Single people allowed to adopt; same-sex couples banned
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) people in Ukraine face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ individuals; historically, the prevailing social and political attitudes have been intolerant of LGBTQ people, and strong evidence suggests this attitude remains in parts of the wider society. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and Ukraine's independence in 1991, the Ukrainian LGBTQ community has gradually become more visible and more organized politically, organizing several LGBTQ events in Kyiv, Odesa, Kharkiv, and Kryvyi Rih.
In a 2010 European study, 28% of Ukrainians polled believed that LGBT individuals should live freely and however they like, the lowest number of all European countries polled apart from Russia.[2] In 2015, the Ukrainian Parliament approved an employment anti-discrimination law covering sexual orientation and gender identity, and in 2016, Ukrainian officials simplified the transition process for transgender people and began allowing gay and bisexual men to donate blood. In 2023 the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association ranked Ukraine 39th out of 49 European countries in terms of LGBTQ rights legislation, similarly to EU members Lithuania and Romania.[3] Marriage remains limited to heterosexual couples under the 1996 constitution.
In the 2011 UN General Assembly declaration for LGBT rights, Ukraine was the only East Slavic country to express its support. In late 2022, parliament unanimously approved a media regulation bill that banned hate speech and incitement based on sexual orientation or gender identity. In March 2023, a parliamentary bill was introduced for civil unions.[4]
History
While in the countries of Western Europe homosexuality was punishable by death via burning, the legislatures of the Kievan Rus and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was much softer; there is no known individual case of execution for one's sexuality. The maximum punishment in the Principality of Kiev and in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia was church fasting, excommunication, prayer, and mandatory repentance.[5][6][7]
The Zaporozhian Sich considered homosexuality unchristian and demonic; Cossacks caught in contact with people of the same sex were trampled into the ground by horses.[8]
Given that in 16-18 centuries most of the territories inhabited by Ukrainians were under the control of different states, different laws were in force in the respective territories. In western Ukraine, which was then part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, gays were mostly beheaded and publicly hanged, in the east (Hetmanate), which was then under the protectorate of Russia, they were impaled or sent to hard labor in Siberia, and in the south, which was then under the rule of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire, gays were brutally killed or castrated.
In Ukrainian villages in the 19th century, group masturbation became widely popular among teenagers, including homosexuals. (секеляння, sekelyannya)[9]
After the February Revolution and the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) gaining autonomy in 1917 and declaring independence in 1918, all laws of the Russian Empire were repealed, including the article punishing homosexuality. During the time of the UPR, homosexual relations were legal, but the situation of this population group was not publicly discussed by the politicians of that time due to the War of Independence.
After the formation of the USSR, the authorities initially treated LGBTQ people neutrally, secretly monitoring such people. But after Stalin's rise in later 1920s and Genrikh Yagoda's message accusing homosexuals of "espionage", homosexuality was criminalized in 1933 as part of Stalin's repressions; the corresponding article was introduced into the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR in 1934, and was more often applied to political opponents and dissidents.[10][11][12] In January 1936, a commissioner Nikolai Krylenko declared that "homosexuality is a product of moral decay". Later, lawyers and doctors in the USSR also reasoned about homosexuality as a manifestation of "moral decay.".[13]
During the German occupation of most of Ukraine in 1941-1944, according to official data, the Nazis destroyed more than 10000 thousand homosexuals, some ended up in Nazi concentration camps.[14] In the 1950s and 1980s, about a 25 000 men were officially imprisoned in USSR under this article.[15]
One of the most famous people convicted under this article in Ukraine was director of the Armenian background Sergey Paradzhanov. Homosexuals in the USSR, like other people who did not fit into the norms of the Soviet system, suffered not only from imprisonment, but also from punitive psychiatry.[16]
Particularly cruel medical experiments were conducted on them (unofficially, of course), often Soviet doctors abused the patient trying to determine the degree of tolerance of a particular person to pain: they cut their tendons, damaged healthy teeth, injected drugs that caused not just degradation of the personality but paralysis of the whole body. In this way, the Soviet system in the 1960s and 1980s turned healthy people who allegedly threatened state security into invalids.[17][18]
Legality of same-sex sexual activity
In 1991, the Criminal Code was revised so as to better protect the right to privacy, and homosexuality became legal. Today, the law relates to same-sex sexual activity when it involves prostitution with people under the legal age of consent or public conduct that is deemed to be in violation of public decency standards. The age of consent is set at 16, regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation.[19][20]
Article 51 of the Constitution, adopted in 1996, specifically defines marriage as a voluntary union between a man and a woman.[21][22][23] No legal recognition exists for same-sex marriage, nor is there any sort of more limited recognition for same-sex couples.[24]
On 23 November 2015, the Government approved an action plan to implement the National Strategy on human rights in the period up to 2020, which include the promise to draft a bill creating registered civil partnerships for opposite-sex and same-sex couples by 2017, among others.[25][26][27] However, in early 2018, the Ministry of Justice stated that "the development and submission to the Government of a draft law on the legalization of a registered civil partnership in Ukraine cannot be implemented" due to "numerous appeals from the regional councils, the Council of Churches and other religious organizations".[24]
In June 2018, the Justice Ministry confirmed that currently "there is no legal grounds" for same-sex marriage and civil partnerships in Ukraine.[28]
In the modern world, the level of democracy of society is measured in including through the state policy aimed at ensuring equal rights for all citizens. Every citizen is an integral part of civil society and is entitled to all the rights and freedoms enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine. All people are free and equal in their dignity and rights. Human rights and freedoms are inalienable and inviolable (Article 21 of the Constitution of Ukraine). The Family Code of Ukraine stipulates that the family is the primary and basic unit of society. The family consists of persons who live together living together, connected by common life, have mutual rights and duties. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, marriage is based on the free consent of a woman and man (Article 51). In conditions of martial law or a state of emergency, the Constitution of Ukraine may not be amended (Article 157 of the Constitution of Ukraine). At the same time, the Government has been developing options for the legalization of registered civil partnership in Ukraine as part of the work on assertion and ensuring human rights and freedoms. According to Article 116 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine takes measures to ensure the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. In view of the above, I appealed to the Prime Minister of Ukraine with request to consider the issue raised in the electronic petition and to inform about the relevant results.
