 | This article is missing information about nineteenth-century and post-Crimean crisis maps.(August 2014) |
The cartography of Ukraine involves the history of surveying and the construction of maps of Ukraine.
| | This article is missing information about nineteenth-century and post-Crimean crisis maps.(August 2014) |
The cartography of Ukraine involves the history of surveying and the construction of maps of Ukraine.
Maps of Ukraine have been produced since the late mediaeval period. During the Turkish wars between 1568 and 1918, high-quality French maps were kept[ by whom? ] as state secrets amid diplomatic negotiations, while 20th-century maps have reflected the region's multiple changes of government.
Ukraine is largely absent from the maps of the Turkish manuscript mapping-tradition that flourished during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror (r. 1444–1446, 1451–1481); the Mediterranean received its own section in world maps, [1] : 5 but typical Turkish maps of the period omitted the Black Sea, and the entire region of the Rus' appeared as just a small portion of Asia between the Caspian and the Mediterranean. [1] : 7
Two centuries later Guillaume le Vasseur, sieur de Beauplan became one of the more prominent cartographers working with Ukrainian data. His 1639 descriptive map of the region was the first such one produced, and after he published a pair of Ukraine maps of different scale in 1660, his drawings were republished[ by whom? ] throughout much of Europe. [2] A copy of de Beauplan's maps played a crucial rôle in negotiations between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire in 1640; its depiction of the disputed Kodak Fortress was of such quality that the head Polish ambassador, Wojciech Miaskowski, deemed it dangerous to exhibit it to his Turkish counterparts. [3]
Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola's 1684 map of Tartaria d'Europa [4] includes "Vkraina o Paese dei Cossachi de Zaporowa" [Ukraine or the land of the Zaporozhian Cossacks].
English-language maps of 1769 depicted the Crimean Khanate as part of its suzerain, the Ottoman Empire, with clear boundaries between the Muslim-ruled states in the south and the Christian-ruled states to the north. Another map from the eighteenth century, inscribed in Latin, was careful to depict a small buffer zone between Kiev and the Polish border. [5] [ need quotation to verify ]
In more recent history, maps of the country have reflected its tumultuous political status and relations with Russia; for example, the city known as "Lvov" (Russian : Львов) during the Soviet era (until 1991) was depicted as "Leopol" or "Lemberg" during its time (1772-1918) in the Habsburg realms, while post-Soviet maps produced in Ukraine have referred to it by its endonym of "Lviv" [5] (Ukrainian : Львів). (Under Polish rule (1272-1772) it went by the Polish name of Lwów).
| Year | Original Name | Name in English | Author | Description | Map |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1154 | Map of al-Idrisi | Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti | The map of al-Idrisi in 1154 shows not only the territorial placement of Ukraine, but also for the first time the name "Rusia" (Rusia, meaning Kievan Rus). The inscriptions on the map include "Ard al Rusia" - the land of Rus (the territory of Right-bank and Left-bank Ukraine), "muttasil ard al Rusia" - the connected land of Rus, "minal Rusia al tuani" - dependent on Rus. The rivers - Dnipro, Dniester, Danube - are marked and labeled, as well as Kyiv (Kiau) and other Ukrainian cities. |  | |
| 1375 | Catalan Atlas (Portolan) | Abraham Cresques | The cartography was done during the decline of the Galicia-Volhynia state. |  | |
| 1544 | "Cosmographia". Map of the Polish region | Sebastian Münster | Rus (Peremyshl, Lviv, Lutsk, Kyiv), Podolia (Kamianets-Podilskyi, Horodets, Bastarnia), Bessarabia, Scythia, Crimea (Perekop, Kaffa); Muscovy, Pskov region, Tataria; Livonia (Riga), Sarmatia, Lithuania (Vilnius, Hrodna), Prussia (Marienburg, Danzig), Mazovia, Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Hungary, Wallachia, Moldavia. |  | |
