Little Russia

Last updated
Little Russia
Малая Русь
Region of the Russian Empire
Little Great and white Russias 1747 Bowen map.jpg
A fragment of the “new and accurate map of Europe collected from the best authorities...” by Emanuel Bowen published in 1747 in his A complete system of geography. The territory around Voronezh and Tambov is shown as “Little Russia”. White Russia is located north-east of Smolensk, and the legend “Ukrain” straddles the Dnieper river near Poltava.
Today part of Belarus
Russia
Ukraine
Moldova

Little Russia, [lower-alpha 1] also known as Lesser Russia, Malorussia, Little Rus', [lower-alpha 2] and the French equivalent Petite Russie, is a geographical and historical term used to describe Ukraine.

Contents

At the beginning of the 14th century, the patriarch of Constantinople accepted the distinction between what it called the eparchies of Megalē Rosiia (Great Rus') and Mikrà Rosiia (Little Rus'). [1] [2] The jurisdiction of the latter became the metropolis of Halych in 1303. [1] The specific meaning of the adjectives "Great" and "Little" in this context is unclear. It is possible that terms such as "Little" and "Lesser" at the time simply meant geographically smaller and/or less populous, [3] or having fewer eparchies. [2] Another possibility is that it denoted a relationship similar to that between a homeland and a colony (just as "Magna Graecia" denoted a Greek colony). [2]

The name term went out of use in the late 15th century as distinguishing the "Great" and "Little" was no longer necessary since the church in Moscow was no longer tied to Kiev. However, with the rise of the Catholic Ruthenian Uniate Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Orthodox prelates attempting to seek support from Moscow revived the name using the Greek-influenced spelling: Malaia Rossiia ("Little Russia"). [2] Then, "Little Russia" developed into a political and geographical concept in Russia, referring to most of the territory of modern-day Ukraine, especially the territory of the Cossack Hetmanate. Accordingly, derivatives such as "Little Russian" (Russian : Малоросс, romanized: Maloross) [lower-alpha 3] were commonly applied to the people, language, and culture of the area. A large part of the region's elite population adopted a Little Russian identity that competed with the local Ukrainian identity. The territories of modern-day southern Ukraine, after being annexed by Russia in the 18th century, became known as Novorossiya ("New Russia"). [4]

After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, and with the amalgamation of Ukrainian territories into one administrative unit (the Ukrainian People's Republic and then the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic), the term started to recede from common use. Today, the term is anachronistic, and many Ukrainians regard its usage as offensive. [5] [6]

Etymology and name variations

Dialectal partition of the Russian language in 1915 (including Little Russian "dialect"). Movna mapa na 1915 rik.png
Dialectal partition of the Russian language in 1915 (including Little Russian "dialect").

The toponym is adapted from the Greek term, which was used in medieval times by the patriarchs of Constantinople from the beginning of the 14th century. [7] The Byzantines accepted the distinction between Μεγάλη Ῥωσσία (Megálē Rhōssía – Great Rus'), [8] where the Russian Church would become independent after declaring autocephaly in 1448, and Μικρὰ Ῥωσσία (Mikrà Rhōssía – Little Rus’), which beginning in 1458 would have its own metropolitans who were approved by the patriarch of Constantinople. [9]

Initially Little or Lesser meant the nearer part, [3] as after the division of the metropolis (ecclesiastical province) in 1305, a new southwestern metropolis in the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia consisted of only 6 of the 19 former eparchies. [3] [1] It later lost its ecclesiastical associations and became a geographical name only. [3]

In the 17th century, the term Malorossiya was introduced into Russian. In English the term is often translated Little Russia or Little Rus’, depending on context. [10]

The Russian-Polish geographer and ethnographer Zygmunt Gloger in his "Geography of historic lands of the Old Poland" (Polish : "Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski") describes an alternative view of the term "Little" in relations to Little Russia where he compares it to the similar term of "Little Poland". [11]

Historical usage

Nikolay Sergeyev [ru]. "Apple blossom. In Little Russia." 1895. Oil on canvas. Nikolay Sergeyev Apple blossom in Little Russia.jpg
Nikolay Sergeyev  [ ru ]. "Apple blossom. In Little Russia." 1895. Oil on canvas.
1904 map showing boundaries of Little Russia (including portions of Sloboda Ukraine) and South Russia (in place of New Russia) as separate provinces. 1904 Map showing Little Russia and South Russia.pdf
1904 map showing boundaries of Little Russia (including portions of Sloboda Ukraine) and South Russia (in place of New Russia) as separate provinces.
This original German map titled Europaisches Russland (European Russia) published in 1895-90 by Meyers Konversations-Lexikon uses the terms Klein-Russland and Gross-Russland , which literally mean Little Russia and Great Russia, respectively. Europaisches russland fragment.jpg
This original German map titled Europäisches Russland (European Russia) published in 1895–90 by Meyers Konversations-Lexikon uses the terms Klein-Russland and Gross-Russland, which literally mean Little Russia and Great Russia, respectively.
"In Little Russia". Photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, between 1905 and 1915. In Little Russia.jpg
"In Little Russia". Photo by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, between 1905 and 1915.