In July 2022, a petition in Ukraine asking for the legalisation of same-sex marriage reached over 28,000 signatures, and all petitions in Ukraine that reach over 20,000 signatures automatically start the consideration of the President of Ukraine.[29] On 2 August 2022, in response to the petition, Zelensky asked the Government of Ukraine to study legalising same-sex marriage, while also stating that there could be no action as long as the Russo-Ukrainian war continues, as the constitution cannot be changed in wartime,[30] but that there remains a possibility of clarification of same-sex unions by the Constitutional Court of Ukraine or for legalization of same-sex partnerships.[31] The war has spurred efforts to legalize same-sex marriage to ensure gay soldiers' partners are given the same rights and privileges afforded to those in legally recognised marriages, with activists pointing to the service of LGBTQ military personnel as having shifted attitudes towards LGBTQ people.[32][33]
Adoption and parenting
Single people who are citizens of Ukraine, regardless of sexual orientation, are allowed to adopt, but same-sex couples are explicitly banned from adoption (Clause 211 of Family Code of Ukraine).[34][35] The law also mentions that people "whose interests conflict with the interests of the child" may not be adopters, but whether this provision has ever been applied against gay adopters is unknown.[original research?][citation needed]
Additional restrictions are placed on foreign adopters. Only couples married in a registered different-sex marriage are allowed to adopt children from Ukraine.[35][36]
However, lesbian couples are given more access to parenting than men, as IVF and assisted insemination treatments are legal.[3]
Discrimination protections and hate crime laws
A law that (if enacted) would have barred employers from rejecting workers based on their sexual orientation was indefinitely postponed on 14 May 2013.[37][38]
The Criminal Code of Ukraine contains a number of articles that provide for harsher penalties for crimes committed on the grounds of racial, national, or religious intolerance. Thus, although the concept of “hate crime” is currently absent in Ukrainian legislation, in practice, such a category of crimes is recognized, but only for the three above-mentioned motives. However, if a crime stems from intolerance towards an individual’s or group’s sexual orientation or gender identity, existing legislation does not stipulate heightened punishment, thus failing to classify it as a “hate crime.”[42] In April 2020, a parliamentary draft aimed at amending the Ukrainian Criminal Code to address hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity was introduced.[43] However, in September 2020, the draft was withdrawn from consideration following the Committee on Law Enforcement’s conclusion, citing the absence of terms such as “gender identity of a person,” “sexual orientation,” “intolerance towards gender identity,” and others within Ukrainian legislative texts.[43][44]
In November 2016, the Ukrainian Parliament refused to back the Istanbul Convention, a European domestic violence treaty, because its references to sexual orientation and gender violated what many Ukrainian lawmakers said were basic Christian values.[45]Ukrainian Council of Churches, too, opposed the ratification of the Istanbul convention citing “promotion of gender ideology,” which they claimed was threatening to the younger generations’ since it could “distort their sexual identity, popularize the same-sex relations, and spread gender dysphoria.”[46] The Council of Churches did not change their opinion on the Istanbul Convention following the Russian full-scale invasion in 2022, and argued against its ratification, advocating for “alternative ways of combating domestic violence and violence against women.”[47] Despite the opposition from religious groups, eleven years after signing the Istanbul Convention, Ukrainian Parliament voted to ratify the Convention in response to the surge of reports of violence against women since the beginning of Russia’s full-scale aggression.[48] The adoption of the Treaty coincided with Ukraine’s EU membership bid, with some EU members indicating that ratifying the convention is a precondition for approving Ukraine’s candidacy status.[49]
In 2011, the Ukrainian Civil Code was amended to allow transgender people who have undergone gender affirming surgery to change their name to better reflect their gender identity.[3][59] In 2014, seven people had undergone sex reassignment surgery, and five people received new documentation.[54]
