Transgender health care misinformation

Last updated

False and misleading claims about gender diversity, gender dysphoria, and gender-affirming healthcare have been used to justify legislative restrictions on transgender people's right to healthcare. [1] [2] The claims have primarily relied on manufactured uncertainty generated by various conservative religious organizations, pseudoscientific or discredited researchers, anti-trans activists and others. [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Common false claims include that most people who transition regret it; that most pre-pubertal transgender children cease desiring transition after puberty; that gender dysphoria is socially contagious, can have a rapid onset, or is caused by mental illness; that medical organizations are pushing youth to transition; and that transgender youth require conversion therapies such as gender exploratory therapy. [6] [7] [8]

Elected officials in Central and South America have called for legislative bans on trans healthcare based on false claims. Misinformation has been platformed and amplified by mainstream media outlets. [9] Medical organizations such as the Endocrine Society and American Psychological Association, among others, have released statements opposing such bans and the misinformation behind them. [10] [11] [12]

Origins

Transgender healthcare misinformation primarily relies on manufactured uncertainty from a network of conservative legal and advocacy organizations. [5] [13] [3] These organizations have relied on techniques similar to those used in climate change denialism, generating exaggerated uncertainty around reproductive health care, conversion therapy, and gender-affirming care. [14] [15]

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the hub of the pseudoscience movement is the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), whose personnel have a large overlap with Genspect and Therapy First (formerly known as the Gender Exploratory Therapy Association). [8] [16] The SPLC has also accused the American College of Pediatricians of sharing misinformation and disinformation about trans healthcare. [8] [14]

A report by researchers at the Yale School of Medicine described SEGM and Genspect as spreading "biased and unscientific content", and SEGM as "without apparent ties to mainstream scientific or professional organizations". [14] It described SEGM's 14 core members as a "small group of repeat players in anti-trans activities", who often write non-peer reviewed letters to the editor of mainstream scientific publications, and who frequently serve on the boards of other organizations which "feature biased and unscientific content". [17]

These efforts have been aided by scientists who were once dominant in transgender care, but are now fringe, such as Ray Blanchard, Stephen B. Levine, and Kenneth Zucker. [18] [19] Misinformation and disinformation about transgender health care sometimes relies on biased journalism in popular media. [6]

Common misinformation

Detransition and transition regret

Detransition is the process of halting or reversing social, medical, or legal aspects of a gender transition, partially or completely. It can be temporary or permanent. Detransition and regret over transition are often erroneously conflated, though there are cases of detransition without regret and regret without detransition. Detransition also does not require a reversal of transgender identity. [20] Prevalence of regret for receiving gender-affirming care is very low. [21] [19] Regarding gender-affirming surgery (GAS) in particular, a 2024 review stated, "When comparing regret after GAS to regret after other surgeries and major life decisions, the percentage of patients experiencing regret is extremely low." [22] Data suggests that detransition—however defined—are rare, with detransition often caused by factors such as societal or familial pressure, community stigma, or financial difficulties. Studies did not control for such outside influences (which likely inflated rates of detransition) and found prevalence of discontinuation—before any treatment, while under puberty blockers, and during hormone therapy—to range 0.8–7.4%, 1–7.6%, and 1.6–9.8% respectively. [23]

In the United States and the United Kingdom, conservative media outlets and the Alliance Defending Freedom have promoted high-profile detransitioners and advocacy groups who claim that detransition and transition regret are prevalent. [19] The global anti-gender movement has justified anti-trans rhetoric and policies by pointing to detransitioners, arguing they prove transitioning is a hoax or necessitate protecting transgender people from medical transition, distorting the findings that detransition is rare and often caused by social pressure. [24] States in the United States have primarily relied on anecdotes to argue that detransition is cause for bans on gender-affirming care. [25] Detransitioner Chloe Cole has supported several such state bans as a member of the advocacy group Do No Harm. [26] Former detransitioners Ky Schevers and Elisa Rae Shupe have detailed how they were recruited by organizations and activists who used their stories to limit transgender rights before they retransitioned and started working against them. [26] [27] [28]

Most gender-dysphoric children will not remain transgender

It has been claimed that most (usually ~80%) of children with gender dysphoria or a trans identity will not identify as transgender past adolescence. [29] [30] [31] The claim has been referred to as the "desistance myth". [29] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] This claim is not supported by the evidence [31] and is based on studies on "desistance" from the 1960s–80s and 2000s. [29] [30]

