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A unitary parliamentary republic is a unitary state with a republican form of government in which the political power is vested in and entrusted to the parliament with confidence [ clarification needed ] by its electorate.[ further explanation needed ]
Country | Formerly | Parliamentary republic adopted | Head of state elected by | Cameral structure |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | One-party state [1] | 1991 | Parliament, by majority [1] | Unicameral |
Armenia | Semi-presidential republic | 2018 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Bangladesh | Presidential republic | 1991 [note 1] | Parliament | Unicameral |
Barbados | Constitutional monarchy | 2021 | Parliament, by two-thirds majority if there is no joint nomination | Bicameral |
Botswana | British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate) | 1966 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Bulgaria | One-party state | 1989 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
Croatia | Semi-presidential republic | 2000 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
Czech Republic | One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia) | 1989 | Direct election, by second-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority) | Bicameral |
Dominica | Associated state of the United Kingdom | 1978 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Estonia | Occupied by the Soviet Union (one party state) | 1918 [note 2] | Parliament, by two-thirds majority | Unicameral |
Fiji | Military dictatorship | 2014 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Finland | Semi-presidential republic | 2000 [note 3] | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
Greece | Military dictatorship; Constitutional monarchy | 1975 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Hungary | One-party state | 1990 | Parliament, by absolute majority | Unicameral |
Iceland | Formerly part of Denmark; Constitutional monarchy | 1944 | Direct election, by first-past-the-post | Unicameral |
Ireland | Constitutional Monarchy (British Dominion) | 1949 [note 4] | Direct election, by instant-runoff vote | Bicameral |
Israel | British Protectorate | 1948 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Italy | Constitutional monarchy | 1946 | Parliament, by absolute majority | Bicameral |
Kiribati | Protectorate | 1979 | Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote | Unicameral |
Latvia | One-party state (part of Soviet Union) | 1991 [note 5] | Parliament | Unicameral |
Lebanon | Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon) | 1941 | Parliament | Unicameral |
North Macedonia | One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia) | 1991 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
Malta | Constitutional monarchy | 1974 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Marshall Islands | UN Trust Territory (part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) | 1979 | Parliament | Bicameral |
Mauritius | Constitutional monarchy | 1992 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Moldova | Semi-presidential republic | 2001 | Parliament, by three-fifths majority | Unicameral |
Montenegro | One-party state (Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro) | 1992 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
Nauru | Australian Trust Territory | 1968 | Parliament | Unicameral |
San Marino | Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire) | 301 | Parliament | Unicameral |
Serbia | One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) | 1991 | Direct election, by second-round system | Unicameral |
Singapore | Constitutional monarchy (part of Malaysia) | 1965 | Direct election (since 1993) | Unicameral |
Slovakia | One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia) | 1989 | Direct election, by second-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament) | Unicameral |
Slovenia | One-party state (part of Yugoslavia) | 1991 | Direct election, by second-round system | Bicameral |
South Africa | Constitutional monarchy | 1961 | Parliament, by majority | Bicameral |
Suriname | Military dictatorship | 1987 | Parliament, by majority | Unicameral |
Republic of China (Taiwan) | One-party military dictatorship | 1946 [note 6] | Electoral college, directly elected by the electorate | Tricameral |
Trinidad and Tobago | Constitutional monarchy | 1976 | Parliament | Bicameral |
Vanuatu | British–French condominium (New Hebrides) | 1980 | Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority | Unicameral |
The politics of Armenia take place in the framework of the parliamentary representative democratic republic of Armenia, whereby the president of Armenia is the head of state and the prime minister of Armenia the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the president and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and Parliament.
A head of state is the public persona who officially embodies a state in its unity and legitimacy. Depending on the country's form of government and separation of powers, the head of state may be a ceremonial figurehead or concurrently the head of government and more.
Politics of Lithuania takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president of Lithuania is the head of state and the prime minister of Lithuania is the head of government, and of a multi-party system.
A prime minister,premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not the head of state, but rather the head of government, serving as the principle administrator under either a monarch in a monarchy or a president in a republican form of government.
President is a common title for the head of state in most republics. The president of a nation is, generally speaking, the head of the government and the fundamental leader of the country or the ceremonial head of state.