Since December 2016, new identity documents are issued before surgery is conducted.[54] This followed an August 2016 ruling which ordered changes requested by two transgender people to their passports and all other documents without requiring them to undergo surgery.[60] Transsexual individuals who are married or have an underage child can also apply for transition. Previously, all applicants needed permission from a special commission of the Ministry of Healthcare, had to spend 30 days in a psychiatric hospital (usually placed in the same wards with patients considered "mentally ill"), and needed to be "diagnosed with transsexuality";[61] this is no longer required.[54]
Military service
All able-bodied male citizens from ages 20–27, must serve either 18 months in the navy or one year in all other services. After serving out the term of service Ukraine's conscripts become part of the inactive reserve and are eligible to be recalled for mobilization until they reach age 55 or age 60 for officers.[62]
According to law, homosexuality is not a reason for exemption from the army. However, many young gay men try to avoid call-up to military service, as they are afraid to face unauthorized relations and other difficulties.[63] In 2018, Viktor Pylypenko, who had served in the war in Donbas for two years, became the first Ukrainian soldier to come out publicly.[64] In 2019, several gay soldiers in the Ukrainian army participated in a photo exhibition called "We are here".[65] In 2021, Pylypenko was trying to organize a special unit in the Ukrainian army for LGBTQ soldiers.[64] In July 2021, Pylypenko stated there were 16 open LGBTQ soldiers in the Ukrainian army.[66]
The 2022 Russian invasion resulted in an increased influx of openness and acceptance regarding LGBTQ soldiers in the Ukrainian military. A growing number of soldiers disclosed their identity, believing that they could fight not just for their home country but also against existing stereotypes.[67] The invasion also saw the spread of "unicorn insignia" which Ukrainian LGBTQ soldiers sew onto their uniforms. The unicorn was chosen due to its nature as "fantastic 'non-existent' creature", sarcastically countering claims about there being no LGBT+ individuals in the Ukrainian military.[68][69]
Blood donation
In April 2016, the Ukrainian Ministry of Health enacted new regulations governing blood donation, allowing gay and bisexual men to donate blood.[70] Previously, the Ministry of Health listed homosexuality as a "risky behaviour" for which donors could not give blood.[71]
Society
"I knew one 19-year-old guy who accidentally left his laptop lying around his house and his parents saw messages he sent to his boyfriend. For over a year they didn't let him go out of the house to work or study; they just kept him inside for fear of shame. And that's a familiar story in Ukraine."
Protest in support of employment equality under the Ukrainian Parliament, 2015
Sexual orientations and gender identity remain taboo subjects in Ukraine. Most Ukrainians affiliated with the Orthodox or Catholic Church tend to view homosexuality and non-traditional gender roles as signs of immorality.[73][74] Prior to the 25 May 2013 Kyiv pride parade, the head of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate, Patriarch Filaret, stated that people supporting LGBTQ rights would be cursed, and Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church denounced homosexuality as a sin tantamount to manslaughter.[75]
Beyond the traditional religious teachings, most Ukrainians grew up with little, if any, comprehensive, fact-based public education about human sexuality in general, let alone sexual orientation and gender identity. The lack of sex education promotes the view of homosexuals as a dangerous social group and as a source of sexually transmitted diseases, especially HIV/AIDS.[citation needed]
During the Soviet era, non-heterosexual sexual relations were labelled as abnormal. Some remnants of the Soviet mentality, which sees sexual topics as taboo and even denies their existence, still exist today.[76]
In 2011, there were frequent reports of harassment, even violence directed at LGBTQ people in Ukraine.[77] Many LGBTQ people in Ukraine reported feeling the need to lie about their true sexual orientation or gender identity in order to avoid being a target for discrimination or violent harassment.[73] Hate crimes against the LGBTQ community are frequently reported on in the international press and, while such violence is not legal in Ukraine, there is a perception by Ukrainians and globally that such violence is frequently tolerated by the Government.[73][78][79][80] The Ukrainian police hardly ever detain attackers.[81][73][78] The prevailing intolerance and threats of violence pressure many LGBTQ people to remain in the closet, especially if they are public figures who feel that their career as a politician or celebrity would end if people knew that they are part of the LGBTQ community.[82][nb 2]
Friendly Doctor is a network of LGBT-friendly health clinics and testing facilities established in 2014.
