Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

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Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe1 .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Marriage Civil union Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation) Limited foreign recognition (residency rights) Unrecognized Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples 1 May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" * ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Same-sex marriage map Europe detailed.svg
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.
Countries performing civil unions in Europe Gender-neutral civil unions. Civil unions for same-sex couples only. Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage. Civil unions never performed. Civil union map Europe detailed.svg
Countries performing civil unions in Europe
  Gender-neutral civil unions.
  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.
  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.
  Civil unions never performed.

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

Contents

As of February 2024, twenty-one European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. A 22nd country, Liechtenstein, will commence same-sex marriages in 2025. An additional ten European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence, [1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling. [2] In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life. [3]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom, [nb 1] whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages. [4] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013), [5] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015) [6] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life. [7]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) [8] largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention. [9] [10] At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal. [11] [12] The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020). [13]

In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life. [3]

European Union

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members. [14]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice. [15] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage. [16]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage. [17] [1]

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld. [2]

National level

StatusCountrySinceCountry population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(22 countries)
* In eleven countries that have passed marriage,
other types of partnerships are available too.		 Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra*2023 [nb 2] [18] [19] 82,495
Flag of Austria.svg Austria*2019 [nb 3] [20] 9,223,284
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium*2003 [nb 4] [21] 11,813,125
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark 2012 [nb 5] [22] 6,012,044
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia*2024 [nb 6] [23] [24] 1,391,508
Flag of Finland.svg Finland 2017 [nb 7] [25] [26] 5,646,132
Flag of France.svg France*2013 [nb 8] [27] 66,665,461
Flag of Germany.svg Germany 2017 [nb 9] [28] 85,199,304
Flag of Greece.svg Greece* [nb 10] 2024 [nb 11] [29] 10,010,137
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland*2010 [nb 12] [30] 397,870
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland 2015 [nb 13] [31] 5,320,362
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein 2025 [nb 14] [32] 39,995
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg*2015 [nb 15] [33] 681,955
Flag of Malta.svg Malta*2017 [nb 16] [34] 539,698
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands*2001 [nb 17] [35] [36] 18,359,193
Flag of Norway.svg Norway 2009 [nb 18] [37] 5,606,240
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal 2010 [nb 19] [38] 10,449,899
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia 2022 [nb 20] [39] [40] 2,122,839
Flag of Spain.svg Spain*2005 [nb 21] [41] 48,028,298
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden 2009 [nb 22] [42] 10,641,972
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland 2022 [nb 23] [43] 8,981,467
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom*2020 [nb 24] [44] [45] [46] 69,394,324
Subtotal——369,149,934
(42.6% of the European population)
Civil unions
(9 countries)
* In three of the countries that have passed civil unions,
another type of partnership is available too.		 Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia 2014 [nb 25] [47] 3,880,669
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus [nb 26] 2015 [48] 951,730 [nb 27]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic*2006 [nb 28] [49] 11,003,758
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary*2009 [nb 29] [50] 9,310,450
Flag of Italy.svg Italy*2016 [nb 30] [51] 59,332,330
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia 2022 [nb 31] [52] [53] 1,884,264
Flag of Monaco.svg Monaco 2020 [54] 38,991
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro 2021 [55] 660,998
Flag of San Marino.svg San Marino 2019 [nb 32] [56] 33,239
Subtotal——85,954,565
(10.0% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(2 countries)		 Flag of Poland.svg Poland 2012 [57] 39,297,023
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia 2018 [58] [59] [nb 33] 5,581,475
Subtotal——47,632,011
(5.5% of the European population)
Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions——502,747,040
(58.1% of the European population)
No recognition
(8 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.		 Flag of Albania.svg Albania —2,789,472
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan —10,350,357
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina —3,157,656
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan —20,751,133
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia —1,820,063
Flag of Romania.svg Romania †—19,051,073
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey —87,568,208
Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg Vatican City —825
Subtotal——144,420,748
(16.7% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(14 countries)
† As part of the European Union, is legally bound
to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex
spouses of EU citizens in compliance with
case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.
* Other types of partnerships are available.		 Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia 2015 [nb 34] [60] [61] [62] 3,033,206
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus 1994 [63] 9,035,706
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria †1991 [64] 6,753,940
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia †*2013 [65] [66] 3,880,669
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia 2018 [67] 3,825,355
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary †*2012 [68] [69] 9,310,450
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia †*2006 [70] [71] [72] 1,884,264
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania †1992 [73] 2,906,977
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova 1994 [74] 3,105,395
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro *2007 [75] 660,998
Flag of Russia.svg Russia 2020145,245,566
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia 2006 [76] 6,748,064
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia *2014 [77] [78] 5,581,475
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine 1996 [79] 33,535,634
Subtotal——242,620,086
(28.0% of the European population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions——359,727,469
(41.5% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

