Unitary parliamentary republic

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A unitary parliamentary republic is a unitary state with a republican form of government in which the political power is vested in and entrusted to the parliament with confidence [ clarification needed ] by its electorate.[ further explanation needed ]

Contents

List of unitary parliamentary republics

CountryFormerlyParliamentary republic adoptedHead of state elected byCameral structure
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania One-party state [1] 1991Parliament, by majority [1] Unicameral
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia Semi-presidential republic 2018 Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh Presidential republic 1991 [note 1] ParliamentUnicameral
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados Constitutional monarchy 2021Parliament, by two-thirds majority if there is no joint nominationBicameral
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana British protectorate (Bechuanaland Protectorate)1966Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria One-party state1989 Direct election, by second-round systemUnicameral
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Semi-presidential republic 2000Direct election, by second-round systemUnicameral
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)1989Direct election, by second-round system
(since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)
Bicameral
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica Associated state of the United Kingdom1978Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia Occupied by the Soviet Union (one party state)1918 [note 2] Parliament, by two-thirds majorityUnicameral
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji Military dictatorship2014Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Semi-presidential republic2000 [note 3] Direct election, by second-round systemUnicameral
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece Military dictatorship; Constitutional monarchy 1975Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary One-party state1990Parliament, by absolute majorityUnicameral
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland Formerly part of Denmark; Constitutional monarchy1944Direct election, by first-past-the-postUnicameral
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Constitutional Monarchy (British Dominion)1949 [note 4] Direct election, by instant-runoff voteBicameral
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel British Protectorate1948Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Constitutional monarchy1946Parliament, by absolute majorityBicameral
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati Protectorate1979Direct election, by first-past-the-post voteUnicameral
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia One-party state (part of Soviet Union)1991 [note 5] ParliamentUnicameral
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon Protectorate (French mandate of Lebanon)1941ParliamentUnicameral
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia One-party state (part of the Yugoslavia)1991Direct election, by second-round systemUnicameral
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Constitutional monarchy1974Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands UN Trust Territory
(part of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands)
1979ParliamentBicameral
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius Constitutional monarchy1992Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova Semi-presidential republic2001Parliament, by three-fifths majorityUnicameral
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro One-party state
(Part of Yugoslavia, and after Serbia and Montenegro)
1992Direct election, by second-round systemUnicameral
Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru Australian Trust Territory1968ParliamentUnicameral
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino Autocracy (part of the Roman Empire)301ParliamentUnicameral
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)1991Direct election, by second-round systemUnicameral
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore Constitutional monarchy (part of Malaysia)1965Direct election (since 1993)Unicameral
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia One-party state (part of Czechoslovakia)1989Direct election, by second-round system
(since 1999; previously by parliament)
Unicameral
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)1991Direct election, by second-round systemBicameral
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Constitutional monarchy1961Parliament, by majorityBicameral
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname Military dictatorship1987Parliament, by majorityUnicameral
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Republic of China (Taiwan) One-party military dictatorship 1946 [note 6] Electoral college, directly elected by the electorateTricameral
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago Constitutional monarchy1976ParliamentBicameral
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu British–French condominium (New Hebrides)1980Parliament and regional council presidents, by majorityUnicameral

See also

Notes

  1. Was previously a parliamentary republic between 1971 and 1975.
  2. Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic from 1918 until 1938, when a new constitution with a more presidential system was adopted; the country was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940-41 (and again in 1944-91) .
  3. Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN   9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland". Scandinavian Political Studies . 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitution reduced the powers of the president even further.
  4. Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949.
  5. Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a coup d'état. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union.
  6. The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China was passed on May 1, 1991 effectively transforming into a semi-presidential system. The Republic of China government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War in 1949-50 to the Chinese Communist Party retreating to the island of Taiwan, which became a de facto one-party state from 1949 to 1987.

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