While prevailing public attitudes are intolerant, the Ukrainian LGBTQ community has gradually become more visible and more organized politically since 1991. The issue of LGBTQ rights in Ukraine has been publicly debated much more, largely as the result of the actions of right-wing nationalists and social conservatives to classify any positive depictions of LGBTQ people or LGBTQ rights as being pornographic.[83]
One of the major movements in opposition to LGBTQ rights in Ukraine is the "ex-gay" movement which believes that lesbian, gay, or bisexual sexual orientations, as well as transgender identities, can be "cured" through therapeutic or religious programs. The largest of these groups in Ukraine is Love Against Homosexuality, who believe that LGBTQ people are "sexual perverts" who need to be cured.[83]
Freedom of expression and censorship
In 1999, the former President of Ukraine, Leonid Kravchuk, stated that there are more important issues than LGBTQ rights to discuss in Parliament and that homosexuality is caused by a mental illness or the corrupting influence of foreign films.[63]
In 2007, the leader of the Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights called gay men "perverts" who must be stopped. Other MPs, namely Communist MP Leonid Grach, have listed homosexuality and lesbianism as evils the state must stop.[84]
A draft law that would make it illegal to talk about homosexuality in public and in the media and to import, distribute, and broadcast video, photo, and audio products that "encourages homosexuality" (with penalties of up to five years in prison and fines for up to ₴5,000 (US$616))[85] was passed in first reading in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian Parliament) on 2 October 2012.[78] An estimated 20 community activists representing several organizations protested outside of the Verkhovna Rada building during the vote.[86] On 4 October 2012, a second vote was tentatively scheduled for 16 October.[86][73][87][88][78][89] This law was deemed homophobic by the LGBTQ community and human rights organisations and condemned by Amnesty International, the European Union, and the United Nations.[78] The Venice Commission concluded in June 2013 that the bill was "incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights and international human rights standards".[90] In January 2015, the bill was removed from the agenda.[91][92]
A petition was subsequently started by anti-gay groups, calling for "measures to be taken to stop the propaganda of homosexuality and for defending family values". In March 2018, Ukraine's Anti-Discrimination Ombudsperson removed the petition from the electronic petitions section. By then, the petition had received 23,000 signatures and support from various religious organisations. The Ombudsman described the petition as "anti-freedom", and deleted it due to "containing calls to restrict human rights".[93]
Living conditions
In 1998, the first LGBTQ rights group was created. Our World (Ukrainian: Наш світ) is an LGBTQ community center and human rights advocacy organization. In 2008, Ukrainian LGBTQ rights organizations came together to create a coalition, the Union of Gay Organizations of Ukraine (Рада ЛГБТ-організацій України).[94] The Gay Alliance of Ukraine (Гей-альянс Україна) was founded in 2009.[citation needed]
Members of Tochka Opory advocacy group, which was founded in 2009
Pride parades and rallies
2003 to 2015
In September 2003, the first, albeit small, public pride parade was held in Kyiv.[95]
A May 2012, a Kyiv gay pride parade was cancelled by its participants because they feared for their safety.[79][97] Two gay rights activists were beaten up and tear-gassed by a group of youths after pride goers were evacuated by police escort.[72][79][98]
On 23 May 2013, a Ukrainian court satisfied a petition by Kyiv city authorities to ban the holding of any events, other than those envisaged by the program for the celebration of Kyiv Day (in the central part of the city); in doing so it de facto banned the gay pride parade in Kyiv that was planned for 25 May.[99] The pride event was then changed to "a private event outside of the central part of Kyiv".[100] On this day on a narrow pathway near Pushkin Park and Shuliavska metro station,[101] about 50 people gathered and marched.[72][102] Among them, at least 10 were from Munich (Germany), including Vice Mayor Hep Monatzeder, and some were from Sweden.[101] They marched under the protection of 1,500 policemen, 13 of the about 100 anti-gay protesters were arrested and no physical[nb 3] violence occurred.[72][102][103] After one hour, the protesters who took part in the parade were evacuated from the area.[72] In an attempt to avoid revenge attacks, they then changed their clothes and switched modes of transport multiple times.[72]
A procession organised by gay rights activists took place in central Kyiv on 11 January 2014; amidst the Euromaidan-protests.[104]
The Kyiv gay pride parade was again cancelled on 5 July 2014 after the police failed to guarantee its protection.[105] It would have been a small, closed march several kilometers outside Kyiv.[104][106] The Love Against Homosexuality movement demanded its cancellation. On 7 July 2014, Mayor of KyivVitali Klitschko had asked to cancel the pride, "I think that currently, when battle actions take place and many people die, holding entertainment events does not match the situation existing. And I am urging all these people not to do this. I think that this will be wrong amid these circumstances".[106] The "battle actions" Klitschko referred to was the post-ceasefire government offensive of the War in Donbass.[107]
