Same-sex marriage in Ecuador

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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Ecuador since 8 July 2019 in accordance with a Constitutional Court ruling issued on 12 June 2019 that the ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional under the Constitution of Ecuador. The court held that the Constitution required the government to license and recognise same-sex marriages. It focused its ruling on an advisory opinion issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in January 2018 that member states should grant same-sex couples "accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage". The ruling took effect upon publication in the government gazette on 8 July.

Contents

Ecuador was the fifth country in South America to allow same-sex couples to marry, after Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Colombia, [1] but adoption by married couples remains restricted to opposite-sex couples. Ecuador has also recognized same-sex civil unions since 2008.

Civil unions

Passage and referendum

Since the early 20th century, opposite-sex civil unions, available after two years of cohabitation, have been granted the same rights as civil marriages. In the late 19th century, the liberal revolution led by Eloy Alfaro established the separation of church and state in Ecuador. Since the consolidation of this separation in the first decades of the 20th century, only civil marriage or unions have been recognized by the state. [2]

During debate over the 2008 Ecuadorian Constitution, LGBT organizations campaigned for the inclusion of same-sex civil unions, [3] [4] which were eventually included in Article 68 of the Constitution, despite protests from the Catholic Church and evangelical groups. [5] Under the text of the new Constitution, the only difference between same-sex and opposite-sex unions is that adoption by same-sex couples is not permitted; adoption rights are identical for civil unions and civil marriages, but do not extend to same-sex unions. [6] Protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation had already been introduced in the 1998 Constitution, Ecuador being among the first three countries in the world to adopt such a constitutional protection, alongside South Africa and Fiji. [7]

President Rafael Correa said he wanted the document to allow same-sex unions, saying that "the profoundly humanistic position of this government is to respect the intrinsic dignity of everyone, of every human being, independently of their creed, race, sexual preference. We will give certain guarantees to stable gay couples but matrimony will continue being reserved for a man, a woman and the family. Every person has dignity, that's to say, one must respect a person independently of their sexual preference. Be careful not to deny employment to someone because of their sexual preference. That is discrimination, that is unconstitutional." [8] [9]

The Constitution was approved in a referendum by 69.46% of voters, and was officially recorded on 20 October 2008. [10] [11] [12] [13] The first same-sex union was recognised in August 2009. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Article 68 of the Constitution states: [19] [20] [21]

(The stable and monogamous union between two persons, free of matrimonial bond, who form a de facto couple, for the duration and under the conditions and circumstances that the law provides, will generate the same rights and obligations as held by families built through marriage. Adoption will pertain only to couples of different sexes.)

Subsequent changes

Karla Vacacela and Priscila Rivera, the first Ecuadorian lesbian couple to register a civil union Priscila Rivera primera pareja en registrar union de hecho lesbica.jpg
Karla Vacacela and Priscila Rivera, the first Ecuadorian lesbian couple to register a civil union

Although civil unions were legalised in the 2008 Constitution, they were not formally recognized in the vital records until 15 September 2014, when the Directorate General of the Civil Registry began registering them nationwide. Three cities, Quito, Guayaquil and Cuenca, had already begun registering civil unions prior to September 2014. [22] On 21 April 2015, the National Assembly approved a bill codifying same-sex civil unions into statutory law by a vote of 89–1. [23] [24] The bill also removed the requirement to have lived together for two years in order to enter into a civil union. President Rafael Correa signed it into law on 19 June 2015. [25] The law changed article 222 of the Civil Code to read: [26] The stable and monogamous union between two persons, free of matrimonial bond, of legal age, who form a de facto couple, generates the same rights and obligations as held by families built through marriage and leads to a community property. [a]

Statistics

By January 2018, 15,992 civil unions had been registered in Ecuador, of which 3% were to same-sex couples. [27]

Same-sex marriage

Recognition of same-sex unions in South America .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Marriage Other type of partnership Country subject to IACHR advisory opinion Unrecognized Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced v t e State recognition of same-sex relationships (South America).svg
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR advisory opinion
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced

Under Article 67 of the 2008 Constitution, "marriage is the union between man and woman based on the free consent of the parties and their equal rights, obligations and legal capacity." [28] However, the Constitutional Court ruled that this article was unenforceable and void on 12 June 2019, legalizing same-sex marriage in Ecuador. [29] The court focused its ruling on an advisory opinion issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) in January 2018 that member states should grant same-sex couples "accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage".

