Galicia (Eastern Europe)

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Galicia
Historical region
Lviv-downtown(2).JPG
View from the Lion Mountain to the historic center of Lviv
Flag of Galicia-Lodomeria (1890-1918).svg
Flag
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.svg
Coat of arms
Region of Galicia in modern Europe map.png
Galicia (dark green) juxtaposed with modern-day Poland and Ukraine (light green)
CountryFlag of Poland.svg  Poland
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine
Largest cities Kraków
Lviv
Area
 • Total78,497 km2 (30,308 sq mi)
Demonym Galician
Time zones UTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST)
UTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)

Galicia ( /ɡəˈlɪʃ(i)ə/ gə-LISH-(ee-)ə; [1] Polish : Galicja, IPA: [ɡaˈlit͡sja] ⓘ ; Ukrainian : Галичина, romanized: Halychyna, IPA: [ɦɐlɪtʃɪˈnɑ] ; Yiddish : גאַליציע, romanized: Galitsye; see below) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. [2] [3] [4] It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia (centered on Lviv) and Lesser Poland (centered on Kraków).

Contents

The name of the region derives from the medieval city of Halych, [5] [6] [7] and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 as Galiciæ. [8] [9] The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia before it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland in 1352 and became part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. During the partitions of Poland, it was incorporated into a crown land of the Austrian Empire – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the modern regions of western Ukraine: the Lviv, Ternopil, and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts near Halych. [10] In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia after the collapse of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Eastern Galicia became contested ground between Poland and Ruthenia in medieval times and was fought over by Austria-Hungary and Russia during World War I and also Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century. In the 10th century, several cities were founded there, such as Volodymyr and Jaroslaw, whose names mark their connections with the Grand Princes of Kiev. There is considerable overlap between Galicia and Podolia (to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia, especially in a cross-border region (centred on Carpathian Ruthenia) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups.

Origins and variations of the name

The name of the region in the local languages is:

Map of the Principality of Galicia in the 13th century, which formed the nucleus of what later became Galicia Principality Halich map.PNG
Map of the Principality of Galicia in the 13th century, which formed the nucleus of what later became Galicia
Annexation of the Kingdom of Ruthenia by the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Galicia-Volhynia Wars Polska 1333 - 1370.png
Annexation of the Kingdom of Ruthenia by the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars

Some historians [lower-alpha 1] speculated that the name had to do with a group of people of Thracian origin (i.e. Getae) [11] who during the Iron Age moved into the area after the Roman conquest of Dacia in 106 CE and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with the Venedi people who moved into the region at the end of La Tène period. [11] The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (see Thraco-Cimmerian) and Vysotske cultures. [11] A connection with Celtic peoples supposedly explains the relation of the name "Galicia" to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor, such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy), Galatia (in Asia Minor), the Iberian Peninsula's Galicia, and Romanian Galați . [11] [ failed verification ] Some other scholars[ who? ] assert that the name Halych has Slavic origins – from halytsa, meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka which means "jackdaw". [12] (The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city's coat of arms [13] and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria. [14] The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology). Although Ruthenians drove out the Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles.

In 1349, in the course of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, King Casimir III the Great of Poland conquered the major part of Galicia and put an end to the independence of this territory. Upon the conquest Casimir adopted the following title:

Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland and Rus (Ruthenia), lord and heir of the land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania (Pomerelia). Latin : Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres.

Under the Jagiellonian dynasty (Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared the Ruthenian Voivodeship.

In 1526, after the death of Louis II of Hungary, the Habsburgs inherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in the First Partition of Poland. In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia – the Russian Empire took control of Volhynia to the north-east, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Włodzimierz Wołyński) – after which Lodomeria was named. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl (1772–1918), Zamość (1772–1809), Lublin (1795–1809), and Kraków (1846–1918) – became part of Austrian Galicia. Moreover, despite the fact that Austria's claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, "Galicia and Lodomeria" were not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, the territory found itself in Cisleithania, or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary.

The full official name of the new Austrian territory was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator. After the incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator (German : Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator).

Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles, each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province. The duchies of Auschwitz ( Oświęcim ) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków , on the border with Prussian Silesia. Lodomeria, under the name Volhynia, remained under the rule of the Russian Empire – see Volhynian Governorate.

History

The legislative Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria was located in the capital city, Lviv. Sejm Galicyjski.jpg
The legislative Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria was located in the capital city, Lviv.

In Roman times, the region was populated by various tribes of Celto-Germanic admixture, including Celtic-based tribes, the Lugians, Cotini, Vandals and Goths (the Przeworsk and Púchov cultures). During the Migration Period, a variety of nomadic groups invaded the area. [15] [16] The East Slavic tribes White Croats and Tivertsi dominated the area since the 6th century until it was annexed to Kievan Rus' in the 10th century. [17]

In the 12th century, the Principality of Galicia was formed, which merged at the end of the century with neighbouring Volhynia into the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Galicia and Volhynia had originally been two separate Rurikid principalities, assigned on a rotating basis to younger members of the Kievan dynasty. The line of Prince Roman the Great of Volodymyr had held the Principality of Volhynia, while the line of Yaroslav Osmomysl held the Principality of Galicia. Galicia–Volhynia was created following the death in 1198 [18] or 1199 (and without a recognised heir in the paternal line) of the last Prince of Galicia, Vladimir II Yaroslavich; Roman acquired the Principality of Galicia and united his lands into one state. Roman's successors would mostly use Halych (Galicia) as the designation of their combined kingdom. In Roman's time Galicia–Volhynia's principal cities were Halych and Volodymyr. In 1204, Roman captured Kyiv in alliance with Poland, signed a peace treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and established diplomatic relations with the Byzantine Empire. [19]

Reconstruction of the historic border (1772-1918) between Austrian Galicia and Austrian Silesia in Bielsko-Biala. The border between Galicia and Prussia, Bielsko-Biala 03.JPG
Reconstruction of the historic border (1772–1918) between Austrian Galicia and Austrian Silesia in Bielsko-Biała.