On 6 June 2015, Ukraine's second pride parade was held in Kyiv.[108] The march was finished in less than half an hour.[109] The number of police protection far outnumbered the pride participants.[109] The venue for the march was only disclosed to the march's participants that had registered on its website.[97] During the march, five policemen were injured in scuffles after unidentified people had attacked the rally with smoke bombs and stones.[108] One police officer was admitted to intensive care.[110] 25 anti-gay activists were arrested.[108][111] Members of Parliament Svitlana Zalishchuk and Serhiy Leshchenko attended the march along with the Swedish Ambassador to Ukraine, Andreas von Beckerath, and other foreign diplomats.[112] The organizers urged the pride participants to disperse in small groups and not to use the Kyiv Metro.[109] On 4 June 2015, Kyiv MayorVitali Klitschko had, as in the previous year, asked to cancel the pride citing "danger of provocations".[113] On the other hand, Ukrainian PresidentPetro Poroshenko stated on 5 June 2015 that there was no reason to prevent the march.[114]
On 12 June 2016, Ukraine's third pride parade, dubbed the Equality March, was held in Kyiv without incidents.[115] The march of 1,500 people lasted about half an hour and was guarded by more than 5,500 police officers and 1,200 members of the National Guard.[115] 57 people were detained for aggressive behaviour.[115]
On 13 August 2016, an LGBTQ Equality March was held in Odesa.[116] The march of 50 people lasted about half an hour and was guarded by more than 700 police officers.[116] Twenty men, who were trying to break through to the event, were detained.[116]
In May 2017, LGBTQ activists organised a rally in the city of Kharkiv. Thirty people attacked the participants and police officers, injuring two.[117]
On 18 June 2017, Kyiv's fourth pride parade, again dubbed Equality March, was held in the city without major incidents with 6 people detained for trying to breach the security cordon.[118]
On 17 June 2018, Kyiv's fifth pride parade was held in the city centre.[119] It lasted less than one hour and was, according to Kyiv police attended by 3,500 people, while the organizers said there were at least 5,000 participants.[119] No serious incidents occurred during the march.[119] Clashes did break out when 150 far-right protesters who tried to block off the route were dispersed by riot police. 57 protesters were detained.[119]
Kyiv Pride 2019
In June 2019, an estimated 8,000 people marched at the Kyiv Pride parade, among them politicians and foreign diplomats. The event was peaceful.[120] Police foiled a plot to throw condoms filled with human excrement at marchers.[121] President Volodymyr Zelensky, who took office in May 2019, urged the police to prevent violence and safeguard the safety of the participants.[122]
In August 2019, about 300 people took part in the LGBTQ Equality March in Odesa. A number of diplomatic missions took part, as well as guests from Canada, Germany, the United States and other countries.[123] Some small clashes were reported.[123] The marchers were protected by 500 police officers, who arrested three people for minor hooliganism.[123]
In September 2019, an estimated 2,000 people participated in Kharkiv's first pride march.[124] The march went forward despite Mayor Hennadiy Kernes threatening to file legal action against the organizers.[124] At the end of the march, clashes between the police and anti-pride march right-wing demonstrators saw two police agents being treated for pepper spray-related injuries.[124] After the march ended, far-right counter demonstrators gathered in Shevchenko park hoping to attack LGBTQ activists attempting to leave on foot. One march participant had to be rescued by a press photographer.[125]
On 30 August 2020, an LGBTQ Equality March in Odesa ended in a fight between members of the LGBTQ community and opponents of the march.[126] Sixteen people were detained and two police officers were injured.[126] A 13 September 2020 "AutoPride rally" in Kharkiv passed without incidents.[127] In Zaporizhzhia a pride parade was held on 20 September 2020 on the city's Festival Square; although pride goers were harassed by anti-LGBTQ activists, no injuries were reported.[128] There were twice as many pride opponents as there were pride goers (reportedly 500 people).[128]
On 22 May 2021 a Trans-March, organised by Insight and partners KyivPride and Cohort, took place in Kyiv.[129] The march was attended by about 150 participants, protected by 400 police officers and there was a counter-demonstration with approximately 200 opponents.[129] During the march, several people tried to attack the marchers, but the police quickly prevented that.[129]
On 29 August 2021 violent clashes broke out between police and the far-rightnationalist group Tradition and Order during an LGBTQ Equality March in Odesa.[130] 29 law enforcement officers were injured, mostly from reactions to tear gas, and 51 members of Tradition and Order were arrested.[130]
On 12 September 2021 an LGBTQ Equality March, organised by KharkivPride, took place in Kharkiv.[131] According to KharkivPride, up to 3,000 people took part in the march.[131]
The KyivPride-2021 Equality March took place in Kyiv on 19 September 2021 with between 5,000 and 7,000 participants.[81] Several hundred activists opposing the march held their own rally, no clashes between the two sides took place.[81] The KyivPride-2021 Equality March was attended by the Ambassador of Sweden to Ukraine Tobias Thyberg, MP of the Voice faction Inna Sovsun and deputy of the Kyiv City Council from the Servant of the People party faction Yevhenia Kuleba.[81]
The first Kyiv Pride march in Ukraine itself since the 2022 Russian invasion took place on 16 June 2024 in Kyiv.[133][134] About 500 participants joined.[135] Due to safety concerns only 500 people were allowed to attend.[134] The tightly policed march was stopped by Ukrainian police after travelling only a few metres due to safety fears.[133][134] The police had warned that radical, anti-LGBTQ+ groups had also organised gatherings in the city.[133] Due to the possibility of these threats and the frequent missile strikes on Kyiv by the Russian Armed Forces the event was held close to a metro station for shelter in the event of an air raid warning.[133]
Attacks on the LGBTQ community
On 22 June 2012, a man approached LGBTQ activist Taras Karasiichuk saying, "Are you a fag?" and then kicked him in the head and jaw. Human Rights Watch said authorities should treat the incident as a hate crime.[136]