Background

During a series of interviews with local newspaper El Universo before the 2013 general election, two of the eight presidential candidates expressed their support for same-sex marriage: leftist candidates Alberto Acosta Espinoza from the Plurinational Unity of the Lefts, [30] and Norman Wray from the Ruptura 25 movement. [31] President Rafael Correa did not participate in the interviews. [32] However, in a 2011 interview for Radio France Internationale, Correa said that he "couldn't accept" same-sex marriage or abortion, although when asked if he would oppose legislation legalizing either of them, he referred only to abortion when saying that he would certainly oppose it. [33] On 17 February 2013, President Correa was reelected by a wide margin. [34] On 23 May 2013, he reiterated his opposition to same-sex marriage. [35]

On 4 March 2016, Azuay's provincial government unanimously approved an ordinance allowing symbolic same-sex marriages. [36] The ordinance allowed same-sex couples to register their marriage with the provincial civil registry, but the marriages were only symbolic with no legal effect. [37] [38] The first symbolic marriage was held in late June 2016 in Cuenca. [39]

Ahead of the 2017 presidential election, Paco Moncayo, candidate for the Democratic Left, called for a national debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage. [40] The election was won by Lenín Moreno, candidate for the PAIS Alliance, whose position on same-sex marriage was unknown, as he had refused to answer questions on the issue from activist Pamela Troya. [41]

Legalization process

Santiago Vinces and Fernando Saltos on their way to the civil registry office in Guayaquil, as part of the Matrimonio Civil Igualitario campaign MatrimonioEC - Santiago y Fernando.jpg
Santiago Vinces and Fernando Saltos on their way to the civil registry office in Guayaquil, as part of the Matrimonio Civil Igualitario campaign

On 5 August 2013, LGBT groups launched a nationwide campaign under the name Matrimonio Civil Igualitario ("Equal Civil Marriage"), seeking to legalize same-sex marriage in Ecuador. [42] A marriage petition was launched by activist Pamela Troya and her partner at the civil registry office in Quito. [43] [44] The petition was rejected days later, citing the Constitution and Civil Code. The couple announced on 8 August that they would file a lawsuit asking a judge to order the civil registry to marry them. [45] [46] [47] The lawsuit was filed on 13 August 2013, [48] [49] for review by the Constitutional Court, and focused heavily on the Inter-American Court of Human Rights' decision in Atala Riffo and Daughters v. Chile , which held that sexual orientation is a suspect classification.

On 26 August 2013, another couple applied to be married at the civil registry office in Guayaquil. [50] The couple, Santiago Vinces and Fernando Saltos, marched through the city to the civil registry office with a convoy of activists and supporters, including actress Érika Vélez. [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] Their marriage petition was denied three days later, citing the same reasons given to the first couple. [56] [57]

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that parties to the American Convention on Human Rights should grant same-sex couples "accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage". [58] [59] [60] The advisory opinion states that: [61] [62]

The State must recognize and guarantee all rights derived from a family bond between persons of the same sex in accordance with the provisions of Articles 11.2 and 17.1 of the American Convention. (...) in accordance with articles 1.1, 2, 11.2, 17, and 24 of the American Convention, it is necessary to guarantee access to all the existing figures in domestic legal systems, including the right to marry. (..) To ensure the protection of all the rights of families formed by same-sex couples, without discrimination with respect to those that are constituted by heterosexual couples.

Ecuador ratified the American Convention on Human Rights on 28 December 1977 and recognized the court's jurisdiction on 4 July 1984. [63] LGBT activists urged the government to abide by the advisory opinion, [64] believing that Ecuador is required to recognise same-sex marriages under Article 417 of the Constitution:

The international treaties ratified by Ecuador shall be subject to the provisions set forth in the Constitution. In the case of treaties and other international instruments for human rights, principles for the benefit of the human being, the nonrestriction of rights, direct applicability, and the open clause as set forth in the Constitution shall be applied.