In 1205, Roman turned against his Polish allies, leading to a conflict with Leszek the White and Konrad of Masovia. Roman was killed in the Battle of Zawichost (1205), and Galicia–Volhynia entered a period of rebellion and chaos, becoming an arena of rivalry between Poland and Hungary. King Andrew II of Hungary styled himself rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ, Latin for "king of Galicia and Vladimir [in-Volhynia]", a title that later was adopted in the House of Habsburg. In a compromise agreement made in 1214 between Hungary and Poland, the throne of Galicia–Volhynia was given to Andrew's son, Coloman of Lodomeria.

In 1352, when the principality was divided between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the territory became subject to the Polish Crown. With the Union of Lublin in 1569, Poland and Lithuania merged to form the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which lasted for 200 years until conquered and divided up by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in the 1772 partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The south-eastern part of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was awarded to the Habsburg Empress Maria-Theresa, whose bureaucrats named it the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, after one of the titles of the princes of Hungary, although its borders coincided but roughly with those of the former medieval principality. [20] Known informally as Galicia, it became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the Austrian Empire. After 1867 it was part of the Austrian half of Austria-Hungary, until the dissolution of the monarchy at the end of World War I in 1918.

Siege of Przemysl in 1915 Szturm Twierdzy Przemysl A. Ritter von Meissl.jpg
Siege of Przemyśl in 1915

During the First World War, Galicia saw heavy fighting between the forces of the Russian Empire and the Central Powers, on the Eastern Front of World War I. The Russian forces overran most of the region in 1914 after defeating the Austro-Hungarian army in a chaotic frontier battle in the opening months of the war. [21] They were in turn pushed out in the spring and summer of 1915 by a combined German/Austro-Hungarian offensive.

In 1918, Western Galicia became a part of the restored Republic of Poland, which absorbed the Lemko-Rusyn Republic. The local Ukrainian population declared the independence of Eastern Galicia as the short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic. During the Polish-Soviet War, the Soviets tried to establish the puppet-state of the Galician SSR in East Galicia, but the territory was then conquered by the Poles.

The 1921 Peace of Riga confirmed Galicia's status as part of the Second Polish Republic. Although never accepted as legitimate by some Ukrainian nationalists, this was ratified by the Conference of Ambassadors on 14 March 1923 [22] [23] and internationally recognized on 15 May 1923. [24]

The Ukrainians of Eastern Galicia and the neighbouring province of Volhynia made up about 12% of the Polish Republic's population, and were its largest minority. As Polish government policies were discriminatory towards minorities, tensions between the Polish government and the Ukrainian population grew, eventually giving rise to the militant underground Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.

People

Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886 Campesinos y judios galizia.png
Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886

In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of the population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions.[ citation needed ]

Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and "Ruthenians"; [25] the peoples known later as Ukrainians and Rusyns, as well as ethnic Jews, Germans, Armenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Roma and others. In Galicia as a whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German. [26] This population was not evenly distributed. The Poles lived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show the following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%. [27] [28] Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia, Lviv (Polish : Lwów, German : Lemberg) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population. [29] Anthropologist Marianna Dushar has argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region. [30]

The Polish language was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language. [31] The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language. [32] Eastern Galicia was the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time.

The Galician Jews immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as Saxony or Swabia). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and the widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions.

Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, and Catholicism is practiced in two rites. Poles are Roman Catholic, while Ukrainians belong to the Greek Catholic Church. Other Christians belong to one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. Until the Holocaust, Judaism was widespread, and Galicia was the center of Hasidism.

Economy

The new state borders cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of the Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started the fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to the imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia should not develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as a supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments were discouraged, and cities and towns were neglected. [33] [34] [35] The result was significant poverty in Austrian Galicia. [35] [36] Galicia was the poorest province of Austro-Hungary, [37] [38] and according to Norman Davies, could be considered "the poorest province in Europe". [36]

Oil and natural gas industry

Rail lines in Galicia before 1897 Galicia 1897 1.jpg
Rail lines in Galicia before 1897

Near Drohobych and Boryslav in Galicia, significant oil reserves were discovered and developed during the mid 19th and early 20th centuries. [39] [40] The first European attempt to drill for oil was in Bóbrka in western Galicia in 1854. [39] [40] By 1867, a well at Kleczany, in Western Galicia, was drilled using steam to about 200 meters. [39] [40] On 31 December 1872, a railway line linking Borysław (now Boryslav) with the nearby city of Drohobycz (now Drohobych) was opened. British engineer John Simeon Bergheim and Canadian William Henry McGarvey came to Galicia in 1882. [41] [lower-alpha 2] In 1883, their company bored holes of 700 to 1,000 meters and found large oil deposits. [39] In 1885, they renamed their oil developing enterprise the Galician-Karpathian Petroleum Company (German : Galizisch-Karpathische Petroleum Aktien-Gesellschaft), headquartered in Vienna, with McGarvey as the chief administrator and Bergheim as a field engineer, [lower-alpha 3] and built a huge refinery at Maryampole near Gorlice, south of Tarnow. [41] Considered the biggest, most efficient enterprise in Austro-Hungary, Maryampole was built in six months and employed 1,000 men. [41] [lower-alpha 4] Subsequently, investors from Britain, Belgium, and Germany established companies to develop the oil and natural gas industries in Galicia. [39] This influx of capital caused the number of petroleum enterprises to shrink from 900 to 484 by 1884, and to 285 companies manned by 3,700 workers by 1890. [39] However, the number of oil refineries increased from thirty-one in 1880 to fifty-four in 1904. [39] By 1904, there were thirty boreholes in Borysław of over 1,000 meters. [39] Production increased by 50% between 1905 and 1906 and then trebled between 1906 and 1909 because of unexpected discoveries of vast oil reserves of which many were gushers. [42] By 1909, production reached its peak at 2,076,000 tons or 4% of worldwide production. [39] [40] Often called the "Polish Baku", the oil fields of Borysław and nearby Tustanowice accounted for over 90% of the national oil output of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. [39] [42] [43] From 500 residents in the 1860s, Borysław had swollen to 12,000 by 1898. [42] At the turn of the century, Galicia was ranked fourth in the world as an oil producer. [39] [lower-alpha 5] This significant increase in oil production also caused a slump in oil prices. [42] A very rapid decrease in oil production in Galicia occurred just before the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913.