These older studies often did not clearly define desistance, and when they did, their definitions were often inconsistent with each other. [30] Many of the earlier studies treated "gender deviant" behavior as pathological and were explicitly attempting to "cure" it. [30] [21] [5] All the studies, even later studies, often had serious methodological flaws such as low sample sizes and outdated diagnostic frameworks that conflated gender non-conformity with transgender identity. [21] [5] [30] Most youth sampled in these studies never identified as transgender nor desired to transition, but were counted as desisting. [5] [37]

The claim has often been used to support the criminalization of gender-affirming care. [38] The term desistance was first used for trans children by Kenneth Zucker in 2003, who borrowed the term from its usage in oppositional defiance disorder; there, it is regarded as a positive outcome, a history that reflects the pathologization of transgender identities. [30] The claim was primarily popularized in a commentary by James Cantor in 2020, who argued based on the earlier studies that most children diagnosed with gender dysphoria will grow up to be gay and lesbian adults if denied such care. The first seven studies were performed before modern diagnostic criteria and endorsed conversion therapy; the latter four predated the modern diagnostic criteria, and the latest showed that greater cross-gender identification, as opposed to behaviors, predicted ongoing transgender identity. [21] [5]

A 2022 systematic review found that the term was poorly defined and did not allow for dynamic or non-binary gender identities. Quantitive studies on the term did not control for outside influences, did not explicitly define desistance and were ranked as poor quality. Across these studies 83% of the 251 participants were reported as desisting, using their own definitions of desistance. The systemstic review concluded that "'desistance' should be removed from clinical and research frameworks, as it does not allow for the varied and complex exploration of gender that is more reflective of reality". [30] Recent work has found that the vast majority of pre-pubertal children who express transgender identities and socially transition with parental support continue to do so in adolescence. [21]

Transgender identity as a mental health condition

Legislative efforts to ban gender-affirming care in the United States have relied on the unfounded narrative that gender dysphoria is caused by underlying mental illness, trauma, or neurodivergence, such as autism and ADHD. [21] [39] Though transgender people have higher rates of mental illness, there is no evidence these cause gender dysphoria and evidence suggests this is due to minority stress and discrimination experienced by transgender people. [21] [40] The American Psychological Association states "misleading and unfounded narratives" such as "mischaracterizing gender dysphoria as a manifestation of traumatic stress or neurodivergence" have created a hostile environment for trans youth and led to misconceptions about the psychological and medical care they require. [41]

Social contagion and rapid onset gender dysphoria

Misinformation - Legislation Pipeline for Trans Healthcare.png
Illustration by Catherine Lockmiller of the cyclical pipeline between transgender healthcare misinformation and anti-trans legislation featuring ROGD as a case study [42]

In 2018, Lisa Littman authored a study that has since been heavily corrected, arguing modern youth are experiencing rapid onset gender dysphoria (ROGD), a new type of gender dysphoria spread through social contagion and peer groups. [43] [18] [42] The study relied on anonymous parental reports on transgender children collected from websites known for anti-trans misinformation and gender-critical politics who were informed of the study's hypothesis. [43] [18] [42]

The hypothesis has been heavily referenced in discourse about transgender youth despite the absence of empirical evidence to support it. [42] [43] [44] As a result, a coalition of psychological professional bodies issued a position statement calling for eliminating the use of ROGD clinically and diagnostically in 2021. It stated that "there is no evidence that ROGD aligns with the lived experiences of transgender children and adolescents" and that "the proliferation of misinformation regarding ROGD" had led to "over 100 bills under consideration in legislative bodies across the country that seek to limit the rights of transgender adolescents" predicated on ROGD's unsupported claims. [44]

Psychotherapy and conversion therapy

Proponents of bans on gender-affirming care in the United States have argued that youth should receive psychotherapy instead of medical treatments [45] [16] – including gender exploratory therapy (GET), a form of conversion therapy. [a] Practitioners of GET frame medical transition as a last resort and argue that their patient's gender dysphoria may be caused by factors such as homophobia, social contagion, sexual trauma, and autism. [49] [50] Some practitioners avoid using their patients' chosen names and pronouns while questioning their identification. [52]