StatusCountrySinceState population
(Last estimate count)
No recognition
(5 states)		 Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia —243,564
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo —1,907,592
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Northern Cyprus —313,626
Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia —51,547
Flag of Transnistria (state).svg Transnistria —475,665
Total2,991,994

(0.3% of the European population)

Sub-national level

StatusCountryJurisdictionLegal sinceJurisdiction population
(Last Census count)
Marriage
(8 jurisdictions)
* Other types of partnerships are available too.
 Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands 2017 [80] [81] 49,198
Flag of Greenland.svg Greenland 2016 [82] 56,081
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2014 [83] 15,700
Flag of Alderney.svg Alderney 2018 [84] 2,020
Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar*2016 [85] [86] 32,194
Flag of Guernsey.svg Guernsey 2017 [87] [88] 62,948
Flag of the Isle of Man.svg Isle of Man*2016 [89] 84,497
Flag of Jersey.svg Jersey*2018 [90] 100,080
Flag of Sark.svg Sark 2020 [91] 600
Total403,318
(0.0% of the European population)
Total for all European jurisdictions865,880,853
(100% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Opposition proposals

Flag of Italy.svg  Italy: Since October 2022, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra). [92] [93]

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo: On 25 April 2024, Prime Minister Albin Kurti announced his government's intention to legalize same-sex unions. [94]

Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021. [95] On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions. [96] It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60–52. [97] In the last few days of the legislative session in July 2024, the parties came to an agreement on the bill and placed it on the agenda for a final reading on the last day of the session. The Social Democrats announced they would boycott the final reading, meaning the bill would be unable to pass without their votes. On 25 July, the government voluntarily pulled the bill from the schedule rather than allowing it to fail, [98] which will allow the bill to be brought back by a new parliament following the October parliamentary election, rather than starting the process over again.

Flag of Poland.svg  Poland: On 27 December 2023, Poland's new Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, announced that a bill to legalise same-sex unions would be introduced and debated in the Sejm in 2024. [99] On 9 July 2024, a bill allowing both opposite-sex and same-sex couples to form legally registered partnerships (thereby introducing same-sex civil partnerships) was added to the Polish government's agenda. [100]

Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament). [101] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options. [102] As of 26 May 2023, the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine. [103] In August 2024, the Committee on National Health, Medical Assistance and Medical Insurance recommended the bill for adoption in its first reading. [104]

Flag of Romania.svg  Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of same-sex couples to a family life, as protected under the Charter. [105] The government had three months to appeal.

Public opinion

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2023, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in Sweden (94%), the Netherlands (94%), Denmark (93%), Spain (88%), Ireland (86%), Luxembourg (84%), Germany (84%), Portugal (81%), Belgium (79%), and France (79%).

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%). [106] Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%. [107]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation. [108] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it. [109] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage. [110] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions. [111] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue. [112] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed. [112]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe, [107] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage. [113] [114]

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage), [115] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage [116] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support. [117] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea. [118] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006 [119] to 45% in 2019, [120] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships. [121] [122]