Galicia was the Central Powers' only major domestic source of oil during the Great War. [42]

Ethnic groups

Linguistic and religious structure in 1910

Roman Catholic population of Galicia in the 1910 census Galicja religion1.png
Roman Catholic population of Galicia in the 1910 census
Greek Catholic and Orthodox population of Galicia in 1910 Galicja religion2.png
Greek Catholic and Orthodox population of Galicia in 1910
Prevalence of Polish or Ukrainian language in Galicia in 1910 Galicja language.png
Prevalence of Polish or Ukrainian language in Galicia in 1910
Linguistic and religious structure of Galicia according to the 1910 Austrian census [46]
Today part ofCountyPop.PolishRuthenian (Ukrainian)Other SlavicGermanOther languageRoman CatholicProtestant Uniate OrthodoxJewishOther religion
Flag of Poland.svg Kraków City 15188694.4%0.4%1.8%3.4%0.0%76.8%0.7%1.1%0.0%21.3%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Biała 8617483.0%0.0%0.3%16.7%0.0%93.9%2.8%0.1%0.0%3.1%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Bochnia 11440199.8%0.0%0.0%0.2%0.0%93.9%0.2%0.1%0.0%5.8%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Brzesko 104498100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%94.3%0.0%0.0%0.0%5.6%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Chrzanów 11083899.6%0.0%0.1%0.3%0.0%89.5%0.1%0.1%0.0%10.3%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Dąbrowa 69119100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%91.8%0.0%0.1%0.0%8.1%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Gorlice 8220375.6%24.2%0.1%0.1%0.0%68.5%0.0%23.9%0.0%7.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Grybów 5324082.2%17.7%0.0%0.0%0.0%77.1%0.0%17.4%0.0%5.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Jasło 8787891.6%8.4%0.0%0.0%0.0%84.9%0.0%8.6%0.0%6.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Kolbuszowa 7391299.7%0.0%0.0%0.3%0.0%91.3%0.2%0.0%0.0%8.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Kraków County 6882999.2%0.2%0.2%0.4%0.0%97.8%0.1%0.3%0.0%1.8%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Krosno 8311584.6%15.4%0.0%0.1%0.0%77.2%0.0%15.2%0.0%7.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Łańcut 9353296.8%3.0%0.0%0.1%0.0%87.2%0.3%5.0%0.0%7.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Limanowa 8116399.9%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%96.2%0.0%0.0%0.0%3.8%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Mielec 7721898.5%0.0%0.0%1.4%0.0%88.8%1.1%0.1%0.0%10.0%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Myślenice 9324199.9%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.0%98.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%2.0%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Nisko 6919499.8%0.0%0.0%0.2%0.0%90.3%0.2%1.3%0.0%8.2%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Nowy Sącz 13136686.5%12.8%0.0%0.7%0.0%76.6%1.2%13.0%0.0%9.3%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Nowy Targ 8076799.5%0.5%0.0%0.0%0.0%93.1%0.1%2.7%0.0%4.1%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Oświęcim 4999699.1%0.1%0.3%0.6%0.0%86.4%0.2%0.3%0.0%13.1%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Pilzno 48673100.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%93.8%0.0%0.1%0.0%6.1%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Podgórze 6438398.2%0.1%1.0%0.8%0.0%88.4%0.2%0.4%0.0%11.0%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Przeworsk 5704498.4%1.5%0.0%0.0%0.0%87.4%0.0%5.6%0.0%6.9%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Ropczyce 8017099.6%0.2%0.0%0.1%0.0%91.1%0.0%0.3%0.0%8.5%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Rzeszów 14427199.1%0.5%0.1%0.3%0.0%88.4%0.1%1.8%0.0%9.7%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Strzyżów 5854995.5%4.5%0.0%0.0%0.0%87.9%0.0%4.9%0.0%7.2%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Tarnobrzeg 7736099.9%0.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%89.0%0.0%0.2%0.0%10.7%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Tarnów 11411899.3%0.1%0.2%0.5%0.0%84.4%0.1%0.2%0.0%15.4%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Wadowice 9533999.7%0.0%0.1%0.2%0.0%96.7%0.1%0.1%0.0%3.1%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Wieliczka 6772499.9%0.0%0.0%0.1%0.0%95.5%0.2%0.1%0.0%4.2%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Żywiec 11965399.5%0.0%0.0%0.5%0.0%98.1%0.2%0.0%0.0%1.6%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Lviv City 20612985.8%10.8%0.4%2.9%0.1%51.2%1.5%19.2%0.3%27.8%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Bibrka 8852730.1%69.1%0.0%0.8%0.0%18.8%0.2%69.5%0.0%11.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Bohorodchany 6946313.7%84.9%0.1%1.3%0.0%5.1%0.6%83.6%0.0%10.8%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Borshchiv 10932031.0%68.6%0.0%0.4%0.0%19.4%0.0%68.9%0.0%11.7%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Brody 14621637.8%59.6%0.0%2.5%0.2%21.7%0.2%62.4%0.3%15.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Berezhany 10481040.9%58.9%0.0%0.1%0.0%27.8%0.0%62.0%0.0%10.3%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Brzozów 8140987.9%12.1%0.0%0.0%0.0%78.2%0.0%15.2%0.0%6.