The head of government is the highest or the second-highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. In diplomacy, "head of government" is differentiated from "head of state".
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government is a state that is de jure independent but de facto completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders. Puppet states have nominal sovereignty, except that a foreign power effectively exercises control through economic or military support. By leaving a local government in existence the outside power evades all responsibility, while at the same time successfully paralyzing the local government they tolerate.
The president of the Republic of Finland is the head of state of Finland. The incumbent president is Sauli Niinistö. He was elected for the first time in 2012 and was re-elected in 2018. The next president of Finland will be elected in 2024.
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state. In a presidential system, the head of government is directly or indirectly elected by a group of citizens and is not responsible to the legislature, and the legislature cannot dismiss the president except in extraordinary cases. A presidential system contrasts with a parliamentary system, where the head of government comes to power by gaining the confidence of an elected legislature.
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state. It differs from a parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected head of state; and from the presidential system in that the cabinet, although named by the president, is responsible to the legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a motion of no confidence.
An indirect election or hierarchical voting is an election in which voters do not choose directly among candidates or parties for an office, but elect people who in turn choose candidates or parties. It is one of the oldest forms of elections and is used by many countries for heads of state, cabinets, heads of government, and/or upper houses. It is also used for some supranational legislatures.
The prime minister of Estonia is the head of government of the Republic of Estonia. The prime minister is nominated by the president after appropriate consultations with the parliamentary factions and confirmed by the parliament (Riigikogu). In case of disagreement, the parliament can reject the president's nomination and choose their own candidate. In practice, since the prime minister must maintain the confidence of parliament in order to remain in office, they are usually the leader of the senior partner in the governing coalition. The current prime minister is Kaja Kallas of the Reform Party. She took the office on 26 January 2021 following the resignation of Jüri Ratas.
The president of the Republic of Estonia is the head of state of the Republic of Estonia. The current president is Alar Karis, elected by Parliament on 31 August 2021, replacing Kersti Kaljulaid.
The Politics of Serbia are defined by a unitary parliamentary framework that is defined by the Constitution of Serbia in which the president, currently Aleksandar Vučić, is the head of state while the prime minister, currently Ana Brnabić, is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by the Serbian government and the President of Serbia. Legislative power is vested in the unicameral National Assembly which is composed of 250 proportionally elected deputies. The judiciary is independent and is headed by the Supreme Court of Cassation, which is also the highest court in Serbia.
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature. There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the head of government and the head of state, with the head of government holding real power and the head of state being a ceremonial position, similar to constitutional monarchies. In some countries the head of state has reserve powers to use at their discretion as a non-partisan "referee" of the political process. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like presidential systems, but with a dependency upon parliamentary confidence.
The history of Estonia from 1920 to 1939 spanned the interwar period from the end of the Estonian War of Independence until the outbreak of World War II. It covers the years of parliamentary democracy, the Great Depression and the period of authoritarian rule.
The three Baltic countries, or the Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – are held to have continued as legal entities under international law while under the Soviet occupation from 1940 to 1991, as well as during the German occupation in 1941–1944/1945. The prevailing opinion accepts the Baltic thesis of illegal occupation and the actions of the USSR are regarded as contrary to international law in general and to the bilateral treaties between the USSR and the three Baltic countries in particular.
The timeline of the occupation of the Baltic states lists key events in the military occupation of the three countries – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – by the Soviet Union and by Nazi Germany during World War II.
The People's Government of Lithuania was a puppet cabinet installed by the Soviet Union in Lithuania immediately after Lithuania's acceptance of the Soviet ultimatum of June 14, 1940. The formation of the cabinet was supervised by Vladimir Dekanozov, deputy of Vyacheslav Molotov and a close associate of Lavrentiy Beria, who selected Justas Paleckis as the prime minister and acting president. The government was formed on June 17 and, together with the People's Seimas (parliament), transitioned independent Lithuania to a socialist republic and the 14th republic of the Soviet Union thus legitimizing the Soviet occupation of Lithuania. The People's Government was replaced by the Council of People's Commissars of the Lithuanian SSR on August 25. Similar transitional People's Governments were formed in Latvia and Estonia.