An Amnesty International expert on Ukraine stated in 2013 that "people have been beaten and in one case murdered because of their real or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity. Most of these crimes have not been properly investigated and have gone unpunished."[137]
On 6 July 2014, a group of 15-20 neo-Nazis mounted an attack against the gay club "Pomada" (Lipstick) in Kyiv. The attackers wore camouflage and balaclava (ski masks) and threw a smoke grenade and firecrackers.[138]
On 29 October 2014, Kyiv's oldest movie theater, Zhovten, caught fire when a smoke grenade was thrown into it during the screening of the French film Summer Nights, which was shown as part of an LGBTQ program at the Molodist Film Festival. None of the roughly hundred people attending were injured.[139][140][141] Police arrested two suspects, one of whom said that the intent was not to burn the building down, but to make a protest against films with an LGBTQ theme.[142]
Oleksandr Zinchenko, an Our World representative, stated on 3 June 2015 that 40 hate crimes had been committed against LGBTQ people in 2014 and that about 10 such crimes had already happened in 2015.[143]
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Russia invaded all of Ukraine in February 2022, so this section needs information on what they have done to LGBT people in the vastly increased occupied territories since then.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2023)
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals have complained about an increase of attacks in the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic in Eastern Ukraine.[145][104] On 8 June 2014, ten armed people attacked the gay club Babylon in the city of Donetsk. They fired blank cartridges into the air for intimidation and declared that there should not be gay clubs in the city, after which they robbed the visitors.[146] In 2015, the Deputy Minister for Political Affairs of the Donetsk People's Republic stated: "A culture of homosexuality is spreading… This is why we must kill anyone who is involved in this."[147] Many volunteers who took in refugees from territories controlled by the Donetsk People's Republic refused to host LGBTQ people.[104]
In July 2015, the head of the Donetsk People's Republic, Alexander Zakharchenko, said he respected Ukraine's far-right party Right Sector "when they beat up the gays in Kyiv and when they tried to depose Poroshenko".[148]
Public opinion
In a 2007 country-wide survey by the Institute of Sociology, 16.7% disagreed strongly and 17.6% disagreed with the following statement: Gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own life as they wish. Only 30.2% agreed strongly and agreed with the statement. That was the lowest rating of agreed strongly and agreed with the statement of 24 countries investigated.[149]
Graffiti in Kyiv (photographed in June 2016), Ukraine that reads "future is so queer"
In a December 2007 survey by Angus Reid Global Monitor, 81.3% of Ukrainians polled said that homosexual relations were "never acceptable", 13% answered "sometimes acceptable" and 5.7% "acceptable".[150] Of all the behaviors listed, homosexuality was viewed as the third worst after shoplifting and drunk driving. Notably, more people viewed this as never acceptable than adultery (61.5% never, 29.3% sometimes), traffic rule violation (70.2% never, 25.6% sometimes), pollution (73.3% never, 22.4% sometimes), tax evasion (48.5% never, 37.5% sometimes), deception for the sake of profit (48.3% never, 41.6% sometimes), as well as a list of other things including abortion, premarital sex, complaining to authorities about a friend who has stolen something, etc.[150]
In another Angus Reid Global Monitor survey, this one in June 2007, on a long list of possible social reforms in the country, legalization of same-sex marriage only received 4.7% of the vote, the lowest by far (the next lowest being light drugs,[151] at 7.1%).[151]
A December 2010 Gorshenin Institute poll stated that the "Ukrainian attitude to sexual minorities" was "entirely negative" for 57.5%, "rather negative" for 14.5%, "rather positive" for 10% and "quite positive" for 3%.[98]
A May 2013 poll by GfK Ukraine found that 4.6% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and 16% supported other forms of recognition, while 79.4% were opposed to any form of recognition.[152]
A summer 2015 survey by the British Council revealed that one in five of Ukrainian youth[nb 4] would be uncomfortable with having lesbian and gay people as friends.[153]
According to a 2015–16 survey by the Pew Research Center, 86% of Ukrainian respondents believed that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.[154]
In May 2016 in a survey by Nash Svit Center, conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, only 3,3% of respondents claimed to be positive about LGBT people in general, while 60,4% were negative and 30,7% were indifferent. When asked about equal rights, 33,4% agreed that LGBT members should have the same rights as others, while 45,2% disagreed and 21,3% could not or did not want to answer.[155]
On 25 September 2016, European scientific studies detected that Ukrainians displayed higher levels of homophobia than Albanians and Italians, confirming the central role of cultural differences in homophobic attitudes.[156]
A Pew Research Center poll published in May 2017 suggested that 9% of Ukrainians were in favor of same-sex marriage, while 85% opposed it. According to the poll, younger people were more likely than their elders to favor legal same-sex marriage (11% vs. 7%).[157]
According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 56% of Ukrainians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should enjoy the same rights as straight people, while 21% disagreed. Additionally, 59% agreed that they should be protected from workplace discrimination. 20% of Ukrainians, however, said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be charged as criminals, while 55% disagreed. As for transgender people, 60% agreed that they should have the same rights, 58% believed they should be protected from employment discrimination and a plurality of 43% believed they should be allowed to change their legal gender.[158]