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Buchach 13829746.6%53.0%0.0%0.4%0.0%31.4%0.0%55.9%0.0%12.6%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Cieszanów 8654948.1%51.4%0.0%0.5%0.0%34.9%0.2%52.4%0.0%12.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Chortkiv 7644739.1%59.7%0.2%1.0%0.0%28.0%0.2%61.3%0.0%10.4%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Dobromyl 7210339.2%59.7%0.0%1.1%0.0%24.9%0.7%64.0%0.0%10.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Dolyna 11383121.4%74.9%0.0%3.7%0.0%10.8%2.1%75.8%0.0%11.3%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Drohobych 17168741.3%56.7%0.0%2.0%0.0%21.9%1.3%59.6%0.0%17.2%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Horodok 7961235.0%62.7%0.0%2.3%0.0%29.2%2.2%58.7%0.0%9.9%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Horodenka 9203326.9%72.9%0.1%0.1%0.0%12.8%0.0%76.2%0.1%11.0%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Husiatyn 9689144.2%55.7%0.0%0.1%0.0%27.6%0.0%60.7%0.0%11.6%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Jarosław 15030166.7%32.0%0.6%0.6%0.0%50.3%0.1%39.6%0.0%10.0%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Yavoriv 8672020.6%78.3%0.0%1.1%0.0%13.1%0.5%79.0%0.1%7.3%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kalush 9742117.1%81.2%0.0%1.6%0.0%10.1%0.8%80.7%0.0%8.4%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kamianka-Buzka 11531639.7%58.4%0.0%1.7%0.2%24.6%1.6%60.7%0.3%12.7%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kolomyia 12485038.1%59.2%0.2%2.4%0.0%17.8%0.9%62.0%0.2%19.1%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kosiv 8580515.1%84.1%0.0%0.8%0.0%4.8%0.0%83.8%0.0%11.3%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Lesko 9849230.2%68.9%0.0%0.9%0.0%15.0%0.6%70.3%0.0%14.1%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Lviv County 16158061.6%36.6%0.0%1.8%0.0%43.4%2.1%45.8%0.0%8.7%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Mostyska 8784143.8%56.1%0.0%0.1%0.0%31.8%0.1%59.9%0.0%8.2%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Nadvírna 9066325.4%73.4%0.0%1.1%0.0%12.8%0.6%74.0%0.0%12.6%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Pechenizhyn 4679412.1%87.8%0.0%0.1%0.0%3.6%0.0%87.4%0.0%9.0%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Pidhaitsi 9354633.4%65.9%0.0%0.7%0.0%26.7%0.0%65.5%0.0%7.8%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Przemyśl 15999152.4%44.9%0.4%2.2%0.0%35.4%0.4%49.9%0.1%14.1%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Peremyshliany 8656839.5%59.5%0.0%1.0%0.0%26.0%0.7%62.3%0.0%11.0%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Rava-Ruska 11533332.0%67.0%0.0%1.0%0.0%15.0%0.4%70.1%0.0%14.5%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Rohatyn 12496629.2%70.6%0.0%0.2%0.0%17.4%0.1%71.7%0.0%10.8%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Rudky 7726939.1%60.5%0.0%0.4%0.0%27.8%0.4%63.5%0.0%8.3%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Sambir 10744541.7%57.1%0.0%1.2%0.0%30.5%0.3%60.9%0.0%8.2%0.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Sanok 10867854.4%45.4%0.0%0.2%0.0%39.3%0.0%50.3%0.0%10.4%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Skalat 9600652.0%47.7%0.0%0.3%0.0%36.5%0.0%50.3%0.0%13.1%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Skole 5535318.1%77.8%0.0%4.1%0.0%10.9%1.0%77.4%0.0%10.7%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Sniatyn 8870617.3%80.5%0.0%2.1%0.0%8.1%0.5%79.7%0.1%11.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Sokal 10925039.7%60.2%0.0%0.1%0.0%19.3%0.2%65.5%0.0%14.9%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Stanyslaviv 15806639.6%57.5%0.3%2.5%0.1%22.3%0.9%57.6%0.2%18.8%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Staryi Sambir 6081027.4%72.4%0.0%0.1%0.0%14.9%0.0%74.4%0.0%10.7%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Stryi 8021137.6%58.3%0.1%4.0%0.0%19.0%4.0%61.0%0.0%15.9%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ternopil 14213851.4%48.0%0.1%0.4%0.0%32.5%0.1%53.5%0.0%13.9%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Tlumach 11606627.4%71.8%0.0%0.8%0.0%17.9%0.7%73.2%0.0%8.3%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Terebovlia 8104851.7%48.0%0.2%0.1%0.0%39.4%0.1%51.5%0.0%9.0%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Turka 8582319.9%79.8%0.1%0.3%0.0%6.1%0.1%80.2%0.0%13.6%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zalishchyky 7695730.3%69.2%0.1%0.4%0.0%16.6%0.0%71.3%0.1%12.0%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zbarazh 7149843.0%57.0%0.0%0.0%0.0%31.6%0.0%60.9%0.0%7.5%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zboriv 6066532.0%67.9%0.0%0.1%0.0%19.3%0.0%70.5%0.0%10.2%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zolochiv 11737240.3%59.1%0.1%0.6%0.0%25.6%0.3%62.6%0.0%11.6%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zhovkva 9965825.9%72.3%0.0%1.7%0.0%16.9%0.5%73.0%0.0%9.6%0.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zhydachiv 8333922.4%74.7%0.0%2.9%0.0%15.9%0.2%75.7%0.0%8.2%0.0%