| 1550 | Black Sea basin Portolan | Battista Agnese | Rus', Tataria and Muscovy |  | |
| 1559 | Black Sea Portolan | Diogo Homem |  | ||
| 1568 | …dirego della seconda… | Forlani |  | ||
| 1571 | Tabula Sarmatiae from Strabonis Rerum Geographicarum | Ptolemy's map | Sebastian Münster | European Sarmatia with the cities of Olbia, Heraclea, Theodosia, Claypida and geographical features such as the Carpathian Mountains, the Dnieper (Borysthenes), the Dniester (Tyras), Tauria, the Sea of Azov (Paludes Meotidis), the Black Sea (Ponti Evxini), Amadotian Lake and others. |  |
| before 1580 | Motiel maps | Unknown | Map of the Black Sea basin, which the French merchant Motiel traveled with from 1580 through Ukraine to Turkey and returned to France in 1582. Created by an unknown author before 1580, it is preserved in the papers of the French merchant Motiel in the National Library of France in Paris. The territory on both sides of the Dnieper has the inscription "Uckrania" (Ukraine) on it. The map shows the cities of Ovruch, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Poltava, Chyhyryn and others. One of the earliest maps with the name "Ukraine" mentioned. [6] |  | |
| 1613 | Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Caeterarumque Regionum Illi Adjacentium . . . Anno 1613 (I) | Hessel Gerritsz, Willem Janszoon Blaeu | The map shows "Eastern Volhynia, which was also called Ukraine and Niz." between Rzhyshchiv and Kaniv in central Podniprovia. One of the earliest cartographic sources with the mention of "Ukraine". [7] |  | |
| 1648 | …Delineatio generalis Camporum Desertorum vulgo Ukraina | General Description of the Deserted Camps, in other words — Ukraine | Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan |  | |
| 1649 | Typus Generalis Vkraine | General description of Ukraine | Jan Janssonius |  | |
| 1659—1685 | Ukrainae pars quae Kiovia Palatinatus vulgo dicitur | Ukrainian lands, Kyiv Voivodeship | Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan, Covens & Mortier |  | |
| XVII century | Ukraine Pars qva Podolia… | Ukrainian lands, Podillia | Covens & Mortier | The Covens map was created based on the map by Boplan. |  |
| XVII century | Ukrainae pars quae Barclavia… | Ukrainian lands, Bracław region | Covens & Mortier | Published in Amsterdam. |  |
| 1662 | Ukraine Pars qva Pokutia… | Ukrainian lands, Carpathians. | Joan Blaeu | Modern Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. Created by cartographer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. |  |
| 1665 | Russie Noire | Black Rus | Nicolas Sanson | Black Rus (Galicia) | |
| 1665 | Tartarie Europeenne ou Petite Tartarie… | European Tartaria, so-called A Little Tartary | Nicolas Sanson | Tartary, Ukraine - the state of the Cossacks, Muscovy and Poland. | |
| 1665 | Haute Volhynie, ou Palatinat de Lusuc; tire de la Grande Carte d'Ukraine. | Volyn, so-called Lutsk lands; part of the Great Map of Ukraine | Nicolas Sanson | ||
| XVII century | Vkraina | Ukraine | Wilhelm Pfann | ||
| 1670 | Regni Polonia magni ducatus Lithuania | Poland and Lithuania | Carlo Alard | Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |  |
| 1674 | …Vkraine ou Pays des Cosaques | Ukraine - State of the Cossacks | Guillaume Sanson | ||
| 1684 | Tartaria d Europa ouero Piccola Tartaria | European Tartary or Little Tartary | Giacomo Cantelli | Dnieper Ukraine marked as "Ukraine or the land of the Zaporozhian Cossacks" (Vkraina o Paese de Cossachi di Zaporowa). To the east of it is another Ukraine - "Ukraine or the land of the Don Cossacks, dependent on Moscow" (Vkraina ouero Paese de Cossachi Tanaiti Soggetti al Moscouita). |  |