In May 2022 in a survey by Nash Svit Center, also conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 12.8% of respondents claimed to be positive about LGBT people in general, while 38.2% were negative and 44.8% indifferent. When asked about equal rights, 63.7% agreed that LGBT members should have equal rights, while 25.9% disagreed and 10.4% could not or did not want to answer. Nash Svit Center believes that acceptance of LGBT people in Ukraine has "Dramatically improved" compared to results from their similar survey from 2016. It might have been a result of Russian invasion, carried out under the slogans of defending traditional values and fighting gay parades.[155]
One study suggests that the norms of male prisons, which evolved as means of self-regulation in numerous post-Soviet nations, contribute to anti-gay sentiments. This is attributed to the significant portion of individuals who experienced the Soviet Union's penitentiary system.[159]
According to a poll conducted in January 2023 by the National Democratic Institute with the help of the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology, 56% of Ukrainians agreed that same-sex couples should have the right to register their relationship in the form of a civil partnership, while 24% disagreed. 44% supported same-sex marriage, 36% were against it. 30% supported the adoption of children by same-sex couples, 48% were against.[160] The role of LGBT community members in the Ukrainian military following the 2022 Russian invasion has been credited with shifting public attitudes toward same-sex partnerships in Ukraine.[161]
In a June 2024 survey by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology when asked if LGBTQ people should have the same civil liberties and constitutional rights as all Ukrainians 70% of respondents said "yes."[162][135] People polled were asked if they would support a (at the time not existing) possibility for LGBTQ couples) legal civil partnership for LGBTQ couples (minus the ability to adopt); 28.7% of respondents said "yes", while 35.7% said "no" and 25.6% stated "indifference."[162][135] The poll also inquired about the attitudes (of those polled) toward LGBTQ people; 47.3% stated "indifference" and 32.1% stated "negative."[162][135] The pollster concluded that the support for LGBTQ rights in Ukraine has continued to improve, and that the younger demographic and women were generally more positive about LGBTQ issues.[162][135]
Summary table
Same-sex sexual activity legal
(Since 1991)
Equal age of consent (16)
(Since 1991)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment
(Since 2015)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (including indirect discrimination, hate speech)
(Since 2023)
Same-sex marriage(s)
(Constitution defines marriage as a union between a man and a woman)
Recognition of same-sex couples
(Pending since 2022)
Single LGBTQ people allowed to adopt
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples
Joint adoption by same-sex couples
LGBTQ people allowed to serve openly in the military
↑ Extracts from Groysman speech to the Verkhovna Rada are: "Dear deputies: Seven votes stand between us and a visa-free regime. You and we stand for family values, I hear some fake information which says that there may be same-sex marriages in Ukraine. God forbid, this will ever happen. We will never support this".[41] In favor of the bill, Groysman stated "the individual and his rights are at the foundation of our society."[41]
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) movements are social movements that advocate for LGBTQ people in society. Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBTQ people and their interests, numerous LGBTQ rights organizations are active worldwide. The first organization to promote LGBTQ rights was the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, founded in 1897 in Berlin.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Bulgaria face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex relationships are legal in Bulgaria, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been banned since 2004, with discrimination based on "gender change" being outlawed since 2015. In July 2019, a Bulgarian court recognized a same-sex marriage performed in France in a landmark ruling. For 2020, Bulgaria was ranked 37 of 49 European countries for LGBT rights protection by ILGA-Europe. Like most countries in Central and Eastern Europe, post-Communist Bulgaria holds socially conservative attitudes when it comes to such matters as homosexuality and transgender people.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Serbia face significant challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Serbia, and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is banned in areas such as employment, education, media, and the provision of goods and services, amongst others. Nevertheless, households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Bosnia and Herzegovina may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female forms of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples.
Homosexuality in India is socially permitted by most of the traditional native philosophies of the nation, and legal rights continue to be advanced in mainstream politics and regional politics. Homosexual cohabitation is also legally permitted and comes with some legal protections and rights.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Fiji have evolved rapidly over the years. In 1997, Fiji became the second country in the world after South Africa to explicitly protect against discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. In 2009, the Constitution was abolished. The new Constitution, promulgated in September 2013, bans discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity or expression. However, same-sex marriage remains banned in Fiji and reports of societal discrimination and bullying are not uncommon.