Linguistic and religious structure of former Galicia in 1931

Roman Catholic population of former Galicia in the 1931 census Galicja 1931 religion1.png
Roman Catholic population of former Galicia in the 1931 census
Greek Catholic and Orthodox population of former Galicia in 1931 Galicja 1931 religion2.png
Greek Catholic and Orthodox population of former Galicia in 1931
Prevalence of Polish or Ukrainian language in Galicia in 1931 Galicja 1931 languages.png
Prevalence of Polish or Ukrainian language in Galicia in 1931
Linguistic and religious structure of former Galicia according to the 1931 Polish census [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52]
Today part ofCountyPop.Polish%Yiddish & Hebrew%Ukrainian & Ruthenian%Other language %

[Note 1]

Roman Catholic%Jewish%Uniate & Orthodox%Other religion %
Flag of Ukraine.svg Borshchiv 1032774615344.7%43024.2%5261250.9%0.2%2843227.5%93539.1%6534463.3%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Brody 912483284336.0%76408.4%5049055.3%0.3%2252124.7%1036011.4%5800963.6%0.4%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Berezhany 1038244816846.4%37163.6%5175749.9%0.2%4196240.4%71516.9%5461152.6%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Buchach 1390626052343.5%80595.8%7033650.6%0.1%5131136.9%105687.6%7702355.4%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Chortkiv 840083648643.4%64747.7%4086648.6%0.2%3308039.4%78459.3%4282851.0%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kamianka-Buzka 821114169350.8%47375.8%3517842.8%0.6%2982836.3%67008.2%4511354.9%0.6%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kopychyntsi 886143815843.1%51645.8%4519651.0%0.1%3120235.2%72918.2%5000756.4%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Pidhaitsi 956634671048.8%34643.6%4503147.1%0.5%3800339.7%47865.0%5263455.0%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Peremyshliany 899085226958.1%44454.9%3277736.5%0.5%3847542.8%68607.6%4400248.9%0.6%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Radekhiv 693132542736.7%32774.7%3997057.7%0.9%1794525.9%693410.0%4292861.9%2.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Skalat 892156009167.4%36544.1%2536928.4%0.1%4563151.1%84869.5%3479839.0%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ternopil 1422209387466.0%58364.1%4237429.8%0.1%6328644.5%1768412.4%6097942.9%0.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Terebovlia 843215017859.5%31733.8%3086836.6%0.1%3897946.2%48455.7%4045248.0%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zalishchyky 720212754938.3%32614.5%4114757.1%0.1%1791724.9%59658.3%4806966.7%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zbarazh 655793274049.9%31424.8%2960945.2%0.1%2485537.9%39976.1%3646855.6%0.4%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zboriv 814133962448.7%25223.1%3917448.1%0.1%2623932.2%50566.2%4992561.3%0.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zolochiv 1186095662847.7%60665.1%5538146.7%0.5%3693731.1%102368.6%7066359.6%0.7%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Dolyna 1183732115817.9%90317.6%8388070.9%3.6%1563013.2%104718.8%8981175.9%2.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Horodenka 928942775129.9%50315.4%5995764.5%0.2%1551916.7%74808.1%6978975.1%0.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kalush 1022521863718.2%51095.0%7750675.8%1.0%1441814.1%62496.1%8075079.0%0.8%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kolomyia 1760005200629.5%111916.4%11053362.8%1.3%3192518.1%2088711.9%12137669.0%1.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Kosiv 9395267187.2%67307.2%7983885.0%0.7%49765.3%78268.3%8090386.1%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Nadvírna 1407021690712.0%110207.8%11212879.7%0.5%1521410.8%116638.3%11311680.4%0.5%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Rohatyn 1272523615228.4%61114.8%8487566.7%0.1%2710821.3%94667.4%9045671.1%0.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Stanyslaviv 1983594903224.7%2699613.6%12021460.6%1.1%4251921.4%2952514.9%12395962.5%1.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Stryi 1526312518616.5%1541310.1%10618369.6%3.8%2340415.3%1711511.2%10815970.9%2.6%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Sniatyn 780251720622.1%43415.6%5600771.8%0.6%865911.1%70739.1%6179779.2%0.6%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Tlumach 1160284495838.7%36773.2%6665957.5%0.6%3147827.1%67025.8%7665066.1%1.0%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zhydachiv 838171646419.6%47285.6%6109872.9%1.8%1509418.0%52896.3%6314475.3%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Bibrka 971243076231.7%55335.7%6044462.2%0.4%2282023.5%79728.2%6611368.1%0.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Dobromyl 939703594538.3%49975.3%5246355.8%0.6%2594127.6%75228.0%5966463.5%0.9%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Drohobych 1944569193547.3%2048410.5%7921440.7%1.5%5217226.8%2888814.9%11085057.0%1.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Horodok 850073322839.1%29753.5%4781256.2%1.2%2240826.4%49825.9%5671366.7%1.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Yavoriv 867622693831.0%30443.5%5586864.4%1.1%1839421.2%51615.9%6282872.4%0.4%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Lviv City 31223119821263.5%7531624.1%3513711.3%1.1%15749050.4%9959531.9%5082416.3%1.4%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Lviv County 1428008071256.5%15691.1%5839540.9%1.5%6743047.2%50873.6%6759247.3%1.9%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Mostyska 894604998955.9%21642.4%3719641.6%0.1%3461938.7%54286.1%4923055.0%0.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Rava-Ruska 1220722737622.4%109919.0%8213367.3%1.3%2248918.4%1338111.0%8480869.5%1.1%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Rudky 791703841748.5%42475.4%3625445.8%0.3%2767435.0%53966.8%4575657.8%0.4%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Sambir 1338145681842.5%77945.8%6822251.0%0.7%4358332.6%112588.4%7852758.7%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Sokal 1091114285139.3%59175.4%5998455.0%0.3%2542523.3%1337212.3%6996364.1%0.3%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Turka 1144572608322.8%75526.6%8048370.3%0.3%63015.5%106279.3%9733985.0%0.2%
Flag of Ukraine.svg Zhovkva 955073581637.5%33443.5%5606058.7%0.3%2027921.2%78488.2%6682370.0%0.6%
Flag of Poland.svg Brzozów 832056814981.9%38364.6%1067712.8%0.7%6581379.1%43165.2%1274315.3%0.4%
Flag of Poland.svg Jarosław 14802812042981.4%60644.1%2099314.2%0.4%8365256.5%117217.9%5230235.3%0.2%
Flag of Poland.svg Kolbuszowa 695656536194.0%36935.3%620.1%0.6%6399992.0%50917.3%910.1%0.6%
Flag of Poland.svg Krosno 1133879369182.6%44163.9%1466612.9%0.5%9118980.4%65215.8%1513213.3%0.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Lesko 1115753184028.5%84757.6%7034663.0%0.8%1820916.3%109169.8%8158873.1%0.8%
Flag of Poland.svg Lubaczów 872664329449.6%54856.3%3823743.8%0.3%3299437.8%934210.7%4472351.2%0.2%
Flag of Poland.svg Łańcut 976799208494.3%23182.4%26902.8%0.6%8606688.1%62816.4%48064.9%0.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Nisko 642336060294.3%30844.8%1150.2%0.7%5906992.0%39856.2%9251.4%0.4%
Flag of Poland.svg Przemyśl 1625448639353.2%158919.8%6000536.9%0.2%6706841.3%2142413.2%7363145.3%0.3%
Flag of Poland.svg Przeworsk 613885863495.5%21443.5%4060.7%0.3%5483389.3%34055.5%30425.0%0.2%
Flag of Poland.svg Rzeszów 18510617389793.9%90654.9%9630.5%0.6%16405088.6%170989.2%32771.8%0.4%
Flag of Poland.svg Sanok 1141956795559.5%73546.4%3819233.4%0.6%4896842.9%94558.3%5488248.1%0.8%
Flag of Poland.svg Tarnobrzeg 732976762492.3%51867.1%930.1%0.5%6589189.9%63338.6%1940.3%1.2%
Flag of Poland.svg Biała 13912712708991.3%59324.3%480.0%4.4%12643190.9%99517.2%1970.1%1.8%
Flag of Poland.svg Bochnia 11379010971796.4%38473.4%750.1%0.1%10739994.4%56565.0%1340.1%0.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Brzesko 10222610025198.1%18941.9%200.0%0.1%9773095.6%41214.0%660.1%0.3%
Flag of Poland.svg Chrzanów 13806112707892.0%104357.6%880.1%0.3%12501690.6%121278.8%2400.2%0.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Dąbrowa 666786262093.9%40166.0%250.0%0.0%6158492.4%48077.2%360.1%0.4%
Flag of Poland.svg Gorlice 1048057626672.8%35083.3%2488123.7%0.1%7378870.4%55785.3%2509223.9%0.3%
Flag of Poland.svg Jasło 11614610393589.5%46084.0%74356.4%0.1%10221388.0%57865.0%76596.6%0.4%
Flag of Poland.svg Kraków City 21928617120678.1%4582820.9%9240.4%0.6%15937272.7%5651525.8%18940.9%0.7%
Flag of Poland.svg Kraków County 18750918556799.0%15690.8%970.1%0.1%18183697.0%41382.2%3090.2%0.7%
Flag of Poland.svg Limanowa 872798523897.7%19512.2%290.0%0.1%8404896.3%27663.2%430.0%0.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Mielec 774657127292.0%54417.0%480.1%0.9%6973790.0%64578.3%720.1%1.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Myślenice 10269210187899.2%7700.7%160.0%0.0%9997897.4%21892.1%320.0%0.5%
Flag of Poland.svg Nowy Sącz 18386714832980.7%102825.6%2425213.2%0.5%14185777.2%151358.2%2506013.6%1.0%
Flag of Poland.svg Nowy Targ 12948912387795.7%25712.0%21561.7%0.7%12176794.0%48533.7%22961.8%0.4%
Flag of Poland.svg Ropczyce 11092510570095.3%51014.6%600.1%0.1%10403393.8%64105.8%1360.1%0.3%
Flag of Poland.svg Tarnów 14236512481787.7%1730712.2%1020.1%0.1%12061084.7%2121914.9%2930.2%0.2%
Flag of Poland.svg Wadowice 14514314285298.4%20701.4%530.0%0.1%14046996.8%36652.5%1250.1%0.6%
Flag of Poland.svg Żywiec 13094912974799.1%9150.7%190.0%0.2%12768597.5%22451.7%710.1%0.7%
Total former Galicia8505902502376359.1%5492936.5%287445133.8%0.7%432692650.9%7898869.3%333188439.2%0.7%