2019 Constitutional Court ruling

Alexandra Chavez and Michelle Aviles, the first same-sex couple to marry in Ecuador Maria Alexandra Chavez y Michelle Pamela Aviles - Primer matrimonio entre dos mujeres en Ecuador.jpg
Alexandra Chávez and Michelle Avilés, the first same-sex couple to marry in Ecuador
The first marriage between two men, Geovanny Vareles and Borys Alvarez, 25 July 2019, Guayaquil 1er Matrimonio de hombres gays auspiciado por la Camara LGBT y Silueta X - Geovanny Vareles y Borys Alvarez.jpg
The first marriage between two men, Geovanny Vareles and Borys Alvarez, 25 July 2019, Guayaquil

Following the IACHR opinion, two same-sex couples applied at the civil registry office in Cuenca for marriage licenses. After both couples were rejected, they filed separate lawsuits arguing that the refusal was discriminatory, unconstitutional and a violation of the American Convention on Human Rights. Citing the IACHR opinion, two family judges ruled in favour of the couples on 29 June 2018. The judges ordered the civil registry to immediately begin registering same-sex marriages, but their decision was stayed pending appeal. The two cases had the support of the Azuay Government. [65] [66] [67] On 10 September 2018, the Labor Chamber of the Provincial Court of Justice overturned both decisions, ruling that the issue of same-sex marriage should be decided by the National Assembly or the Constitutional Court. [68]

On 28 July 2018, the president of the Constitutional Court, Alfredo Ruiz Guzmán, said he believed that a majority of judges on the court were in favour of legalizing same-sex marriage. [69]

On 29 March 2019, a public hearing was held to determine whether the IACHR advisory opinion on same-sex marriage was applicable to Ecuador, and whether it could be applied without a constitutional amendment or modifications to the Civil Code and the Organic Law of Identity and Civil Data Management (Spanish : Ley Orgánica de Identidad y Gestión de Datos Civiles). The case had been accepted for review by the Constitutional Court on 6 March 2019, following a request from the judges of the Provincial Court of Justice of Pichincha to review the legality of the civil marriage of Efraín Soria and Javier Benalcázar. The Constitutional Court had 45 days to issue a response and resolve the case. [70] [71] [72] On 20 May 2019, another public hearing was held on a different same-sex marriage case. [73] [74]

A ruling in the cases was originally set for 4 June 2019, [75] but was delayed as the judges were not able to reach a decision after several hours of discussion, and announced they would continue to convene over the following days. [76] The court issued two rulings in favour of the couples, both by a 5–4 margin, on 12 June 2019. [77] [78] In the first ruling, the court held that the IACHR opinion is fully binding on Ecuador and takes precedence over Ecuadorian domestic law. [79] In its second ruling, the court re-wrote article 81 of the Civil Code, as well as article 52 of the identity and civil data management law, to remove gender-specific terms which implied that married spouses were of opposite sexes. The court ruled that Article 67 of the Constitution must be interpreted "in the sense that most favors the full validity of rights". [80] On 14 June, the president of the Constitutional Court, Hernán Salgado Pesantes, said in a press conference that a constitutional amendment was not necessary to implement the decision, and that the National Assembly should reform the secondary laws as soon as possible. [81] The decision also allows same-sex couples to marry in Ecuadorian embassies and diplomatic offices worldwide, as long as one partner is a citizen of Ecuador. The rulings took effect upon publication in the government gazette, the Registro Oficial, on 8 July 2019. [82] [83] Article 81 of the Civil Code was amended to read: Marriage is a solemn contract by which two persons are united in order to live together and mutually help each other. [b]

Human rights groups and LGBT activists welcomed the ruling, with Christian Paula of the Pakta Foundation, who had provided legal advice to several of the couples, saying that the ruling "implies that Ecuador is more egalitarian, more just than yesterday, and that it recognizes that human rights must fit all people without discrimination". In particular, LGBT activists noted that the wording used in the ruling would likely result in the legalisation of same-sex marriage in numerous other Latin American nations under the jurisdiction of the IACHR. The IACHR itself also welcomed the ruling. [84] The Catholic Church expressed opposition to the ruling. [85] In a national broadcast aired on 20 June, President Lenín Moreno expressed his "respect" for the decision of the Constitutional Court, saying, "our duty, as citizens, and my own, as President, is to respect the decisions of all the functions and organs of the State. I maintain my absolute respect for what has been done by the Constitutional Court, which is composed of serious and honest judges." [86]

The first same-sex marriage occurred on 18 July in Guayaquil between Michelle Avilés and Alexandra Chávez. [87]

Statistics

122 same-sex marriages took place in Ecuador in the first year of legalisation; 77 between male couples and 45 between lesbian couples. [88] According to statistics from the civil registry, 82 same-sex marriages were performed in 2019, 115 in 2020, and 240 in 2021, mostly in the provinces of Pichincha, Guayas and Manabí. There were also 5 same-sex divorces during those three years. No same-sex marriages had occurred in Bolívar, Carchi, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Sucumbíos, and Zamora-Chinchipe provinces by 2021. [89]