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU. [107] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%. [106]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation
  Indicates that the country has pending same-sex marriage legislation
CountryPollsterYearFor [a] Against [a] Neither [b] Margin
of error		Source
Flag of Albania.svg Albania IPSOS202326%
73%
(74%)		1% [123]
Flag of Andorra.svg Andorra Institut d'Estudis Andorrans201370%
(79%)		19%
(21%)		11% [124]
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Pew Research Center20153%
(3%)		96%
(97%)		1%±3% [125] [126]
Flag of Austria.svg Austria Eurobarometer202365%30%5% [127]
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Pew Research Center201516%
(16%)		81%
(84%)		3%±4% [125] [126]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Ipsos202469%19% [9% support some rights]
12% not sure±5% [128]
Eurobarometer202379%19%2% not sure [127]
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina IPSOS202326%
(27%)		71%
(73%)		3% [123]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Eurobarometer202317%75%8% [127]
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Eurobarometer202342%51%7% [127]
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Eurobarometer202350%44%6% [127]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Eurobarometer202360%34%6% [127]
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Eurobarometer202393%5%2% [127]
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Eurobarometer202341%51%8% [127]
Flag of Finland.svg Finland Eurobarometer202376%18%6% [127]
Flag of France.svg France Ipsos202462%26% [16% support some rights]12% not sure±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center202382%
14%4%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202379%147% [127]
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia Women's Initiatives Supporting Group202110%
(12%)		75%
(88%)		15% [130]
Flag of Germany.svg Germany Ipsos202473%18% [10% support some rights]12% not sure±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center202380%
19%1%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202384%13%3% [127]
Flag of Greece.svg Greece Pew Research Center202348%
(49%)		49%
(51%)		3%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202357%
(59%)		40%
(41%)		3% [127]
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Ipsos202444%35% [18% support some rights]21% not sure±5% [128]
Pew Research Center202331%
(33%)		64%
(67%)		5%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202342%52%6% [127]
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Gallup200689%11%– [131]
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Ipsos202468%21% [8% support some rights]10%±5% [c] [128]
Eurobarometer202386%9%5% [127]
Flag of Italy.svg Italy Ipsos202458%29% [19% support some rights]12% not sure±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center202373%
(75%)		25%2%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202369%27%4% [127]
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Pew Research Center20167%
(7%)		89%
(93%)		4% [125] [126]
Flag of Kosovo.svg Kosovo IPSOS202320%
(21%)		77%
(79%)		3% [123]
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Eurobarometer202336%59%5% [127]
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Institut202172%28%0% [132]
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Eurobarometer202339%55%6% [127]
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Eurobarometer202384%13%3% [127]
Flag of Malta.svg Malta Eurobarometer202374%24%2% [127]
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Europa Liberă Moldova202214%86% [133]
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro IPSOS202336%
(37%)		61%
(63%)		3% [123]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Ipsos202477%15% [8% support some rights]8% not sure±5% [128]
Pew Research Center202389%
(90%)		10%1%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202394%5%2% [127]
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia IPSOS202320%
(21%)		78%
(80%)		2% [123]
Flag of Norway.svg Norway Pew Research Center201772%
(79%)		19%
(21%)		9% [125] [126]
Flag of Poland.svg Poland Ipsos202439%
48% [28% support some rights]13%±5% [128]
Pew Research Center202341%
(43%)		54%
(57%)		5%±3.6% [129]
United Surveys by IBRiS202450%
(55%)		41%
(45%)		9% [134]
Eurobarometer202350%45%5% [127]
Flag of Portugal.svg Portugal Ipsos202380%
(84%)		15% [11% support some rights]
(16%)		5% [135]
Eurobarometer202381%14%5% [127]
Flag of Romania.svg Romania Ipsos202325%
(30%)		59% [26% support some rights]
(70%)		17%±3.5% [135]
Eurobarometer202325%69%6% [127]
Flag of Russia.svg Russia Ipsos202117%
(21%)		64% [12% support some rights]
(79%)		20% not sure±4.8% [c] [136]
FOM20197%
(8%)		85%
(92%)		8%±3.6% [137]
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia IPSOS202324%
(25%)		73%
(75%)		3% [123]
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Focus202436%
(38%)		60%
(62%)		4% [138]
Eurobarometer202337%56%7% [127]
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Eurobarometer202362%
(64%)		37%
(36%)		2% [127]
Flag of Spain.svg Spain Ipsos202473%19% [13% support some rights]9% not sure±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center202387%
(90%)		10%3%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202388%9%3% [127]
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Ipsos202478%15% [8% support some rights]7% not sure±5% [128]
Pew Research Center202392%
(94%)		6%2%±3.6% [129]
Eurobarometer202394%5%1% [127]
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg Switzerland Ipsos202354%
(61%)		34% [16% support some rights]
(39%)		13% not sure±3.5% [135]
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Ipsos202418%52% [19% support some rights]30% not sure±5% [c] [128]
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Rating202337%
(47%)		42%
(53%)		22%±1.5% [139]
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom YouGov202377%
(84%)		15%
(16%)		8% [140]
Ipsos202466%24% [11% support some rights]10% not sure±3.5% [128]
Pew Research Center202374%
(77%)		22%
(23%)		4%±3.6% [129]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory
CountryPollsterYearForAgainstNeutral [b] Source
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg Faroe Islands Spyr.fo201971.1%12.6%16.7% [141]
Flag of Gibraltar.svg Gibraltar Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation201563%37%0% [142]
Ulster Banner.svg Northern Ireland YouGov201955%-- [143] [144]

