Same-sex adoption in Europe

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Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Joint adoption legal Stepparent adoption legal No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples Same-sex Adoption Map Europe.svg
Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples in Europe:
  Joint adoption legal
  Stepparent adoption legal
  No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples

Adoption by LGBT people in Europe differs in legal recognition from country to country. Full joint adoption or step-child adoption or both is legal in 22 of the 56 European countries, and in all dependent territories.

Contents

Full joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in nineteen European countries, namely Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. San Marino permits step-child adoption in which the registered partner can adopt the biological and, in some cases, the adopted child of his or her partner. In Italy stepchild adoption has been recognized by courts since 2016 after the Supreme Court of Cassation stated that a couple in a civil union can adopt their partner’s child.

In dependent territories, joint adoption by same-sex couples is legal in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Cayman Islands, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Guernsey, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, the Isle of Man and Jersey. Several countries are currently considering permitting full joint or step-child adoption by same-sex couples.

Current situation

Joint adoption

JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
[1] Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra 25 December 2014
[2] Flag of Austria.svg Austria 1 January 2016
[3] Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium 30 June 2006
[4] Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 26 May 2022
  • First instance decision 5 May 2021, 26 May 2022 High Administrative Court rejects Ministry appeal.
[5] Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 1 July 2010
[8] Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia 1 January 2016
  • Only parties to a cohabitation agreement or marriage (beginning 1 Jan 2024) may adopt
[9] Flag of Finland.svg Finland 1 March 2017
[10] Flag of France.svg France 18 May 2013
  • Also applies to all French overseas territories
[11] Flag of Germany.svg Germany 1 October 2017
[12] Flag of Greece.svg Greece 16 February 2024
[13] Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland 27 June 2006
[14] Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 6 May 2016
[15] Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 1 June 2023
[16] Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg 1 January 2015
[17] Flag of Malta.svg Malta 17 April 2014
[18] [19] Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands 1 April 2001
  • The law initially applied to the European Netherlands only.
  • In 2012 its scope was expanded to include the Caribbean Netherlands.
[20] Flag of Norway.svg Norway 1 January 2009
[21] Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 1 March 2016
[22] [23] Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 8 July 2022
  • The Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs stated that the existing law allowed for second-parent adoption beginning in July 2011.
  • In 2022, the Constitutional Court made separate rulings legalising same-sex marriage and joint couple adoption.
[24] Flag of Spain.svg Spain 3 July 2005
[25] Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 1 February 2003
[26] [27] Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 1 July 2022
[28] [29] Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom 7 November 2002
  • The law initially applied to England and Wales only.
  • In Scotland a separate law came into force on 28 September 2009. [30]
  • In Northern Ireland since 11 December 2013 [31]
  • In Isle of Man since 2 April 2011 [32]
  • In Jersey since 2 April 2012 [33]
  • In Gibraltar since 28 March 2014 [34]
  • In Guernsey since 3 April 2017 [35]

Non-European Territories:

  • In both Bermuda and the Pitcairn Islands since 2015. [36] [37] [38]
  • In the Falkland Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension Island, and Tristan da Cunha since 2017. [39]
  • The Cayman Islands since 2020.
  • Not available in other overseas territories

Step-child adoption

JurisdictionEntry into forceNotes
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 11 February 2019
  • Parties in a civil union may adopt stepchildren only

In Italy step-child adoption has been admitted by case law since 2016 and can be granted by court order. [40]

Public opinion

According to pollster Gallup Europe, women, younger generations, and the highly educated are more likely to support same-sex marriage and adoption rights for gay people than other demographics. [41]

