Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹

  Marriage

  Civil union

  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)

  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)

  Unrecognized

  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples

¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

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Countries performing civil unions in Europe

  Gender-neutral civil unions.

  Civil unions for same-sex couples only.

  Former civil unions for same-sex couples, replaced by marriage.

  Civil unions never performed.

Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.

As of February 2024, twenty-one European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. An additional ten European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.

Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania and Romania are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence, ^[1] though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling. ^[2] In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life. ^[3]

Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom, ^{[nb 1]} whereas Germany, Ireland and the Nordic countries have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.

Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

Current situation

International level

European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.

In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages. ^[4] However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".

In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013), ^[5] the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.

Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015) ^[6] went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life. ^[7]

Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) ^[8] largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention. ^{[9] [10]} At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.

Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal. ^{[11] [12]} The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020). ^[13]

In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life. ^[3]

European Union

See also: Coman v. Romania

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members. ^[14]

In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice. ^[15] On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage. ^[16]

On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage. ^{[17] [1]}

According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld. ^[2]

National level

Status	Country	Since	Country population (Last Census count)
Marriage (21 countries) * In eleven countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too.	Andorra	2023 [nb 2] [18] [19]	80,300
	Austria*	2019 [nb 3] [20]	8,974,466
	Belgium*	2003 [nb 4] [21]	11,710,364
	Denmark	2012 [nb 5] [22]	5,933,934
	Estonia*	2024 [nb 6] [23] [24]	1,320,135
	Finland	2017 [nb 7] [25] [26]	5,549,261
	France*	2013 [nb 8] [27]	64,860,737
	Germany	2017 [nb 9] [28]	83,234,514
	Greece* [nb 10]	2024 [nb 11] [29]	10,306,454
	Iceland	2010 [nb 12] [30]	377,266
	Ireland	2015 [nb 13] [31]	5,084,160
	Luxembourg*	2015 [nb 14] [32]	660,560
	Malta*	2017 [nb 15] [33]	536,492
	Netherlands*	2001 [nb 16] [34] [35]	17,661,848
	Norway	2009 [nb 17] [36]	5,506,605
	Portugal*	2010 [nb 18] [37]	10,229,035
	Slovenia	2022 [nb 19] [38] [39]	2,119,540
	Spain*	2005 [nb 20] [40]	47,488,449
	Sweden	2009 [nb 21] [41]	10,662,546
	Switzerland	2022 [nb 22] [42]	8,841,887
	United Kingdom*	2020 [nb 23] [43] [44] [45]	67,919,648
Subtotal	—	—	368,954,474 (42.6% of the European population)
Civil unions (10 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too.	Croatia	2014 [nb 24] [46]	3,991,309
	Cyprus [nb 25]	2015 [47]	951,730 [nb 26]
	Czech Republic*	2006 [nb 27] [48]	10,496,342
	Hungary*	2009 [nb 28] [49]	9,322,912
	Italy*	2016 [nb 29] [50]	58,737,733
	Latvia	2022 [nb 30] [51] [52]	1,814,023
	Liechtenstein	2011 [53]	39,793
	Monaco	2020 [54]	36,162
	Montenegro	2021 [55]	626,007
	San Marino	2019 [nb 31] [56]	33,627
Subtotal	—	—	86,160,555 (10.0% of the European population)
Unregistered cohabitation (2 countries)
	Poland	2012 [57]	41,985,841
Slovakia	2018 [nb 32] [58] [59]	5,919,528
Subtotal	—	—	47,632,011 (5.5% of the European population)
Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions	—	—	502,747,040 (58.1% of the European population)
No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice.	Albania	—	2,824,558
	Azerbaijan	—	10,456,521
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	—	3,192,819
	Kazakhstan	—	19,775,157
	North Macedonia	—	2,079,365
	Romania †	—	20,081,644
	Turkey	—	86,198,068
	Vatican City	—	825
Subtotal	—	—	144,420,748 (16.7% of the European population)
Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available.	Armenia	2015 [nb 33] [60] [61] [62]	2,775,974
	Belarus	1994 [63]	9,468,966
	Bulgaria †	1991 [64]	6,613,272
	Croatia †*	2013 [65] [66]	3,991,309
	Georgia	2018 [67]	3,715,449
	Hungary †*	2012 [68] [69]	9,322,912
	Latvia †*	2006 [70] [71] [72]	1,814,023
	Lithuania †	1992 [73]	2,693,253
	Moldova	1994 [74]	3,572,100
	Montenegro *	2007 [75]	626,007
	Russia	2020	144,229,555
	Serbia	2006 [76]	7,091,767
	Slovakia *	2014 [77] [78]	5,919,528
	Ukraine	1996 [79]	34,538,339
Subtotal	—	—	242,620,086 (28.0% of the European population)
Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions	—	—	359,727,469 (41.5% of the European population)

Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

Status	Country	Since	State population (Last estimate count)
No recognition (5 states)	Abkhazia	—	243,564
	Kosovo	—	1,907,592
	Northern Cyprus	—	313,626
	South Ossetia	—	51,547
	Transnistria	—	475,665
Total			2,991,994 (0.3% of the European population)

Sub-national level

Status	Country	Jurisdiction	Legal since	Jurisdiction population (Last Census count)
Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too.	Denmark	Faroe Islands	2017 [80] [81]	49,198
		Greenland	2016 [82]	56,081
	United Kingdom	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	2014 [83]	15,700
		Alderney	2018 [84]	2,020
		Gibraltar*	2016 [85] [86]	32,194
		Guernsey	2017 [87] [88]	62,948
		Isle of Man*	2016 [89]	84,497
		Jersey*	2018 [90]	100,080
		Sark	2020 [91]	600
Total				403,318 (0.0% of the European population)
Total for all European jurisdictions				865,880,853 (100% of the European population)

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

  Liechtenstein: On 11 March 2022, the government introduced a bill to allow stepchild adoption for same-sex couples in registered partnerships, in accordance with a 2021 court ruling, and said future bills for full marriage equality and joint adoption would have to come from individual MPs. ^[92] On 21 September 2022, a motion calling on the government to introduce a bill legalizing same-sex marriage ^[93] was submitted to the Landtag by 15 out of the 25 sitting members. ^{[94] [95]} The motion was passed by a 23–2 vote in the plenary session on 2 November 2022. ^{[96] [97] [98]} On 11 July 2023, the government adopted a consultation report on the implementation of the motion and established a consultation period until 10 October 2023. ^{[99] [100]} On 6 February 2024, the government adopted the results of the consultation report along with the subsequent proposal regarding the amendment of the Marriage Act, the Partnership Act and the Personal and Company Law. ^{[101] [102] [103]} The proposal was approved at its 1st reading on 8 March 2024 by a 24-1 vote, with an expected enactment date of 1 January 2025. ^{[104] [105] [106] [107] [108]} A final vote on the legislation is expected before the summer break. ^[109]

Opposition proposals

  Italy: During the current legislature, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi Sinistra). However, as of January 2024, these bills are unlikely to pass due to lack of support from the government coalition, which holds a large majority in Parliament.^{[ citation needed ]}

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

  Czech Republic: A bill amending the Civil Code to allow same-sex marriage was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on 7 June 2022. The draft was signed by one representative each from five parliamentary groups: Mayors and Independents (STAN), TOP 09, the Pirate Party, the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) and ANO. ^[110] Debate on the bill began in May 2023. ^{[111] [112] [113]} The bill passed its first reading by 68 votes to 58 in the Chamber of Deputies on 29 June 2023. ^{[114] [115]} On 23 October 2023, the parties in favor of equal marriage reached an agreement with opponents that the law would be approved and unions equal in rights to marriage would be recognized, as long as those unions were not called 'marriage'. Conservative parties in return withdrew a proposal to ban equal marriage in the country's constitution. This law would therefore not provide for fully marriage equality, as the resulting unions would not be called "marriages". ^[116] In November 2023, the Chamber's Constitutional and Legal Affairs Committee failed to reach an agreement on whether to approve the same-sex marriage bill or a bill providing partnerships equal to marriage in all but name. A second reading in the Chamber of Deputies took place on 7 February 2024. ^{[117] [118]} The marriage bill was approved at the second reading, ^{[119] [120]} but on third reading on 28 February, the lower house of the Parliament amended the bill to provide more rights to civil unions, instead of legalizing same-sex marriage. ^[121] The resulting compromise bill now awaits reading in the Senate.

  Kosovo: On 10 June 2023, Prime Minister Albin Kurti stated that the government is strongly committed to passing the new Civil Code, which would introduce same-sex civil unions in Kosovo. ^[122]

  Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021. ^[123] On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions. ^[124] It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60–52. It awaits a third reading. ^[125]

  Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament). ^[126] President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options. ^[127] As of 26 May 2023 ^[update] , the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine. ^[128]

Opposition proposals and legal rulings

  Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of queer people to a family life, as protected under the Charter. ^[129] The government had three months to appeal.