The expression μικρὰ Ρωσσία is found as early as 1292, in writings of Codinus. [12]

The term was used by Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1361 when he created two metropolitan sees: Great Rus' in Vladimir and Kiev and Little Rus' with its centers in Galich (Halych) and Novgorodok (Navahrudak). [13] King Casimir III of Poland was called "the king of Lechia and Little Rus'." [13] Yuri II Boleslav used the term in a 1335 letter to Dietrich von Altenburg, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, where he styled himself as dux totius Rusiæ Minoris. [13] According to Mykhaylo Hrushevsky, Little Rus' was associated with the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, and after its downfall, the name ceased to be used. [14]

In the post-medieval period, the name Little Rus' was first used by the Eastern Orthodox clergy of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, e.g. by influential cleric and writer Ioan Vyshensky (1600, 1608), Metropolitan Matthew of Kiev and All Rus' (1606), Bishop Ioann (Biretskoy) of Peremyshl, Metropolitan Isaiah (Kopinsky) of Kiev, Archimandrite Zacharias Kopystensky of Kiev Pechersk Lavra, etc. [15] The term has been applied to all Orthodox Ruthenian lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. [15] Vyshensky addressed "the Christians of Little Russia, brotherhoods of Lviv and Vilna," and Kopystensky wrote "Little Russia, or Kiev and Lithuania." [15]

The term was adopted in the 17th century by the Tsardom of Russia to refer to the Cossack Hetmanate of Left-bank Ukraine, when the latter fell under Russian protection after the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav, after which it was referred to as Malorossiia. [1] From 1654 to 1721, the official title of Russian tsars contained the language (literal translation) "The Sovereign of all Rus': the Great, the Little, and the White."[ citation needed ]

The term Little Rus' has been used in letters of the Cossack hetmans Bohdan Khmelnytsky [16] and Ivan Sirko. [17] [18] Innokentiy Gizel, Archimandrite of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, wrote that the Russian people were a union of three branches—Great Russia, Little Russia, and White Russia—under the sole legal authority of the Moscow Tsars. The term Little Russia has been used in Ukrainian chronicles by Samiilo Velychko, in a chronicle of the Hieromonk Leontiy (Bobolinski), and in Thesaurus by Archimandrite Ioannikiy (Golyatovsky). [19] [20]

The usage of the name was later broadened to apply loosely to the parts of Right-bank Ukraine when it was annexed by Russia at the end of the 18th century upon the partitions of Poland. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Russian Imperial administrative units known as the Little Russian Governorate and eponymous General Governorship were formed and existed for several decades before being split and renamed in subsequent administrative reforms.[ citation needed ]

Up to the very end of the 19th century, Little Russia was the prevailing term for much of the modern territory of Ukraine controlled by the Russian Empire, as well as for its people and their language. This can be seen from its usage in numerous scholarly, literary and artistic works. Ukrainophile historians Mykhaylo Maksymovych, Mykola Kostomarov, Dmytro Bahaliy, and Volodymyr Antonovych acknowledged the fact that during the Russo-Polish wars, Ukraine had only a geographical meaning, referring to the borderlands of both states, but Little Russia was the ethnonym of Little (Southern) Russian people. [21] [22] In his prominent work Two Russian nationalities, Kostomarov uses Southern Rus and Little Russia interchangeably. [21] [23] Mykhailo Drahomanov titled his first fundamental historic work Little Russia in Its literature (1867–1870). [24] Different prominent artists (e.g., Mykola Pymonenko, Kostyantyn Trutovsky, Nikolay Aleksandrovich Sergeyev, photographer Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, etc.), many of whom were native to the territory of modern-day Ukraine, used Little Russia in the titles of their paintings of Ukrainian landscapes.[ citation needed ]

The term Little Russian language was used by the state authorities in the first Russian Empire Census, conducted in 1897.[ citation needed ]

The name Ukraine was reintroduced in the 19th century by several writers making a conscious effort to awaken Ukrainian national awareness. [25] But it was not until the 20th century when the modern term Ukraine started to prevail, while Little Russia gradually fell out of use.[ citation needed ]

Modern context

The term Little Russia is now anachronistic when used to refer to the country Ukraine and the modern Ukrainian nation, its language, culture, etc. Such usage is typically perceived as conveying an imperialist view that the Ukrainian territory and people ("Little Russians") belong to "one, indivisible Russia." [26] Today, many Ukrainians consider the term disparaging, indicative of Russian suppression of Ukrainian identity and language.