  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex adoption nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex adoption is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has step-child adoption or partner-guardianship
Opinion polls for same-sex adoption in Europe
CountryPollsterYearForAgainstDon't Know/Neutral/No answer/Other
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria IMAS201546% [42] 48% [42] 6%
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium Ipsos202172% [43] 21%7%
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Eurobarometer200612% [44] 68% [44] 20% [44]
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus Eurobarometer200610% [44] 86% [44] 4% [44]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic CVVM201947% [45] 47%6%
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Pew Research Center201775% [46] --
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia HumanrightsEE202347% [47] 44% [47] 9% [47]
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Taloustutkimus201351% [48] 42% [48] 7% [48]
Flag of France.svg  France Ipsos202162% [43] 29%10%
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Ipsos202169% [43] 24%6%
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece KAPA Research202353% [49] 41% [49] 6% [49]
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary Ipsos202159% [43] 36%5%
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland Red C Poll201160% [50] --
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Eurispes202350.4% [51] 49.6%0%
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia SKDS202327% [52] 23% [52] 46% [52]
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania Eurobarometer200612% [44] 82% [44] 6% [44]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Politmonitor201355% [53] 44% [53] 1% [53]
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Misco201420% [54] 80% [54] -
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Ipsos202183% [43] 12%5%
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway YouGov201254% [55] 34% [55] 12% [55]
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Ipsos202133% [43] 58%10%
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Pew Research Center201759% [56] 28% [56] 13% [56]
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania Eurobarometer20068% [44] 82% [44] 10% [44]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Ipsos202123% [43] 67%10%
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Civil Rights Defenders202022.5% [57] --
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia Eurobarometer200612% [44] 84% [44] 4% [44]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia Delo Stik201538% [58] 55% [58] 7% [58]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Ipsos202177% [43] 17%6%
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Ipsos202179% [43] 17%4%
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Pink Cross202067% [59] 30% [59] 3% [59]
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine Gay Alliance of Ukraine20137% [60] 68% [60] 12%
13% would allow some exceptions [60]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Ipsos202172% [43] 19%9%

See also

Related Research Articles

Same-sex adoption is the adoption of children by same-sex couples. It may take the form of a joint adoption by the couple, or of the adoption by one partner of the other's biological child.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Germany since 1 October 2017. A bill for the legalisation of same-sex marriage passed the Bundestag on 30 June 2017 and the Bundesrat on 7 July. It was signed into law on 20 July by President Frank-Walter Steinmeier and published in the Federal Law Gazette on 28 July 2017. Previously, the governing CDU/CSU had refused to legislate on the issue of same-sex marriage. In June 2017, Chancellor Angela Merkel unexpectedly said she hoped the matter would be put to a conscience vote. Consequently, other party leaders organised for a vote to be held in the last week of June during the final legislative session before summer recess. The Bundestag passed the legislation on 30 June by 393 votes to 226, and it went into force on 1 October. Germany was the first country in Central Europe, the fourteenth in Europe, and the 22nd in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry nationwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights by country or territory</span>

Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Denmark since 15 June 2012. A bill for the legalization of same-sex marriages was introduced by the Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet, and approved by the Folketing on 7 June 2012. It received royal assent by Queen Margrethe II on 12 June and took effect three days later. Denmark was the eleventh country in the world and the eighth in Europe to legalize same-sex marriage. It was the first country in the world to enact registered partnerships, which provided same-sex couples with almost all of the rights and benefits of marriage, in 1989.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Switzerland since 1 July 2022. Legislation to open marriage to same-sex couples passed the Swiss Parliament in December 2020. The law was challenged in a referendum on 26 September 2021 by opponents of same-sex marriage and was approved with the support of 64% of voters and a majority in all 26 cantons. The law went into force on 1 July 2022. A provision of the law permitting same-sex marriages performed abroad to be recognised in Switzerland took effect on 1 January 2022. Switzerland was the seventeenth country in Europe and the 30th in the world to allow same-sex couples to marry.

Liechtenstein has recognized same-sex registered partnerships since 1 September 2011 following approval by voters in a referendum. Liechtenstein was the second country in the world to pass a partnership law by referendum, after Switzerland in 2005.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Germany</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Germany rank among the highest in the world and have evolved significantly over the course of the last decades. During the 1920s and the early 1930s, lesbian and gay people in Berlin were generally tolerated by society and many bars and clubs specifically pertaining to gay men were opened. Although same-sex sexual activity between men was already made illegal under Paragraph 175 by the German Empire in 1871, Nazi Germany extended these laws during World War II, which resulted in the persecution and deaths of thousands of homosexual citizens. The Nazi extensions were repealed in 1960 and same-sex sexual activity between men was decriminalized in both East and West Germany in 1968 and 1969, respectively.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Austria</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Austria have advanced significantly in the 21st century, and are now among the most advanced in Europe. Both male and female forms of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Austria. Registered partnerships were introduced in 2010, giving same-sex couples some of the rights of marriage. Stepchild adoption was legalised in 2013, while full joint adoption was legalised by the Constitutional Court of Austria in 2016. On 5 December 2017, the Austrian Constitutional Court decided to legalise same-sex marriage, and the ruling went into effect on 1 January 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Liechtenstein</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Liechtenstein have several but not all of the same rights as non-LGBT people. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1989, with an equal age of consent since 2001. Same-sex couples have had access to registered partnerships since 2011, and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been outlawed in some areas since 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Denmark</span>