By the end of May 2024, 1,014 same-sex marriages had been performed in Ecuador. No same-sex marriage had occurred in the provinces of Carchi and Sucumbíos by then. [90]

Public opinion

According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted between 7 November 2013 and 26 January 2014, 16% of Ecuadorians supported same-sex marriage, while 74% were opposed. [91] [92] According to the 2014 AmericasBarometer (published in June 2015), 16.5% of Ecuadorians were in favour of same-sex marriage. [93] The 2017 AmericasBarometer poll showed that 33% of Ecuadorians supported same-sex marriage. [94]

A July 2019 survey conducted by the Vanderbilt University showed that 51.3% of the Ecuador public opposed same-sex marriage, 36.8% "strongly". The poll found a significant age gap; 68.5% of the Silent Generation were opposed, followed by 62.5% of Baby boomers, 54.1% of Generation X, 42% of Millennials and 16.7% of Generation Z. [95]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Spanish: La unión estable y monogámica entre dos personas libres de vínculo matrimonial, mayores de edad, que formen un hogar de hecho, genera los mismos derechos y obligaciones que tienen las familias constituidas mediante matrimonio y da origen a una sociedad de bienes.
  2. ↑ Spanish: Matrimonio es un contrato solemne por el cual dos personas se unen con el fin de vivir juntos y auxiliarse mutuamente.