Notes

  1. 1 2 Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
  2. 1 2 Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
  3. 1 2 3 [+ more urban/educated than representative]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
  2. ↑ Stable union of a coule (Catalan: unió estable de parella) since 2005; civil union (Catalan: unió civil) from 2014 until 2023.
  3. ↑ Registered partnership (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft) since 2010.
  4. ↑ Statutory cohabitation (Dutch: wettelijke samenwoning; French: cohabitation légale; German: gesetzliches Zusammenwohnen) since 2000; also de-facto cohabitation (Dutch: feitelijke samenwoning; French: cohabitation de fait; German: faktisches Zusammenwohnen) gives some rights to non-married couples.
  5. ↑ Registered partnership (Danish: registreret partnerskab) from 1989 until 2012.
  6. ↑ Registered partnership (Estonian: kooseluleping) since 2016.
  7. ↑ Registered partnership (Finnish: rekisteröity parisuhde; Swedish: registrerat partnerskap) from 2001 until 2017.
  8. ↑ Civil solidarity pact (French: pacte civil de solidarité) since 1999.
  9. ↑ Registered life partnership (German: eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) from 2001 until 2017.
  10. ↑ Not legal in the Monastic community of Mount Athos [ citation needed ], which maintains its own sovereignty within Greece and the European Union.
  11. ↑ Cohabitation agreement (Greek: σύμφωνο συμβίωσης) since 2015.
  12. ↑ Registered partnership (Icelandic: staðfest samvist) from 1996 until 2010; cohabitation (Icelandic: óvígð sambúð) since 2006.
  13. ↑ Civil partnership (Irish: páirtnéireacht shibhialta) from 2010 until 2015.
  14. ↑ Registered partnership (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft) from 2011 until 2024.
  15. ↑ Partnership (Luxembourgish and German: Partnerschaft; French: partenariat) since 2004.
  16. ↑ Civil union (Maltese: unjoni ċivili) since 2014 and cohabitation (Maltese: koabitazzjoni) since 2017.
  17. ↑ Registered partnership (Dutch: geregistreerd partnerschap) since 1998; also cohabitation (Dutch: samenwonen) gives some rights to non-married couples.
  18. ↑ Registered partnership (Norwegian: registrert partnerskap; Northern Sami: registrerejuvvon párragaskavuohta) from 1993 until 2008.
  19. ↑ De-facto union (Portuguese: união de facto) since 2001.
  20. ↑ Partnership (Slovene: partnerska skupnost) between 2006 and 2017; Expanded partnership (Slovene: partnerska zveza) from 2017 until 2023.
  21. ↑ De-facto couple (Spanish: pareja de hecho; Basque: izatezko bikote; Galician: parella de feito), stable couple (Spanish: pareja estable; Catalan: parella estable; Basque: bikote egonkorra) or de-facto union (Spanish: unión de hecho; Catalan: unió de fet) available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
  22. ↑ Registered partnership (Swedish: registrerat partnerskap) from 1994 until 2009.
  23. ↑ Registered partnership (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft; French: partenariat enregistré; Italian: unione domestica registrata; Romansh: partenadi registrà) from 2004 until 2022.
  24. ↑ Civil partnership (Welsh: partneriaeth sifil) since 2004; same-sex marriage in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014 and in Northern Ireland since 2020.
  25. ↑ Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014; Life partnership (Croatian: životno partnerstvo) since 2014.
  26. ↑ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  27. ↑ Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
  28. ↑ Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnership (Czech: registrované partnerství) since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (osoba blízká) since 1964.
  29. ↑ Unregistered cohabitation (Hungarian: élettársi kapcsolat) and registered partnership (Hungarian: bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat) since 2009.
  30. ↑ Civil union (Italian: unione civile) and cohabitation contract (Italian: contratto di convivenza) since 2016.
  31. ↑ Legalised by judicial decision in 2022. Partnership (Latvian: partnerība) since 2024.
  32. ↑ Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
  33. ↑ Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
  34. ↑ While Armenia's Constitutional Court has never confirmed that the Constitution of Armenia actually bans same-sex marriage, following the 2015 constitutional referendum article 35 now states that "A woman and a man having attained the marriageable age shall have the right to marry and form a family with free expression of their will." (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն). The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated. Article 152, however, limits the application of foreign family law norms that contradict the internal public order, thus making the registration of same-sex marriages performed overseas possibly incompatible with Armenian law.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Civil union</span> Legal union similar to marriage