| 1705 | Королевства Польского и Великого княжества Литовского чертеж | Plan of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania | Peter Picart | The map depicts the territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There are also markings for Ukraine (Ꙋkraіna) and Part of Moscow State. | |
| 1705 | Le mar noire… Et les pars Cosaques… | The Black Sea... And the Lands of the Cossacks... | Nicolas de Fer | The northern Black Sea coast - the lands of the Cossacks - Ukraine, and Little Tataria. | |
| 1710(?) | Ukraine grand pays de la Russie Rouge avec une partie de la Pologne, Moscovie… | Great Country - Ukraine, Red Ruthenia, bordering with Poland, Muscovy, Wallachia... | Pierre Van Der Haeghen ; | ||
| 1710 | Ukraina | Ukraine | Abraham Allard | Map of Poland and Muscovy (including Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia, Volhynia, Courland, Crimea, Wallachia, Livonia) | |
| 1711 | Ukraine… | Guillaume Delisle | Map of Ukraine, Kiev Voivodeship. | ||
| 1720 | Vkrania que terra Cosaccorvm… | Ukraine - land of the Cossacks | Johann Baptist Homann | Map "Ukraine or Cossack land with neighboring provinces of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Little Tartary" by Johann Baptist Homann, Nuremberg, 1716. Western and central parts of Ukraine are shown. Near UKRANIE is marked as RUSSIA RUBRA. According to one version, the man sitting and smoking a pipe surrounded by associates depicted on the cartouche is Ivan Mazepa. |  |
| 1730 | Nova Mappa Maris Nigri… | New map of the Black Sea | Matthäus Seutter | ||
| 1740 | Nova Et Accurata Tartarie Europe Seu Minoris… | European Tartary | Matthäus Seutter | Little Tartary and Ukraine - land of the Cossacks. |  |
| 1740 | Nova et accurata Turcicarum et Tartaricarum Provinciarum | Matthäus Seutter | Malo-Tartary and Ukraine - Cossack State. | ||
| 1770 | Amplissima Ucraniae Regio… | Ukraine and regions | Tobias Conrad Lotter | Ukrainian lands | |
| 1781 | Russia Rossa | Antonio Zatta | Translates to "Dry Rus". According to another version - "Red Rus". |  | |
| 1919 | Carte de Ukraine | A map presented by the delegation of the UNR at the Paris Peace Conference. |  | ||
| 1920 | World Map with the Distribution of Ukrainians | "World Map with the Distribution of Ukrainians" by Georg Hasenko, 1920. |  | ||
| 1928 | Contemporary Division of Eastern Slavs by Language | Modern division of Eastern Slavs by language | Kudryashov K. V. | A map published in the "Russian Historical Atlas" in Moscow, which received the first prize of the TsEKUB and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. |
The Dardanelles, also known as the Strait of Gallipoli and in Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont, is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey. Together with the Bosporus, the Dardanelles forms the Turkish Straits.
The Bar Confederation was an association of Polish–Lithuanian nobles (szlachta) formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia, now Ukraine, in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian political influence and against King Stanislaus II Augustus with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy magnates.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was a major armed conflict that saw Russian arms largely victorious against the Ottoman Empire. Russia's victory brought the Yedisan between the rivers Bug and Dnieper, and Crimea into the Russian sphere of influence. Through a series of victories accrued by the Russian Empire led to substantial territorial conquests, including direct conquest over much of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, less Ottoman territory was directly annexed than might otherwise be expected due to a complex struggle within the European diplomatic system to maintain a balance of power that was acceptable to other European states and avoided direct Russian hegemony over Eastern Europe.
The Southern Bug, also called Southern Buh, and sometimes Boh River, is a navigable river located in Ukraine. It is the second-longest river in Ukraine.