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Includes 40,393 German-speakers or around 0.5% of inhabitants of former Galicia.
  1. ↑ Encyclopediaofukraine.com: Volodymyr Kubiyovych, Yaroslav Pasternak, Illya Vytanovych, Arkadiy Zhukovsky. [11]
  2. ↑ William McGarvey helped develop a rig in the 1860s or 70s which made his Canadian drilling technology and Canadian drillers famous around the world. John Simon Bergheim and William Henry McGarvey had unsuccessfully searched for oil in Germany under the Continental Oil Company of which McGarvey was the director. They left Germany and began their first drilling in Galicia during 1882 under the company name of McGarvey and Bergheim. [41]
  3. ↑ Just after the turn of the century, Bergheim was killed in a taxicab accident in London, England, leaving McGarvey to carry on alone. [41]
  4. ↑ Later, Bergheim and McGarvey bought a number of small oil-producing and refining operations and acquired the Apollo Oil Company of Budapest. [41]
  5. ↑ In 1909, first in the world for oil production was the United States with 183,171,000 barrels, the Russian Empire was second with 65,970,000 barrels, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was third with 14,933,000 barrels per year due to its significant oil reserves discoveries between 1905 and 1909. [42] [44]

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Western Ukraine or West Ukraine refers to the western territories of Ukraine. There is no universally accepted definition of the territory's boundaries, but the contemporary Ukrainian administrative regions (oblasts) of Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Ternopil and Zakarpattia are typically included. In addition, Volyn and Rivne oblasts are also usually included. In modern sources, Khmelnytskyi Oblast is often included because of its geographical, linguistic and cultural association with Western Ukraine, although this can not be confirmed from a historical and political point of view. It includes several historical regions such as Carpathian Ruthenia, Halychyna including Pokuttia, most of Volhynia, northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region, and Podolia. Western Ukraine is sometimes considered to include areas of eastern Volhynia, Podolia, and the small northern portion of Bessarabia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galician Jews</span> Subgroup of ethnic Jews in present-day Western Ukraine

Galician Jews or Galitzianers are members of the subgroup of Ashkenazi Jews originating and developed in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and Bukovina from contemporary western Ukraine and from south-eastern Poland. Galicia proper, which was inhabited by Ruthenians, Poles and Jews, became a royal province within Austria-Hungary after the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. Galician Jews primarily spoke Yiddish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Galicia</span> Geographical region in western Ukraine

Eastern Galicia is a geographical region in Western Ukraine, having also essential historic importance in Poland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Principality of Galicia</span> Medieval East Slavic principality in the Carpathian region

The Principality of Galicia, also known as Principality of Halych or Principality of Halychian Rus', was a medieval East Slavic principality, and one of the main regional states within the political scope of Kievan Rus', established by members of the oldest line of Yaroslav the Wise descendants. A characteristic feature of the Galician principality was the important role of the nobility and citizens in political life, and consideration a will which was the main condition for the princely rule. Halych as the capital mentioned in around 1124 as a seat of Ivan Vasylkovych the grandson of Rostislav of Tmutarakan. According to Mykhailo Hrushevsky the realm of Halych was passed to Rostyslav upon the death of his father Vladimir Yaroslavich, but he was banished out of it later by his uncle to Tmutarakan. The realm was then passed to Yaropolk Izyaslavich who was a son of the ruling Grand Prince Iziaslav I of Kiev.