It has continued to be used in Russian nationalist discourse, in which modern Ukrainians are presented as a single people in a united Russian nation. This has provoked new hostility toward and disapproval of the term by many Ukrainians.[ citation needed ] In July 2021 Vladimir Putin published a 7000-word essay, a large part of which was devoted to expounding these views. [27]

"Little Russianness"

The concept of "Little Russianness" (Ukrainian : малоросійство, romanized: malorosiistvo) is defined by some Ukrainian authors as a provincial complex they see in parts of the Ukrainian community due to its lengthy existence within the Russian Empire. They describe it as an "indifferent, and sometimes a negative stance towards Ukrainian national-statehood traditions and aspirations, and often as active support of Russian culture and of Russian imperial policies". [28] Mykhailo Drahomanov, who used the terms Little Russia and Little Russian in his historical works, [24] applied the term Little Russianness to Russified Ukrainians, whose national character was formed under "alien pressure and influence" and who consequently adopted the "worse qualities of other nationalities and lost the better ones of their own". [28] Ukrainian conservative ideologue and politician Vyacheslav Lypynsky defined the term as "the malaise of statelessness". [29] The same inferiority complex has been said to apply to the Ukrainians of Galicia with respect to Poland (gente ruthenus, natione polonus). [30] The related term Madiarony has been used to describe Magyarized Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia who advocated for the union of that region with Hungary. [28]

The term "Little Russians" has also been used to denote stereotypically uneducated, rustic Ukrainians exhibiting little or no self-esteem. The uncouth stage persona of popular Ukrainian singer and performer Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko is an embodiment of this stereotype; his Surzhyk-speaking drag persona Verka Serduchka has also been seen as perpetuating this demeaning image. [31] [32] Danylko himself usually laughs off such criticism of his work, and many art critics argue that his success with the Ukrainian public is rooted in the unquestionable authenticity of his presentation. [33]

Tchaikovsky's Symphony No 2 in C minor, Op 17, is nicknamed the "Little Russian" from its use of Ukrainian folk tunes. [34] According to historian Harlow Robinson, Nikolay Kashkin, a friend of the composer as well as a well-known musical critic in Moscow, "suggested the moniker in his 1896 book Memories of Tchaikovsky." [35]

Notes

  1. ↑ Russian: Малороссия , romanized: Malorossiya; Ukrainian: Малоросія, romanized: Malorosiia.
  2. ↑ Russian: Малая Русь, romanized: Malaya Rus; Ukrainian: Мала Русь, romanized: Mala Rus, from Greek: Μικρὰ Ῥωσία, romanized: Mikrá Rosía). [1]
  3. ↑ Plural: малороссы, malorossy. Alternatively: малороссиянин, malorossiyanin, малорус, malorus