Budjak, also known as Budzhak, is a historical region that was part of Bessarabia from 1812 to 1940. Situated along the Black Sea, between the Danube and Dniester rivers, this multi-ethnic region covers an area of 13,188 km2 (5,092 sq mi) and is home to approximately 600,000 people. The majority of the region is now located in Ukraine's Odesa Oblast, while the remaining part is found in the southern districts of Moldova. The region is bordered to the north by the rest of Moldova, to the west and south by Romania, and to the east by the Black Sea and the rest of Ukraine.
Buchach is a city located on the Strypa River in Chortkiv Raion of Ternopil Oblast (province) of Western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Buchach urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Buchach rests 135 kilometres south-east of Lviv, in the historic region of Halychyna (Galicia). The city was located in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the partitions, followed by the Habsburg monarchy (1772—1804), Austrian empire (1804—1867), Austro-Hungary (1867—1918), West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918—1919), and Poland (1919—1939). The population was estimated at 12,171.
Kodak fortress was a fort built in 1635 by the order of Władysław IV Vasa, ruler of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Commonwealth's Sejm, on the Dnieper river near what would become the town of Stari Kodaky. In 1711, according to the Treaty of the Pruth the fortress was destroyed by the Russians.
The earliest known usage of the name Ukraine appears in the Hypatian Codex of c. 1425 under the year 1187 in reference to a part of the territory of Kievan Rus'. The use of "the Ukraine" is officially deprecated by the Ukrainian government and many English language media publications.
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Brody Castle is a former fortress in the city of Brody, part of Lviv Oblast, Ukraine.
The Ottoman Navy or The Imperial Navy, also known as the Ottoman Fleet, was the naval warfare arm of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after the Ottomans first reached the sea in 1323 by capturing Praenetos, the site of the first Ottoman naval shipyard and the nucleus of the future navy.
Brody Raion was a raion (district) of Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center was Brody. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Brody Raion was merged into Zolochiv Raion. The last estimate of the population of the raion was 57,457.
Yazlovets is a village in Chortkiv Raion, Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage centre of local significance. The village belongs to the Buchach urban hromada. It lies on the Vilchivchik river, a tributary of the Strypa and is located 16 km south of Buchach and presently has around 600 inhabitants. From 1947-91, it was known as Yablunivka. Apart from the ruined fortifications, there is little sign now that in the 15th and 16th centuries this was a thriving trading centre, on major international mercantile routes between the Black Sea and Northern Europe, and host to multiple merchant families of diverse ethnicities and religions. It was an instance of a privately owned settlement, such as was Zamość in Poland. The city's square has been entirely obliterated.
The Wild Fields is a historical term used in the Polish–Lithuanian documents of the 16th to 18th centuries to refer to the Pontic steppe in the territory of present-day Eastern and Southern Ukraine and Western Russia, north of the Black Sea and Azov Sea. It was the traditional name for the Black Sea steppes in the 16th and 17th centuries. In a narrow sense, it is the historical name for the demarcated and sparsely populated Black Sea steppes between the middle and lower reaches of the Dniester in the west, the lower reaches of the Don and the Siverskyi Donets in the east, from the left tributary of the Dnipro — Samara, and the upper reaches of the Southern Bug — Syniukha and Ingul in the north, to the Black and Azov Seas and Crimea in the south.
Pidhirtsi Castle is a residential castle-fortress located in the village of Pidhirtsi in Lviv Oblast (province) western Ukraine, located eighty kilometers east of Lviv.
Sharovary are a kind of men's pants, part of the national clothes of Ukrainian Cossacks—are free to hips, often with assembly at the waist, collected at the bottom near the ankles.
The Arabat Fortress, built in the 17th century by the Ottoman army, stands at the southernmost part of the Arabat Spit. Its purpose was to guard the spit and Crimea from invasions. It was in use, with intermissions, until the Crimean War of 1853–1856.
Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan or William le Vasseur de Beauplan was a French-Polish cartographer, engineer and architect.
Perehnoiv is a village in Lviv Raion (district) of Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine. It belongs to Hlyniany hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
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