Galician Russophilia or Moscophilia was a cultural and political movement largely in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Austria-Hungary. This ideology emphasized that since the Eastern Slavic people of Galicia were descendants of the people of Kievan Rus' (Ruthenians), and followers of Eastern Christianity, they were thus a branch of the Russian people. The movement was part of the larger Pan-Slavism that was developing in the late 19th century. Russophilia was largely a backlash against Polonisation and Magyarisation that was largely blamed on the landlords and associated with Roman Catholicism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Ukrainian minority in Poland</span>

The history of the Ukrainian minority in Poland dates back to the Late Middle Ages, preceding the 14th century Galicia–Volhynia Wars between Casimir III the Great of Poland, and Liubartas of Lithuania. Following the extinction of the Rurikid dynasty in 1323, the Polish Kingdom extended further east in 1340 to include the lands of Przemyśl and in 1366, Kamianets-Podilskyi. After the Union of Lublin (1569), principalities of Galicia and Western Volhynia became, what is known as, the Ruthenian Voivodeship of the Polish Crown, while the rest of Red Ruthenia together with Kyiv came under Lithuanian control. The Polish borders reached as far east as Zaporizhzhia, and Poltava.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galicia–Volhynia Wars</span> Collection of Wars between Ruthenia and Poland-Lithuania

The Galicia–Volhynia Wars were several wars fought in the years 1340–1392 over the succession in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, also known as Ruthenia. After Yuri II Boleslav was poisoned by local Ruthenian nobles in 1340, both the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland advanced claims over the kingdom. After a prolonged conflict, Galicia–Volhynia was partitioned between Poland (Galicia) and Lithuania (Volhynia) and Ruthenia ceased to exist as an independent state. Poland acquired a territory of approximately 52,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) with 200,000 inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">King of Ruthenia</span> Title of Princes of Galicia and Volhynia

King of Ruthenia, King of Rus', King of Galicia and Lodomeria, Lord and Heir of Ruthenian Lands was a title of princes of Galicia and Volhynia, granted by the Pope.