Public opinion

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2023, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in Sweden (94%), the Netherlands (94%), Denmark (93%), Spain (88%), Ireland (86%), Luxembourg (84%), Germany (84%), Portugal (81%), Belgium (79%), and France (79%).

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%). ^[130] Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%. ^[131]

After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation. ^[132] In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it. ^[133] In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage. ^[134] In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions. ^[135] According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue. ^[136] 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed. ^[136]

In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe, ^[131] rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage. ^{[137] [138]}

In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage), ^[139] while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage ^[140] by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support. ^[141] On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.

In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea. ^[142] In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006 ^[143] to 45% in 2019, ^[144] according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships. ^{[145] [146]}

In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU. ^[131] In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%. ^[130]

Opinion polls

  Indicates the country/territory has legalised same-sex marriage nationwide

  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country

  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships

  Indicates that the country has pending civil union or registered partnership legislation

Country	Pollster	Year	For [lower-alpha 1]	Against [lower-alpha 1]	Neither [lower-alpha 2]	Margin of error	Source
Andorra	Institut d'Estudis Andorrans	2013	70% (79%)	19% (21%)	11%		[147]
Armenia	Pew Research Center	2015	3% (3%)	96% (97%)	1%	±3%	[148] [149]
Austria	Eurobarometer	2019	66% (69%)	30% (31%)	4%		[150]
Belarus	Pew Research Center	2015	16% (16%)	81% (84%)	3%	±4%	[148] [149]
Belgium	Ipsos	2023	72% (81%)	17% [9% support some rights] (19%)	10% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Pew Research Center	2015–2016	13% (14%)	84% (87%)	4%	±4%	[148] [149]
Bulgaria	GLOBSEC	2023	21%	69%	11%		[152]
Croatia	Eurobarometer	2019	39% (41%)	55% (59%)	6%		[150]
Cyprus	Eurobarometer	2019	36% (38%)	60% (62%)	4%		[150]
Czech Republic	GLOBSEC	2023	72%	24%	4%		[153]
Denmark	Eurobarometer	2019	89% (92%)	8% (8%)	3%		[150]
Estonia	HumanrightsEE	2023	53% (58%)	39% (42%)	8%		[154]
Finland	Eurobarometer	2019	76% (78%)	21% (22%)	3%		[150]
France	Ipsos	2023	66% (73%)	25% [15% support some rights] (27%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	82%	14%	4%	±3.6%	[155]
Georgia	Women's Initiatives Supporting Group	2021	10% (12%)	75% (88%)	15%		[156]
Germany	Ipsos	2023	62% (71%)	25% [12% support some rights] (29%)	14% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	80%	19%	1%	±3.6%	[155]
Greece	Pew Research Center	2023	49%	50%	1%	±3.6%	[155]
Hungary	Ipsos	2023	47% (57%)	36% [20% support some rights] (43%)	18% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	31%	64%	5%	±3.6%	[155]
Iceland	Gallup	2006	89%	11%	–		[157]
Ireland	Ipsos	2023	64% (72%)	25% [13% support some rights] (28%)	11%		[151]
Italy	Ipsos	2023	61% (67%)	30% [21% support some rights] (33%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	74%	26%	–	±3.6%	[155]
Kazakhstan	Pew Research Center	2016	7% (7%)	89% (93%)	4%		[148] [149]
Latvia	GLOBSEC	2023	40%	46%	14%		[158]
Liechtenstein	Liechtenstein Institut	2021	72%	28%	0%		[159]
Lithuania	GLOBSEC	2023	22%	60%	19%		[160]
Luxembourg	Eurobarometer	2019	85% (90%)	9% (10%)	6%		[150]
Malta	Eurobarometer	2019	67% (73%)	25% (27%)	8%		[150]
Moldova	Europa Libera Moldova	2022	14%	86%			[161]
Netherlands	Ipsos	2023	80% (85%)	14% [6% support some rights] (15%)	7% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	89%	10%	1%	±3.6%	[155]
Norway	Pew Research Center	2017	72% (79%)	19% (21%)	9%		[148] [149]
Poland	Ipsos	2023	32% (36%)	57% [35% support some rights] (64%)	11%	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	41%	54%	5%	±3.6%	[155]
Portugal	Ipsos	2023	80% (84%)	15% [11% support some rights] (16%)	5%		[151]
Romania	Ipsos	2023	25% (30%)	59% [26% support some rights] (70%)	17%	±3.5%	[151]
Russia	Ipsos	2021	17% (21%)	64% [12% support some rights] (79%)	20% not sure	±4.8%	[162]
	FOM	2019	7% (8%)	85% (92%)	8%	±3.6%	[163]
Serbia	Civil Rights Defender	2020	26%	–	–	±3.33%	[164]
Slovakia	GLOBSEC	2023	28%	63%	9%		[165]
Slovenia	Eurobarometer	2019	62% (64%)	35% (36%)	3%		[150]
Spain	Ipsos	2023	78% (82%)	17% [12% support some rights] (18%)	5% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	87%	11%	2%	±3.6%	[155]
Sweden	Ipsos	2023	75% (82%)	16% [7% support some rights] (18%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	92%	5%	3%	±3.6%	[155]
Switzerland	Ipsos	2023	54% (61%)	34% [16% support some rights] (39%)	13% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
Turkey	Ipsos	2023	20% (28%)	52% [22% support some rights] (72%)	28% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
Ukraine	Rating	2023	37%	42%	22%	±1.5%	[166]
United Kingdom	YouGov	2023	77% (84%)	15% (16%)	8%		[167]
	Ipsos	2023	64% (70%)	27% [14% support some rights] (30%)	9% not sure	±3.5%	[151]
	Pew Research Center	2023	73%	23%	4%	±3.6%	[155]

Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory

Country	Pollster	Year	For	Against	Neutral [lower-alpha 2]	Source
Faroe Islands	Spyr.fo	2019	71.1%	12.6%	16.7%	[168]
Gibraltar	Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation	2015	63%	37%	0%	[169]
Northern Ireland	YouGov	2019	55%	-	-	[170] [171]

Notes

1. Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
2. Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

See also

• LGBT portal
• Europe portal

• LGBT rights in Europe
• LGBT rights in the European Union
• LGBT adoption in Europe
• Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
• Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
• Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
• Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania

Notes

1. Excluding Guernsey and Overseas Territories (except Gibraltar).
2. Stable union since 2005. Civil union from 2014 until 2023.
3. Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2010.
4. Cohabitation légale since 1999, also cohabitation de fait gives some rights to non-married couples.
5. Registreret partnerskab since 1989 until 2012.
6. Kooseluleping since 2016.
7. Rekisteröidystä parisuhteesta since 2001 until 2017.
8. Pacte civil de solidarité since 1999.
9. Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft since 2001 until 2017.
10. Not legal in the Monastic community of Mount Athos, which maintains its own sovereignty within Greece and the European Union.
11. Σύμφωνο συμβίωσης since 2015.
12. Staðfesta samvist since 1996 until 2010.
13. Civil Partnership since 2010 until 2015.
14. Partenariat since 2004.
15. Civil union since 2014.
16. Geregistreerd partnerschap since 1998, also samenwonen gives some rights to non-married couples.
17. Registrert partnerskap since 1993 until 2009.
18. Uniões de facto since 2001.
19. Registrirana partnerska skupnost between 2006 and 2017. Partnership (partnerska zveza) since 2017.
20. Parejas de hecho available in each autonomous community, legalized between 1998 and 2018. Since 1994, limited rights for cohabiting couples.
21. Registrerat partnerskap since 1994 until 2009.
22. Eingetragene Partnerschaft since 2004 until 2022.
23. Civil Partnership since 2004; same-sex marriage in England, Scotland, and Wales since 2014.
24. Unregistered cohabitation between 2003 and 2014. Life partnerships životno partnerstvo since 2014.
25. Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
26. Excluding the disputed region of Northern Cyprus.
27. Unregistered cohabitation since 2001 and registered partnerships registrované partnerství since 2006. Limited rights for a "close person" (Osoba blízká) since 1964.
28. Unregistered cohabitation élettársi kapcsolat and registered partnerships bejegyzett élettársi kapcsolat since 2009.
29. Civil unions and cohabitation agreements since 2016.
30. Legalised by judicial decision. Registration of same-sex unions is possible through court action.
31. Limited residency rights for foreign spouses since 2012.
32. Limited rights for a "close person" (blízke osoby) since 1964.
33. While Armenia's Constitutional Court has never confirmed that the Constitution of Armenia actually bans same-sex marriage, following the 2015 constitutional referendum article 35 now states that "A woman and a man having attained the marriageable age shall have the right to marry and form a family with free expression of their will." (in Armenian: Ամուսնական տարիքի հասած կինը և տղամարդը միմյանց հետ իրենց կամքի ազատ արտահայտությամբ ամուսնանալու և ընտանիք կազմելու իրավունք ունեն). The article 143 of the Family Code recognizes foreign marriages as long as they conform with the legality of the territory where they were celebrated. Article 152, however, limits the application of foreign family law norms that contradict the internal public order, thus making the registration of same-sex marriages performed overseas possibly incompatible with Armenian law.

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