotitlán 391012,828 19°43′26″N99°45′25″W / 19.724°N 99.757°W / 19.724; -99.757 1270 ± 75Composite
El Jorullo 317010,397 19°29′N102°15′W / 19.48°N 102.25°W / 19.48; -102.25 1774Cinder
La Malinche 446114,636 19°14′N98°02′W / 19.23°N 98.03°W / 19.23; -98.03 1170 BCE ± 50Composite
Mascota Volcanic Field 25408399 20°37′N104°50′W / 20.62°N 104.83°W / 20.62; -104.83 HoloceneCinder
Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field 386012,664 19°29′N102°15′W / 19.48°N 102.25°W / 19.48; -102.25 1952Cinder
Moctezuma volcanic field 29°38′N109°31′W / 29.63°N 109.52°W / 29.63; -109.52 530,000 ± 200,000Composite
Naolinco Volcanic Field 20006562 19°40′N96°45′W / 19.67°N 96.75°W / 19.67; -96.75 1200 BCECinder
Nevado de Toluca 469015,354 19°06′29″N99°45′29″W / 19.108°N 99.758°W / 19.108; -99.758 1350 BCEComposite
Papayo 360011,811 19°18′29″N98°42′00″W / 19.308°N 98.70°W / 19.308; -98.70 HoloceneComposite
Parícutin 28009,186 19°30′N102°12′W / 19.5°N 102.2°W / 19.5; -102.2 1952Cinder
Pico de Orizaba (Citlaltépetl)570018,701 19°01′01″N97°16′12″W / 19.017°N 97.27°W / 19.017; -97.27 1846Composite
Pinacate Peaks 12003937 31°46′19″N113°29′53″W / 31.772°N 113.498°W / 31.772; -113.498 Composite
Popocatépetl 542617,802 19°01′23″N98°37′19″W / 19.023°N 98.622°W / 19.023; -98.622 2024Composite
Sierra la Primavera 22707448 20°37′N103°31′W / 20.62°N 103.52°W / 20.62; -103.52 Pleistocene Composite
La Reforma Caldera - 27°30′29″N112°23′31″W / 27.508°N 112.392°W / 27.508; -112.392 Composite
San Borja volcanic field 13604462 28°30′N113°45′W / 28.50°N 113.75°W / 28.50; -113.75 HoloceneCinder
Isla San Luis 180591 29°48′50″N114°23′02″W / 29.814°N 114.384°W / 29.814; -114.384 HoloceneShield
San Martin Tuxtla 16505413 18°34′12″N95°19′12″W / 18.57°N 95.320°W / 18.57; -95.320 1796Shield
San Quintín Volcanic Field 260853 30°28′05″N115°59′46″W / 30.468°N 115.996°W / 30.468; -115.996 HoloceneShield
Sangangüey 23537677 21°27′N104°44′W / 21.45°N 104.73°W / 21.45; -104.73 1742Composite
Serdan-Oriental 348511,434 19°16′N97°28′W / 19.27°N 97.47°W / 19.27; -97.47 HoloceneComposite
Socorro 10503445 18°47′N110°57′W / 18.78°N 110.95°W / 18.78; -110.95 1994Shield
Tacaná 406013,320 15°08′N92°07′W / 15.13°N 92.11°W / 15.13; -92.11 1986Composite
Tequila Volcano 29209,580 20°47′N103°51′W / 20.79°N 103.85°W / 20.79; -103.85 PleistoceneComposite
Isla Tortuga 210689 27°23′31″N111°51′29″W / 27.392°N 111.858°W / 27.392; -111.858 HoloceneShield
Tres Virgenes 19406365 27°25′N112°35′W / 27.42°N 112.59°W / 27.42; -112.59 1857Composite
Zitacuaro-Valle de Bravo 350011,483 19°24′N100°15′W / 19.40°N 100.25°W / 19.40; -100.25 3050 BCEComposite