The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have developed significantly over time. Today, lesbian, gay and bisexual rights are considered to be advanced by international standards.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Romania face legal challenges and discrimination not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Attitudes in Romania are generally conservative, with regard to the rights of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender citizens. Nevertheless, the country has made significant changes in LGBT rights legislation since 2000. In the past two decades, it fully decriminalised homosexuality, introduced and enforced wide-ranging anti-discrimination laws, equalised the age of consent and introduced laws against homophobic hate crimes. Furthermore, LGBT communities have become more visible in recent years, as a result of events such as Bucharest's annual pride parade, Timișoara's Pride Week and Cluj-Napoca's Gay Film Nights festival.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Russia face severe legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Although sexual activity between consenting adults of the same sex is legal, homosexuality is disapproved of by most of the population and pro-LGBTQ advocacy groups are deemed "extremist" and banned. It is illegal for individuals to "promote homosexuality" and same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Russia provides no anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ people and does not have a designation for hate crimes based on sexual orientation and gender identity. Transgender people are not allowed to change their legal gender and all gender-affirming care is banned. There are currently no laws prohibiting discrimination based on gender identity or expression, and recent laws could be used to discriminate against transgender residents.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in Iceland rank among the highest in the world. Icelandic culture is generally tolerant towards homosexuality and transgender individuals, and Reykjavík has a visible LGBT community. Iceland ranked first on the Equaldex Equality Index in 2023, and second after Malta according to ILGA-Europe's 2024 LGBT rights ranking, indicating it is one of the safest nations for LGBT people in Europe. Conversion therapy in Iceland has been illegal since 2023.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Cyprus have evolved in recent years, but LGBTQ people still face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female expressions of same-sex sexual activity were decriminalised in 1998, and civil unions which grant several of the rights and benefits of marriage have been legal since December 2015. Conversion therapy was banned in Cyprus in May 2023. However, adoption rights in Cyprus are reserved for heterosexual couples only.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people in Turkey face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents, though the overall situation is considered to be less repressive when compared to most other Muslim-majority countries.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals in the Republic of the Philippines have faced many difficulties in their homeland, such as prejudice, violence, abuse, assault, harassment and other forms of anti-LGBT rhetoric. Many LGBT Filipinos are met with mixed attitudes and reactions by their families, friends and others in their communities, as well as professionals, educators, their national public officials, politicians, attorneys and others working for the government and the rest of the general population.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Georgia face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. However, Georgia is one of the few post-Soviet states that directly prohibits discrimination against all LGBT people in legislation, labor-related or otherwise. Since 2012, Georgian law has considered crimes committed on the grounds of one's sexual orientation or gender identity an aggravating factor in prosecution. The legislative ban on discrimination has been enacted as a part of the Government efforts to bring the country closer to the European Union and make the country's human rights record in line with the demands of Georgia's European and Euro-Atlantic integration.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Lithuania have evolved rapidly over the years, although LGBT people still face some legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female expressions of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Lithuania, but neither civil same-sex partnership nor same-sex marriages are available, meaning that there is no legal recognition of same-sex couples.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Moldova face legal and social challenges and discrimination not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same rights and benefits as households headed by opposite-sex couples. Same-sex unions are not recognized in the country, so consequently same-sex couples have little to no legal protection. Nevertheless, Moldova bans discrimination based on sexual orientation in the workplace, and same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1995.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in Slovenia have significantly evolved over time, and are considered among the most advanced of the former communist countries. Slovenia was the first post-communist country to have legalised same-sex marriage, and anti-discrimination laws regarding sexual orientation and gender identity have existed nationwide since 2016.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Cape Verde are afforded some legal protections, and Cape Verde is considered a gay tolerant country. Homosexual activity has been legal in Cape Verde since 2004. Additionally, since 2008, employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been banned, making Cape Verde one of the few African countries to have such protections for LGBTQ people.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights in Kosovo have improved in recent years, most notably with the adoption of the new Constitution, banning discrimination based on sexual orientation. Kosovo remains one of the few Muslim-majority countries that hold regular pride parades.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in North Macedonia face discrimination and some legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity have been legal in North Macedonia since 1996, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples.
↑ Серед них недоумкуваті, божевільні, алкоголіки, бездомні, жебраки, пацифісти, феміністки, повії і лесбійки
↑ Rustam Alexander, Regulating Homosexuality in Soviet Russia, 1956—1991: A Different History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2021), c. 23 — 51. Также смотри: Рустам Александер, Закрытые: Жизнь гомосексуалов в Советском Союзе (Москва: Индивидуум Букс, 2022), с. 91 — 99.
↑ Блох С., Реддауэй П. Диагноз: инакомыслие: Как советские психиатры лечат от политического инакомыслия. — London: Overseas Publications Interchange Ltd, 1981. — 420 с.
↑ Abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union: hearing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, first session, September 20, 1983.
↑ Kasyanova, Irina; Bratkova, Anastasia (4 November 2014), "Поджигателем "Жовтня" оказался радикал из "Реванша""[The arsonist of Zovten has turned out to be a radical from the paramilitary group "Revenge"], Vesti (Ukraine)
↑ Evhen Golovakha; Andriy Gorbachyk; Natalia Panina (2007). "9. Social discrimination and migration"(PDF). Ukraine and Europe: Outcomes of International Comparative Sociological Survey. Kyiv: National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Sociology. pp.133–136. ISBN978-966-02-4352-1. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
↑ Ciocca, G.; Niolu, C.; Déttore, D.; Antonelli, P.; Conte, S.; Tuziak, B.; Limoncin, E.; Mollaioli, D.; Carosa, E.; Gravina, G. L.; Di Sante, S.; Di Lorenzo, G.; Fisher, A. D.; Maggi, M.; Lenzi, A.; Siracusano, A.; Jannini, E. A. (1 February 2017). "Cross-cultural and socio-demographic correlates of homophobic attitude among university students in three European countries". Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 40 (2): 227–233. doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0554-1. PMID27667822. S2CID22591381.
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