Danish lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are some of the most extensive in the world. In 2023, ILGA-Europe ranked Denmark as the third most LGBT-supportive country in Europe. Polls consistently show that same-sex marriage support is nearly universal amongst the Danish population.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Austria since 1 January 2019. On 4 December 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that the non-discrimination and equality provisions of the Constitution of Austria guarantee same-sex couples the right to marry. The decision took effect on 1 January 2019, making Austria the 24th country in the world and the fifteenth in Europe to allow same-sex couples to marry nationwide. Austria has also recognised same-sex registered partnerships since 1 January 2010, providing several, but not all, of the rights, benefits, obligations and responsibilities of marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Switzerland</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Switzerland are progressive by world standards. Social attitudes and the legal situation have liberalised at an increasing pace since the 1940s, in parallel to the situation in Europe and the Western world more generally. Legislation providing for same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption, and IVF access was accepted by 64% of voters in a referendum on 26 September 2021, and entered into force on 1 July 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Europe</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Americas</span>

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex and diverse in the Americas, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in the Faroe Islands since 1 July 2017. Legislation allowing same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples was approved by the Løgting on 29 April 2016. The Danish Parliament approved the necessary legislative adaptations on 25 April 2017, and the law received royal assent on 3 May and went into effect on 1 July 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Greenland</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Greenland are some of the most extensive in the Americas and the world, relatively similar to those in Denmark proper in Europe. Same-sex sexual activity is legal, with an equal age of consent, and there are some anti-discrimination laws protecting LGBT people. Same-sex couples had access to registered partnerships, which provided them with nearly all of the rights provided to married opposite-sex couples, from 1996 to 2016. On 1 April 2016, a law repealing the registered partnership act and allowing for same-sex marriages to be performed came into effect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe</span> Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in Europe

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Greenland since 1 April 2016. Same-sex marriage legislation passed the Inatsisartut unanimously on 26 May 2015. Approval by the Folketing followed on 19 January 2016, and the law received royal assent on 3 February. The first same-sex marriage was performed in Nuuk on 1 April.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Same-sex union legislation</span> Laws about the recognition of same-sex couples

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the European Union</span> Overview of LGBT rights in the European Union

LGBT rights in the European Union are protected under the European Union's (EU) treaties and law. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in all EU member states and discrimination in employment has been banned since 2000. However, EU states have different laws when it comes to any greater protection, same-sex civil union, same-sex marriage, and adoption by same-sex couples.

References

  1. ↑ "Llei 34/2014, del 27 de novembre, qualificada de les unions civils i de modificació de la Llei qualificada del matrimoni, de 30 de juny de 1995". Bopa.ad. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  2. ↑ "Homosexuelle dürfen künftig adoptieren – ohne Gesetzesnovelle - Homosexualität und Homophobie - derStandard.at › Panorama". Der Standard. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  3. ↑ "refLex - Chrono". Reflex.raadvst-consetat.be. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "Sud donio povijesnu odluku: Istospolne partnere više se ne smije diskriminirati kod posvajanja djece [Court reaches historic decision, same-sex couples can no longer be discriminated regarding adoption]". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  5. ↑ "Lov om ændring af lov om registreret partnerskab, lov om en børnefamilieydelse og lov om børnetilskud og forskudsvis udbetaling af børnebidrag - Udvidet adgang for registrerede partnere til adoption og overførsel af forældremyndighed m.v." Retsinformation.dk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  6. ↑ "1. juli 2017: Nú kunnu samkynd giftast - Føroyski portalurin - portal.fo". 2 July 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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  25. ↑ "BBC NEWS : Europe : Sweden legalises gay adoption". News.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  26. ↑ «Ehe für alle» bringt volles Adoptionsrecht, Luzerner Zeitung, 3 June 2018
  27. ↑ (in German) Nationalratskommission will «Ehe für alle», Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 6 July 2018
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  35. ↑ "Population Management Law 2016". Guernseylegalresources.gg.
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