A civil union is a legally recognized arrangement similar to marriage, created primarily as a means to provide recognition in law for same-sex couples. Civil unions grant some or all of the rights of marriage.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in the Netherlands since 1 April 2001. A bill for the legalisation of same-sex marriage was passed in the House of Representatives by 109 votes to 33 on 12 September 2000 and by the Senate by 49 votes to 26 on 19 December 2000. The law received royal assent by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 21 December 2000 and took effect on 1 April 2001. The Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. Polling suggests that a significant majority of Dutch people support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Belgium since 1 June 2003. A bill for the legalization of same-sex marriages was passed by the Senate on 28 November 2002, and by the Chamber of Representatives on 30 January 2003. King Albert II granted his assent, and the bill entered into force on 1 June. Polling indicates that a significant majority of Belgians support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Belgium was the second country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage, after the Netherlands.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Ireland since 16 November 2015. A referendum on 22 May 2015 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that marriage is recognised irrespective of the sex of the partners. The measure was signed into law by the President of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins, as the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on 29 August 2015. The Marriage Act 2015, passed by the Oireachtas on 22 October 2015 and signed into law by the Presidential Commission on 29 October 2015, gave legislative effect to the amendment. Same-sex marriages in Ireland began being recognised from 16 November 2015, and the first marriage ceremonies of same-sex couples in Ireland occurred the following day. Ireland was the eighteenth country in the world and the eleventh in Europe to allow same-sex couples to marry nationwide.

Romania does not allow same-sex marriage or civil unions. Registered partnerships have been debated in the Parliament of Romania several times since 2008, though no bill on the matter has successfully passed. In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Romania was violating the European Convention on Human Rights by not recognizing same-sex unions. The government appealed the decision to the Grand Chamber in August 2023, but this appeal was rejected on 25 September 2023. Romania is now legally obliged to provide legal recognition to same-sex couples, and may risk financial sanctions from the Council of Europe if it fails to change the law.

Poland does not legally recognize same-sex marriages or civil unions. In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples have limited legal rights with regard to the tenancy of a shared household. A few laws also guarantee certain limited rights to cohabiting couples, including same-sex couples. Same-sex spouses of European Union citizens also have access to residency rights under a June 2018 ruling from the European Court of Justice.

Italy has recognised civil unions since 5 June 2016, providing same-sex couples with most of the legal protections, benefits and rights of marriage. A bill to this effect was approved by the Senate on 25 February 2016 and by the Chamber of Deputies on 11 May. It was signed into law by President Sergio Mattarella on 20 May, published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale the next day and took effect on 5 June 2016. The law does not grant same-sex couples joint adoption rights or access to in vitro fertilisation. Before this, several regions had supported a national law on civil unions and some municipalities passed laws providing for civil unions, though the rights conferred by these unions varied from place to place.