With the arrival of the Hungarians into the heart of the Central European Plain around 899, Slavic tribes of Vistulans, White Croats, and Lendians found themselves under Hungarian rule. In 955 those areas north of the Carpathian Mountains constituted an autonomous part of the Duchy of Bohemia and remained so until around 972, when the first Polish territorial claims began to emerge. This area was mentioned in 981, when Vladimir the Great of Kievan Rus' claimed the area on his westward way. In the 11th century the area belonged to Poland, then reverted to Kievan Rus'. However, at the end of the 12th century the Hungarian claims to the principality turned up. Finally Casimir III of Poland annexed it in 1340–1349. Low Germans from Prussia and Middle Germany settled parts of northern and western Galicia from the 13th to 18th centuries, although the vast majority of the historic province remained independent from German and Austrian rule.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Galicia". Collins English Dictionary
  2. ↑ See also: Eleonora Narvselius (5 April 2012). "Narratives about (Be)longing, Ambiguity, and Cultural Colonization". Ukrainian Intelligentsia in Post-Soviet Lʹviv: Narratives, Identity, and Power. Lexington Books. p. 293. ISBN   978-0-7391-6468-6 . Retrieved 10 March 2019. ... the 'Austro-Hungarian "pedigree" of Galicia becomes the passport to genuine, non-Eastern Europe.' ... Otto von Habsburg ... expressed clearly that all of Ukraine belongs to Central Europe, which is the ideological construction differing from Russia-dominated Eastern Europe.
  3. ↑ Larry Wolff (9 January 2012). "Mythology and Nostalgia: A Matter of Simple Relativity". The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture. Stanford University Press. p. 411. ISBN   978-0-8047-7429-1 . Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  4. ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi (2002). "Jews and Armenians in Central Europe, ca. 1900". Historical Atlas of Central Europe. University of Toronto Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-8020-8486-6 . Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  5. ↑ "European Kingdoms – Eastern Europe – Galicia". The History Files. Kessler Associates. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  6. ↑ Zakharii, Roman. "History of Galicia". Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  7. ↑ "Historical Glossary: Galicia (Halychyna)". Ukrainians in the United Kingdom. 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  8. ↑ "Rex+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae"&pg=PA165 Die Oesterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Volume 19 (in German). Austria: K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1898. p. 165. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Um welchen Preis er dies that, wird nicht überliefert, aber seit dieser Zeit, das ist seit dem Jahre 1206 findet sich in seinen Urkunden der Titel: 'Rex Galiciae et Lodomeriae'
  9. ↑ Martin Dimnik (12 June 2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246. Cambridge University Press. p. 266. ISBN   978-1-139-43684-7 . Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  10. ↑ Wilson, Andrew (2006). Ukraine's Orange Revolution. Andrew Wilson (historian): Yale University Press. p. 34. ISBN   0-300-11290-4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Galicia and Lodomeria at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  12. ↑ Max Vasmer points to Russian galitsa, an adjectival form meaning "jackdaw" – see Galich in Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1950–1958).
  13. ↑ Halych coat of arms: 14th century
  14. ↑ Coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria
  15. ↑ Tadeusz Sulimirski, The Sarmatians, vol. 73 in series "Ancient People and Places", London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.
  16. ↑ Dr. Samar Abbas, Bhubaneshwar, India. "Samar Abbas, Common Origin of Croats, Serbs and Jats, The symposium proceedings "Old Iranian Origins of Croats", Zagreb, 1998". Iranchamber.com. Retrieved 13 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Ісаєвич Я.Д. (2004). ГАЛИЧИНА (in Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Naukova Dumka, NASU Institute of History of Ukraine. ISBN   966-00-0632-2. У 6–9 ст. ці землі входили до ареалу розселення сх.-слов'ян. племен білих хорватів, і тиверців, від 10 ст. (ймовірно, з серед. ст.) вони – у складі Київської Русі. 981 до Київ.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Dimnik, Martin (2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov – 1146–1246. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. (Chronological table of events) xxviii. ISBN   978-0-521-03981-9.
  19. ↑ Roman Mstyslavych – Encyclopaedia of Ukraine
  20. ↑ Larry Wolff, The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford University Press, 2012), p. 1
  21. ↑ Buttar, Prit. Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914. Oxford, UK; New York, NY: Osprey Publishing, 2016. ISBN   9781782006480
  22. ↑ "Language legislation", in Encyclopedia of Ukraine (University of Toronto Press, 1993)
  23. ↑ "Chronicle: A Political Chronicle of Poland", in The Slavonic Review, Volume 2 (University of London, 1923-24) p. 169
  24. ↑ French: Les Alliés reconnaissent à la Pologne la possession de la Galicie, Chronologie des civilisations, Jean Delorme, Paris, 1956.
  25. ↑ Magocsi, Paul R. (2002). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 57.
  26. ↑ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University ofToronto Press. Pg. 424.
  27. ↑ Piotr Eberhardt. Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis. M.E. Sharpe, 2003. pp.92–93. ISBN   978-0-7656-0665-5
  28. ↑ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 123
  29. ↑ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 134
  30. ↑ Plakhta, Dmytro (22 August 2018). ""Food is a little universal anchor and a way of identification"".
  31. ↑ Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt (1911). Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. Vienna: K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische. "Census December 31st 1910"
  32. ↑ Timothy Snyder. (2003).The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 134
  33. ↑ P. R. Magocsi. (1983). Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 99
  34. ↑ P. Wandycz. (1974). The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795–1918. A History of East Central Europe. University of Washington Press. p. 12
  35. 1 2 Stauter-Halsted, Keely (2001). The nation in the village : the genesis of peasant national identity in Austrian Poland, 1848-1914. Ithaca [N.Y.] ISBN   978-1-5017-0224-2. OCLC   992798076.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  36. 1 2 Norman Davies (31 May 2001). Heart of Europe:The Past in Poland's Present. Oxford University Press. p. 331. ISBN   978-0-19-164713-0 . Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  37. ↑ Richard Sylla, Gianni Toniolo. (2002). Patterns of European Industrialisation: The Nineteenth Century. pg. 230. Conversion from 1970 to 2010 dollars here
  38. ↑ Israel Bartal; Antony Polonsky (1999). Focusing on Galicia: Jews, Poles, and Ukrainians, 1772–1918. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. p. 19. ISBN   978-1-874774-40-2. Galician poverty became proverbial in the second half of the nineteenth century
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Schatzker, Valerie; Erdheim, Claudia; Sharontitle, Alexander. "Petroleum in Galicia". Drohobycz Administrative District: History. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  40. 1 2 3 4 Golonka, Jan; Picha, Frank J. (2006). The Carpathians and Their Foreland: Geology and Hydrocarbon Resources. American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG). ISBN   978-0-89181-365-1.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Creswell, Sarah; Flint, Tom. "William H. McGarvey (1843–1914)". Professional Engineers Ontario. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frank, Allison (29 June 2006). "Galician California, Galician Hell: The Peril and Promise of Oil Production in Austria-Hungary". Washington, D.C.: Office of Science and Technology Austria (OSTA). Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
  43. ↑ Thompson, Arthur Beeby (1916). Oil-field Development and Petroleum Mining. Van Nostrand.
  44. ↑ Schwarz, Robert (1930). Petroleum-Vademecum: International Petroleum Tables (VII ed.). Berlin and Vienna: Verlag für Fachliteratur. pp. 4–5.
  45. ↑ SGKP tom II. str. 459
  46. ↑ Zamorski, Krzysztof (1989). Informator statystyczny do dziejów społeczno-gospodarczych Galicji. Ludność Galicji w latach 1857-1910 (in Polish). Kraków-Warszawa: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych. pp. Tabela 21, Tabela 35. ISBN   83-233-0350-9.
  47. ↑ "Plik:Woj.tarnopolskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1938. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  48. ↑ "Plik:Woj.stanisławowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1938. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  49. ↑ "Plik:Woj.lwowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1938. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  50. ↑ "Plik:Woj.krakowskie-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1938. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  51. ↑ Statystyczny, Główny Urząd (1937), English: Dane spisu powszechnego 1931 Miasto Kraków (PDF), retrieved 16 June 2024
  52. ↑ "Plik:M.Lwów-Polska spis powszechny 1931.pdf – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (PDF). commons.wikimedia.org (in Polish). 1937. Retrieved 16 June 2024.

Sources

Further reading

  • Dohrn, Verena. Journey to Galicia, (S. Fischer, 1991), ISBN   3-10-015310-3
  • Frank, Alison Fleig. Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard University Press, 2005). A new monograph on the history of the Galician oil industry in both the Austrian and European contexts.
  • Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi, eds., Galicia: A Multicultured Land (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005). A collection of articles by John Paul Himka, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Stanislaw Stepien, and others.
  • Paul Robert Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983). Concentrates on the historical, or Eastern Galicia.
  • Andrei S. Markovits and Frank E. Sysyn, eds., Nationbuilding and the Politics of Nationalism: Essays on Austrian Galicia (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982). Contains an important article by Piotr Wandycz on the Poles, and an equally important article by Ivan L. Rudnytsky on the Ukrainians.
  • A.J.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1941, discusses Habsburg policy toward ethnic minorities.
  • Wolff, Larry. The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford University Press; 2010) 504 pages. Examines the role in history and cultural imagination of a province created by the 1772 partition of Poland that later disappeared, in official terms, in 1918.
  • (in Polish) Grzegorz Hryciuk, Liczba i skład etniczny ludności tzw. Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1931–1959, [Number and Ethnic Composition of the People of so-called Eastern Galicia 1931–1959] Lublin 1996

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