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Magocsi 2010, p. 159.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Kohut, Zenon Eugene (1986). "The Development of a Little Russian Identity and Ukrainian Nationbuilding". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 10 (3/4): 559–576. JSTOR   41036271 – via 563.
  3. 1 2 3 4 (in Russian) Соловьев А. В. Великая, Малая и Белая Русь Archived 2018-05-16 at the Wayback Machine // Вопросы истории. – М.: Изд-во АН СССР, 1947. – № 7. – С. 24–38.
  4. ↑ Schlegel, Simon (2019). Making ethnicity in southern Bessarabia : tracing the histories of an ambiguous concept in a contested land. Leiden. p. 33. ISBN   9789004408029.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ "Russia rejects new Donetsk rebel 'state'". BBC News. 19 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  6. ↑ Steele, Jonathan (1994). Eternal Russia: Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and the Mirage of Democracy . Harvard University Press. p.  216. ISBN   978-0-674-26837-1 . Retrieved 3 December 2016. Several centuries later, when Moscow became the main colonizing force, Ukrainians were given a label which they were to find insulting. [...] The Russians of Muscovy [...] were the 'Great Russians'. Ukraine was called 'Little Russia', or Malorus. Although the phrase was geographical in origin, it could not help being felt by Ukrainian nationalists as demeaning.
  7. ↑ Magocsi 2010, p. 159, As early as at the beginning of the fourteenth century, Constantinople accepted the distinction between what it designated as the eparchies of Great Rus'... and Little Rus'....
  8. ↑ Vasmer, Max (1986). Etymological dictionary of the Russian language (in Russian). Vol. 1. Moscow: Progress. p. 289. Archived from the original on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  9. ↑ Magocsi 2010, pp. 159–160, ...a step which eventually led to its complete independence as the Russian Orthodox Church... on Belarusan and Ukrainian lands within Lithuania and Poland, it too, beginning in 1458 had its own metropolitans of Kiev.
  10. ↑ Some works of modern scholars that make such distinction are:
    Paul Robert Magocsi "The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia As Ukraine's Piedmont", University of Toronto Press (2002), ISBN   0-8020-4738-6
    Serhii Plokhy, "The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus", Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN   0-521-86403-8
  11. ↑ Zygmunt Gloger. Province of Little Poland (Prowincya Małopolska) Archived 2021-04-17 at the Wayback Machine . Geography of historic lands of the Old Poland.
  12. ↑ Morfill, William Richard (1890). "The Story of Russia".
  13. 1 2 3 Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. – Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи» (1998), ISBN   966-7217-56-6 – с. 274.
  14. ↑ Грушевський М.С. Історія України-Руси, том I, К. 1994, "Наукова думка", с. 1–2. ISBN   5-12-002468-8
  15. 1 2 3 Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. – Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи» (1998), ISBN   966-7217-56-6 – с. 276.
  16. ↑ «…Самой столицы Киева, також части сие Малые Руси нашия». "Воссоединение Украины с Россией. Документы и материалы в трех томах", т. III, изд-во АН СССР, М.-Л. 1953, № 147, LCCN   54-28024, с. 257.
  17. ↑ Яворницкий Д.И. История запорожских казаков. Т.2. К.: Наукова думка, 1990. 660 с. ISBN   5-12-001243-4 (v.1), ISBN   5-12-002052-6 (v.2), ISBN   5-12-001244-2 (set). Глава двадцать шестая Archived 2007-03-20 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "Листи Івана Сірка", изд. Института украинской археографии, К. 1995, с. 13 и 16.
  19. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-12-24. Retrieved 2018-12-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ Русина О. В. Україна під татарами і Литвою. – Київ: Видавничий дім «Альтернативи», 1998. – с. 279.
  21. 1 2 In his private diary Taras Shevchenko wrote "Little Russia" or "Little Russian" twenty one times, and "Ukraine" 3 times ("Ukrainian" – never) and ("Kozak" – 74). At the same time in his poetry he used only "Ukraine" (and "Ukrainian" – never). Roman Khrapachevsky, Rus`, Little Russia and Ukraine, «Вестник Юго-Западной Руси», № 1, 2006 г.
  22. ↑ s:ru:Дневник (Шевченко)
  23. ↑ Костомаров М. Две русские народности // Основа. – СПб., 1861. – Март.
  24. 1 2 Михаил Драгоманов, Малороссия в ее словесности Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine , Вестник Европы. – 1870. – Июнь
  25. ↑ Ukrainians Archived 2007-05-03 at the Wayback Machine in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine Archived 2009-08-15 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Analysis of the events of the Orange Revolution in Ukraine by Prof. Y. Petrovsky-Shtern Retrieved Archived 2020-02-10 at the Wayback Machine May 23, 2007
  27. ↑ On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians Archived 2022-01-25 at the Wayback Machine
  28. 1 2 3 Ihor Pidkova (editor), Roman Shust (editor), "Dovidnyk z istorii Ukrainy Archived 2009-04-10 at the Wayback Machine ", 3-Volumes, "Малоросійство Archived 2007-05-26 at the Wayback Machine " (t. 2), Kiev, 1993–1999, ISBN   5-7707-5190-8 (t. 1), ISBN   5-7707-8552-7 (t. 2), ISBN   966-504-237-8 (t. 3).
  29. ↑ Ihor Hyrych. "Den". Lypynsky on the imperative of political independence Retrieved Archived 2008-05-21 at the Wayback Machine May 23, 2007
  30. ↑ Serhii Plokhy, "The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus", Cambridge University Press (2006), ISBN   0-521-86403-8, pp.169-
  31. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Serhiy Hrabovsky. "Telekritika". "Sour Milk of Andriy Danylko" Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 23, 2007
  32. ↑ (in Russian) НРУ: Верка Сердючка – позор Полтавы Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine , Korrespondent.net , 22 May 2007
  33. ↑ (in Russian) Алексей Радинский, Полюбить Сердючку Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine , Korrespondent , 17 March 2007
  34. ↑ Holden, Anthony, Tchaikovsky: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1995), 87.
  35. ↑ Robinson, Harlow. "Symphony No. 2, Little Russian". www.bso.org. Retrieved June 14, 2024.

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