Latvia has recognised civil unions since 1 July 2024. On 9 November 2023, the Saeima passed legislation establishing same-sex civil unions conferring similar rights and obligations as marriage with the exception of adoption and inheritance rights. The bill was signed into law by President Edgars Rinkēvičs in January 2024, and took effect on 1 July 2024. This followed a ruling from the Constitutional Court of Latvia on 12 November 2020 that the Latvian Constitution entitles same-sex couples to receive the same benefits and protections afforded by Latvian law to married opposite-sex couples, and gave the Saeima until 1 June 2022 to enact a law protecting same-sex couples. In December 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that should the Saeima fail to pass civil union legislation before the 1 June 2022 deadline, same-sex couples may apply to a court to have their relationship recognized. The Saeima failed to meet this deadline, and the first same-sex union was recognized by the Administrative District Court on 30 May 2022.

Lithuania does not recognise same-sex marriages or civil unions. A bill to legalise civil unions and grant same-sex couples some legal rights and benefits is pending in the Seimas. Lithuania is the only Baltic state to not recognise same-sex couples in any form. Additionally, the Constitution of Lithuania explicitly prohibits the recognition of same-sex marriages.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Estonia since 1 January 2024. The government elected in the March 2023 election, led by Prime Minister Kaja Kallas and consisting of the Reform Party, the Social Democrats and Estonia 200, vowed to legalize same-sex marriage. Legislation to open marriage to same-sex couples was introduced to the Riigikogu in May 2023, and was approved in a final reading by 55 votes to 34 on 20 June. It was signed into law by President Alar Karis on 27 June, and took effect on 1 January 2024. Estonia was the first Baltic state, the first post-Soviet state, the twentieth country in Europe, and the 35th in the world to legalise same-sex marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Legal status of same-sex marriage</span>

The legal status of same-sex marriage has changed in recent years in numerous jurisdictions around the world. The current trends and consensus of political authorities and religions throughout the world are summarized in this article.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Latvia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) rights in Latvia have expanded substantially in recent years, although LGBT people still face various challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female types of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Latvia, but households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Since May 2022, same-sex couples have been recognized as "family" by the Administrative District Court, which gives them some of the legal protections available to married (opposite-sex) couples; as of 2023 November, around 40 couples have been registered via this procedure. In November 2023 registered partnerships were codified into law. These partnerships are available to both same and different sex couples - since July 1, 2024 the implemented registered partnership law has the similar rights and obligations as married couples - with the exception of the title of marriage, and adoption or inheritance rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Europe</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. 22 of the 38 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further 11 European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.

Bulgaria does not recognize same-sex marriage or civil unions. Though these issues have been discussed frequently over the past few years, no law on the matter has passed the National Assembly. In September 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to establish a legal framework recognizing same-sex unions.

Slovakia does not recognise same-sex marriage or civil unions. However, there is some limited legal recognition for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples, notably with regard to inheritance rights. The Constitution of Slovakia has limited marriage to opposite-sex couples since 2014, and bills to allow same-sex civil partnerships have been introduced several times, most recently in 2023, but all have been rejected.

Cyprus has recognised same-sex civil unions since 9 December 2015. Legislation to establish a form of partnership known as civil cohabitation was introduced by the ruling Democratic Rally party in July 2015, and approved by the Cypriot Parliament in a 39–12 vote on 26 November 2015. It was signed by President Nicos Anastasiades, and took effect on 9 December upon publication in the government gazette.

Same-sex unions have been recognised in the microstate of Monaco since 27 June 2020. On 4 December 2019, the National Council passed a bill establishing cohabitation agreements, offering both same-sex and opposite-sex couples limited rights and benefits in the areas of inheritance and property. The law took effect on 27 June.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Same-sex union legislation</span>

Same-sex marriage is legal in the following countries: Andorra, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Uruguay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in the European Union</span>

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people are protected under the European Union's (EU) treaties and law. Same-sex sexual activity is legal in all EU member states and discrimination in employment has been banned since 2000. However, EU states have different laws when it comes to any greater protection, same-sex civil union, same-sex marriage, and adoption by same-sex couples.

Same-sex marriage is currently not recognised in the Cayman Islands. The island's statutory law limits marriage to different-sex couples. A lawsuit with the Grand Court successfully challenged this ban in March 2019; however, the Court of Appeal overturned the ruling in November 2019. Same-sex civil partnerships are legal following the enactment of the Civil Partnership Law, 2020 on 4 September 2020.

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