Volcanic hazards

A volcanic hazard is a process that can cause damage to anything or anyone. Tephra/ash is a hazard caused by many volcanoes. Ash covers items like buildings, vehicles, homes, etc., and if "animals or humans consume fine-grained ash, it can cause health problems.." [3] Lahars are a kind of flowing volcanic hazard that can be harmful as they can take/drag anything in their way. Lahars can flow at varying speeds, making it difficult for people to escape from them. Pyroclastic flows, which are toxic gases created by hot clouds that can destroy all things they come into contact with, are another example of a volcanic hazard. Lava flows are the least deadly out of the volcanic hazards as "most move slowly enough that people can move out the way easily." [4] However, objects, people, and more that go near the lava flows "will be knocked over, surrounded, buried, or ignited by the extremely hot temperature of lava." [5]

Ring of Fire

A lot of earthquakes and volcanoes are in the pacific ring of fire. In addition, the ring of fire is “a direct result of plate tectonics, and the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates" [6] and Mexico’s volcanoes are part of this ring of fire. A specific Mexican volcano apart from the ring of fire is Popocatépetl, which is also one of the most dangerous volcanoes. This volcano lies “on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, which is the result of the small Cocos Plate sub-ducting beneath the North American Plate”. [7] The Popocatépetl volcano is a danger to a lot of people, so they have to be careful when or if this volcano erupts. In general, Mexico’s volcanoes are in the ring of fire, therefore people who live near the volcanoes listed above have to be careful with the volcanoes that will most likely erupt again.

Effects of volcanic eruptions on surrounding communities

When a volcano erupts, the communities around them are affected depending on how big of an eruption occurred. Popocatépetl is an excellent example of the effects that volcanoes can have on a community. Popocatépetl is a famous volcano due to it being inactive for 50 years and coming back to life in 1994. Since 1994, it has been producing powerful explosions at irregular intervals. In 2013, It released a cloud of ash that would spread for 2 miles high over a period of several days of eruptions. In the city of San Pedro Nexapa, about 9.5 from the Popocatépetl, local residents were able to find small piles of ash on parts of the sidewalk. It is easy for ash to get picked up by the wind, and get passed around contaminating the air. Cars driving by pick up the ash with their exhaust, and with the volcano still erupting irregularly, ash is periodically flowing out. Following the explosions, a total of 17 flights were canceled  “due to climate conditions and in accordance with their own international policies.” [8] Other effects that volcanoes can have on communities in close proximity with the base are more in danger for ash clouds, mud flow, gases, earthquakes, and tsunamis. “During volcanic eruptions and their immediate aftermath, increased respiratory system morbidity has been observed as well as mortality among those affected by volcanic eruptions.” [9]

Impact on tree growth

Environmental effects on growth and survival of trees in Mexico from volcanic activity are significant. Using evidence from the effects of the 1855 - 1856 eruption of that Tacaná volcano and ash fall from the 1902 eruption of the Santa Maria volcano and the radial growth of trees at Tacaná. Because of these incidents, they caused two significant suppression events to happen. The first event took place from 1857 to 1868 which caused by the historic eruption of Tacaná, two years prior. A year later after the eruption of the Santa Maria volcano, the second suppression event started from 1903 to 1908, during which tree growth was affected by the thickness of ash fall from the eruption and deposited near each tree. [10] Another example that the impact of volcano eruptions on forest ecosystems can be the 1913 Plinian eruption of Volćan de Fuego, 7.7 km to the south. This event was one of the largest explosive eruptions in Mexico and produced ash flow deposits up to 40 m thick. Also, this indicated extremely low growth in 1913 and 1914, radio growth reduction was over 30% in 75% of the sampled trees.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcano</span> Rupture in a planets crust where material escapes

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stratovolcano</span> Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra

A stratovolcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava and tephra. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes are characterized by a steep profile with a summit crater and periodic intervals of explosive eruptions and effusive eruptions, although some have collapsed summit craters called calderas. The lava flowing from stratovolcanoes typically cools and solidifies before spreading far, due to high viscosity. The magma forming this lava is often felsic, having high to intermediate levels of silica, with lesser amounts of less viscous mafic magma. Extensive felsic lava flows are uncommon, but have traveled as far as 15 km (9 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ring of Fire</span> Region around the rim of the Pacific Ocean where many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur

The Ring of Fire is a tectonic belt of volcanoes and earthquakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanic cone</span> Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape

Volcanic cones are among the simplest volcanic landforms. They are built by ejecta from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. Volcanic cones are of different types, depending upon the nature and size of the fragments ejected during the eruption. Types of volcanic cones include stratocones, spatter cones, tuff cones, and cinder cones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shield volcano</span> Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows

A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground. It is formed by the eruption of highly fluid lava, which travels farther and forms thinner flows than the more viscous lava erupted from a stratovolcano. Repeated eruptions result in the steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava, building up the shield volcano's distinctive form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lassen Volcanic National Park</span> National park in California, United States

Lassen Volcanic National Park is an American national park in northeastern California. The dominant feature of the park is Lassen Peak, the largest plug dome volcano in the world and the southernmost volcano in the Cascade Range. Lassen Volcanic National Park is one of the few areas in the world where all four types of volcanoes can be found: plug dome, shield, cinder cone, and stratovolcano.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geology of the Lassen volcanic area</span> Geology of a U.S. national park in California

The Lassen volcanic area presents a geological record of sedimentation and volcanic activity in and around Lassen Volcanic National Park in Northern California, U.S. The park is located in the southernmost part of the Cascade Mountain Range in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Pacific Oceanic tectonic plates have plunged below the North American Plate in this part of North America for hundreds of millions of years. Heat and molten rock from these subducting plates has fed scores of volcanoes in California, Oregon, Washington and British Columbia over at least the past 30 million years, including these in the Lassen volcanic areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds</span> Cinder cone in California, U.S.

Cinder Cone is a cinder cone volcano in Lassen Volcanic National Park within the United States. It is located about 10 mi (16 km) northeast of Lassen Peak and provides an excellent view of Brokeoff Mountain, Lassen Peak, and Chaos Crags.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Jefferson (Oregon)</span> Stratovolcano in the Cascade Range, Oregon, US

Mount Jefferson is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, part of the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. The second highest mountain in Oregon, it is situated within Linn County, Jefferson County, and Marion County and forms part of the Mount Jefferson Wilderness. Due to the ruggedness of its surroundings, the mountain is one of the hardest volcanoes to reach in the Cascades. It is also a popular tourist destination despite its remoteness, with recreational activities including hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, and photography. Vegetation at Mount Jefferson is dominated by Douglas fir, silver fir, mountain hemlock, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and several cedar species. Carnivores, insectivores, bats, rodents, deer, birds, and various other species inhabit the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garibaldi Volcanic Belt</span> Volcanic chain in southwestern British Columbia, Canada

The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is a northwest–southeast trending volcanic chain in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains that extends from Watts Point in the south to the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield in the north. This chain of volcanoes is located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. It forms the northernmost segment of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, which includes Mount St. Helens and Mount Baker. Most volcanoes of the Garibaldi chain are dormant stratovolcanoes and subglacial volcanoes that have been eroded by glacial ice. Less common volcanic landforms include cinder cones, volcanic plugs, lava domes and calderas. These diverse formations were created by different styles of volcanic activity, including Peléan and Plinian eruptions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Active volcano</span> Geological feature

An active volcano is a volcano that has erupted during the Holocene, is currently erupting, or has the potential to erupt in the future. A volcano that is not currently erupting but could erupt in the future is known as a dormant volcano. Volcanoes that will not erupt again are known as extinct volcanoes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nazko Cone</span> Active volcano in British Columbia, Canada

Nazko Cone is a small potentially active basaltic cinder cone in central British Columbia, Canada, located 75 km west of Quesnel and 150 kilometers southwest of Prince George. It is considered the easternmost volcano in the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The small tree-covered cone rises 120 m above the Chilcotin-Nechako Plateau and rests on glacial till. It was formed in three episodes of activity, the first of which took place during the Pleistocene interglacial stage about 340,000 years ago. The second stage produced a large hyaloclastite scoria mound erupted beneath the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the Pleistocene. Its last eruption produced two small lava flows that traveled 1 km to the west, along with a blanket of volcanic ash that extends several km to the north and east of the cone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itcha Range</span> Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada

The Itcha Range, also known as the Itchas, is a small isolated mountain range in the West-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. It is located 40 km (25 mi) northeast of the community of Anahim Lake. With a maximum elevation of 2,375 m (7,792 ft), it is the lowest of three mountain ranges on the Chilcotin Plateau extending east from the Coast Mountains. Two mountains are named in the Itcha Range; Mount Downton and Itcha Mountain. A large provincial park surrounds the Itcha Range and other features in its vicinity. More than 15 animal species are known to exist in the Itcha Range area, as well as a grassland community that is limited only to this location of British Columbia. The Itcha Range is within territory which has been occupied by aboriginal peoples for millennia. This area has a relatively dry environment compared to the Coast Mountains in the west.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cascade Volcanoes</span> Chain of stratovolcanoes in western North America

The Cascade Volcanoes are a number of volcanoes in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California, a distance of well over 700 miles (1,100 km). The arc formed due to subduction along the Cascadia subduction zone. Although taking its name from the Cascade Range, this term is a geologic grouping rather than a geographic one, and the Cascade Volcanoes extend north into the Coast Mountains, past the Fraser River which is the northward limit of the Cascade Range proper.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanism of Canada</span> Volcanic activity in Canada

Volcanic activity is a major part of the geology of Canada and is characterized by many types of volcanic landform, including lava flows, volcanic plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes, and maars, along with less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cinder cone</span> Steep hill of pyroclastic fragments around a volcanic vent

A cinder cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent. The pyroclastic fragments are formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is symmetrical; with slopes between 30 and 40°; and a nearly circular ground plan. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanism of Chile</span>

Volcanism of Chile is a continuous volcanic process that has a strong influence on Chilean landscape, geology, economy and society. Volcanism constantly renews the Chilean landscape with lava flows, lava plateaus, lava domes, cinder cones, stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes, submarine volcanoes, calderas, diatremes, and maars. Volcanism in Chile as well as in other parts of the world is also associated with multiple natural hazards such as lahars, earthquakes, pyroclastic flows, toxic gases and ash. Continental Chile has a high concentration of active volcanoes due to its location along the Peru–Chile Trench, a subduction zone where the Nazca and Antarctic Plates are driven beneath the South American Plate. Chile has been subject to volcanism since at least late Paleozoic when subduction along the western margin of South America began. Easter Island, Juan Fernández Islands and other oceanic islands of Chile are extinct volcanoes created by hotspots. The Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) is the statutory agency of the Government of Chile which is responsible for volcano monitoring and hazard assessments. SERNAGEOMIN runs a national Volcano Hazards Program, along with the Observatorio Volcanológico de Los Andes del Sur (OVDAS). The territories of Chile have 92 volcanoes that are considered potentially active, 60 of which have had recorded eruptions in the last 450 years. The volcanoes with most recorded eruptions are:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Volcano (British Columbia)</span> Mountain in British Columbia, Canada

The Volcano, also known as Lava Fork volcano, is a small cinder cone in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It is located approximately 60 km (40 mi) northwest of the small community of Stewart near the head of Lava Fork. With a summit elevation of 1,656 m (5,433 ft) and a topographic prominence of 311 m (1,020 ft), it rises above the surrounding rugged landscape on a remote mountain ridge that represents the northern flank of a glaciated U-shaped valley.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volcanic history of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province</span>

The volcanic history of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province presents a record of volcanic activity in northwestern British Columbia, central Yukon and the U.S. state of easternmost Alaska. The volcanic activity lies in the northern part of the Western Cordillera of the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Extensional cracking of the North American Plate in this part of North America has existed for millions of years. Continuation of this continental rifting has fed scores of volcanoes throughout the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province over at least the past 20 million years and occasionally continued into geologically recent times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadian Cascade Arc</span> Canadian segment of the North American Cascade Volcanic Arc

The Canadian Cascade Arc, also called the Canadian Cascades, is the Canadian segment of the North American Cascade Volcanic Arc. Located entirely within the Canadian province of British Columbia, it extends from the Cascade Mountains in the south to the Coast Mountains in the north. Specifically, the southern end of the Canadian Cascades begin at the Canada–United States border. However, the specific boundaries of the northern end are not precisely known and the geology in this part of the volcanic arc is poorly understood. It is widely accepted by geologists that the Canadian Cascade Arc extends through the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains. However, others have expressed concern that the volcanic arc possibly extends further north into the Kitimat Ranges, another subdivision of the Coast Mountains, and even as far north as Haida Gwaii.

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