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References

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  2. ↑ Santamaría Coloma, Milangela (May 2016). "Unión de hecho entre personas del mismo sexo: un derecho constitucional y legítima acción afirmativa desde la perspectiva de aplicación en la normativa civil" (PDF). Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  3. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. "Los gays nos manejamos como familia" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  4. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. Uniones homosexuales en el país son un hecho aun sin ley Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  5. ↑ (in Spanish) Nueva Constitución reconoce unión gay y lésbica Archived 25 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  6. ↑ CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
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  8. ↑ Materville Studios – Host of Windy City Times (9 April 2008). "Ecuadorean president supports same-sex partnerships". Windycitymediagroup.com. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  9. ↑ (in Spanish) Presidente Correa: Ecuador es un estado laico que debe respetar todas las creencias Archived 10 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  10. ↑ (in Spanish) Apoyo al matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo en América Latina Archived 20 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  11. ↑ Ecuador Approves New Constitution Including Same-Sex Civil Unions Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 January 2013.
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  31. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. Hablan los presidenciales: Norman Wray Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 13 February 2013.
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  36. ↑ "Bodas LGBTI en Azuay carecen de valor jurídico" (in Spanish). El Telégrafo. 8 March 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  37. ↑ "This province in Ecuador has just passed 'symbolic gay marriage'". Gay Star News. 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Prefectura de Azuay aprueba matrimonio simbólico GLBTI" (in Spanish). El Universo. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
  39. ↑ "Primera boda simbólica GLBTI se dio en Azuay". El Universo. 30 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  40. ↑ "El amplio diálogo que plantea Paco Moncayo sobre el matrimonio igualitario". Plan V. 7 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  41. ↑ "Las razones por las que el matrimonio gay fue la "papa caliente" de los candidatos". Plan V. 13 February 2017. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  42. ↑ (in Spanish) Hoy. La campaña por el matrimonio igualitario arrancó Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  43. ↑ (in Spanish) El Telégrafo. Lesbianas buscan hoy contraer matrimonio civil Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  44. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. Dos mujeres tramitan su matrimonio Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  45. ↑ (in Spanish) Hoy. La lucha por el matrimonio civil igualitario continúa Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  46. ↑ (in Spanish) La Hora. Pamela Troya: ‘Así tenga 80 años me casaré’ Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  47. ↑ (in Spanish) El Comercio. Pamela Troya y Gabriela Correa presentarán una acción de protección Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  48. ↑ (in Spanish) El Telégrafo. Pareja de lesbianas presenta hoy una acción de protección Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  49. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. Lesbianas critican demora en justicia Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  50. ↑ (in Spanish) El Comercio. Una segunda pareja homosexual intentará pedir solicitud de matrimonio en el Registro Civil Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  51. ↑ (in Spanish) El Comercio. Primer matrimonio gay se celebraría mañana en Guayaquil Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  52. ↑ (in Spanish) La Hora. Matrimonio homosexual: pedido fue receptado ayer Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  53. ↑ (in Spanish) El Telégrafo. Pareja homosexual presentó solicitud para contraer matrimonio Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  54. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. Pareja de gays pidió turno para casarse en el Registro Civil Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  55. ↑ (in Spanish) Hoy. Un intento de matrimonio de homosexuales en Guayaquil Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  56. ↑ (in Spanish) El Comercio. Registro Civil dice que pareja gay no cumple requisitos para casarse Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  57. ↑ (in Spanish) El Universo. Registro Civil negó matrimonio a gays Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  58. ↑ Pretel, Enrique Andres (10 January 2018). "Latin American human rights court urges same-sex marriage legalization". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  59. ↑ Chinchilla, Sofía; Cambronero, Natasha (9 January 2018). "Corte Interamericana ordena abrir la puerta al matrimonio gay en Costa Rica" (in Spanish). La Nación. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
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  61. ↑ "OPINIÓN CONSULTIVA OC-24/17 DE 24 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 2017SOLICITADA POR LA REPÚBLICA DE COSTA RICA" (PDF) (in Spanish). Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  62. ↑ Contesse, Jorge (26 July 2018). "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights' Advisory Opinion on Gender Identity and Same-Sex Marriage". American Society of International Law. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  63. ↑ "ANNUAL REPORT OF THE IACHR 2001 - Annex III". cidh.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  64. ↑ Latin America countries urged to abide by landmark LGBT rights ruling Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine The Washington Blade, 15 January 2018
  65. ↑ Ecuador court rules in favor of marriage equality for same-sex couples Archived 12 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine , ThinkProgress, 5 July 2018
  66. ↑ In historic move, court rules Ecuador's same-sex marriage ban is illegal Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine , Gay Star News, 4 July 2018
  67. ↑ "Boda LGBTI espera sentencia". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  68. ↑ "Corte de Justicia rechaza matrimonio igualitario". 11 September 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  69. ↑ "Matrimonio gay sería reconocido por CC". Ecuavisa. 28 July 2018. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  70. ↑ "Colectivo GLBTI pide matrimonio civil igualitario". El Telégrafo (in Spanish). 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  71. ↑ "Argumentos en contra y a favor del matrimonio igualitario se escucharon en la Corte Constitucional". El Comercio (in Spanish). 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  72. ↑ Martinez, Andrea (29 March 2019). "Corte Constitucional instala audiencia sobre matrimonio igualitario en Ecuador". Metro Ecuador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  73. ↑ "Otra consulta sobre matrimonio igualitario trató la Corte Constitucional". El Comercio (in Spanish). 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  74. ↑ "Se Realizó Nueva Audiencia Sobre Matrimonio Igualitario". Vistazo (in Spanish). 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  75. ↑ Rosero, Mariela (30 May 2019). "La Corte Constitucional resolverá consulta sobre matrimonio igualitario el 4 de junio de 2019". El Comercio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
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  77. ↑ Fox, Kara; Melgar Zuniga, Ana (13 June 2019). "Ecuador's highest court legalizes same-sex marriage". CNN. Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  78. ↑ "Corte Constitucional aprueba matrimonio civil igualitario en Ecuador" (in Spanish). El Comercio. 12 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  79. ↑ "CASONo.11-18-CN (matrimonioigualitario)" (PDF). Constitutional Court of Ecuador (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
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  81. ↑ "Juez de CC señala que los ciudadanos pueden reunir los requisitos para que se realice una consulta popular". El Universo. 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  82. ↑ "Registro Oficial publica sentencias que reconocen el derecho al matrimonio civil igualitario en Ecuador" (in Spanish). El Comercio. 8 July 2019. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  83. ↑ "Publicado en el Registro Oficial el fallo de la Corte Constitucional sobre matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Metro Ecuador. 9 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  84. ↑ "La CIDH saluda aprobación del matrimonio civil igualitario en Ecuador, un paso contra la discriminación". El Comercio (in Spanish). 17 June 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  85. ↑ "Iglesia católica de Ecuador rechaza matrimonio igualitario". El Universo (in Spanish). 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  86. ↑ "Moreno respeta decisión de la CC sobre matrimonio igualitario". El Telégrafo (in Spanish). 20 June 2019. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
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  88. ↑ "Más de 120 matrimonios igualitarios se han registrado en el primer año de vigencia en Ecuador". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 12 June 2020. Archived from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  89. ↑ "Matrimonios LGBTI subieron en 2021". Expreso (in Spanish). 5 February 2022. Archived from the original on 12 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
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  92. ↑ "Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
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