There are no known empirical studies examining psychosocial or medical outcomes following GET. [52] [53] Concerns have been raised that by not providing an estimated length of time for the therapy, the delays in medical interventions may compound mental suffering in trans youth, [49] [52] while the gender-affirming model of care already promotes individualized care and psychotherapeutic gender identity exploration without favoring any particular identity. [52] Bioethicist Florence Ashley has argued that framing gender exploratory therapy as an undirected exploration of underlying psychological issues bears similarities to gay conversion practices such as reparative therapy. [54]

Multiple groups exist worldwide to promote GET and successfully influence legal discussions and clinical guidance in some regions. [48] Therapy First (TF), previously named the Gender Exploratory Therapy Association (GETA), asserts that "psychological approaches should be the first-line treatment for all cases of gender dysphoria", that social transition is "risky", and that medical interventions for transgender youth are "experimental and should be avoided if possible". [16] [55] All of TF's leaders are members of Genspect, and many are also members of the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine (SEGM), both of which promote GET and argue that gender-affirming care should not be available to those under 25. [55] [8]

Blanchard's transsexualism typology

In the 1980s and 1990s, Ray Blanchard developed a theory and typology of transfeminine people, classifying them as either "homosexual transsexuals" – straight transgender women who are alleged to be homosexual men who transitioned to seduce straight men – or "autogynephilic transsexuals", who medically transition due to an alleged sexual fantasy or fetish of being a woman. [56] [57] It was popularized in 2003 by J. Michael Bailey in his book The Man Who Would Be Queen and heavily promoted by the far-right Human Biodiversity Institute of which Blanchard is a member. [58] [59]

There is little to no evidence for the theory, and it has been criticized on numerous grounds. [57] [56] Blanchard did not empirically derive the subtypes; instead, he grouped trans women based on sexual orientation, disregarded their lived experiences, ignored that cisgender women also report autogynephilia, sexually objectified trans women, and assumed causality – that transgender women have gender dysphoria and desire to transition due to their fantasies – rather than their fantasies being due to their identity. [56] Studies have criticized the conceptual flaws and empirical errors in the theory. Transfeminist Julia Serano has summarized the debate: "If proponents of autogynephilia insist that every exception to the model is due to misreporting, then autogynephilia theory must be rejected on the grounds that it is unfalsifiable and therefore unscientific. If, on the other hand, we accept that these exceptions are legitimate, then it is clear that autogynephilia theory's two-subtype taxonomy does not hold true." [56]

Untrustworthiness of medical organizations

Though every major medical organization in the United States endorses gender-affirming care, proponents of gender-affirming care bans in the country argue that the mainstream medical community is untrustworthy, that it ignores the evidence, and that doctors are pushing transgender youth into transition due to political ideology and disregard for their well-being. This extends to claims that standards of care and clinical practice guidelines from reputable medical organizations such as WPATH and the Endocrine Society do not reflect clinical consensus. [60]

Children "are transitioned" too quickly

Opponents of trans rights and trans healthcare have argued that gender-nonconforming youth are being pressured into transitioning. However, such care generally requires dual parental consent, a period of social transition, psychiatric assessments, and health provider approval. There are also a limited number of medical providers who provide gender-affirming care to youth. [7] This has included claims that the medical transition of transgender youth is decided upon their own, incapable consent, though scientific literature demonstrates that clinical decisions heavily value communications with parents. [61] [62] This also extends to claims that minors are being given gender-affirming genital surgeries routinely. However, records of minors with such surgeries are very rare, and most of the recorded minors have been 17 years old with full parental support. [63] Prior to the onset of puberty, children are only eligible for social transition, and puberty blockers are not given until puberty's onset. [64]

In June 2023, the Endocrine Society released a statement emphasizing that "pediatric gender-affirming care is designed to take a conservative approach". It explained that younger children are supported in exploring their gender identity as needed. Medical interventions are reserved for older adolescents and adults, tailored individually "to maximize the time teenagers and their families have to make decisions about their transitions". They concluded that major medical organizations agree on waiting until individuals are their country's age of majority for genital surgery. [65]

Schools "are transitioning" children medically

In 2024, then US presidential candidate Donald Trump attended a Moms for Liberty rally and stated children were being given gender-affirming surgery at school during his election campaign, and continued to repeat the claim. As of September 2024, there was no evidence that any school in the United States had provided gender-affirming surgery to a student. [66] [67]

Gender-affirming care is gay conversion therapy

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, misinformation that gender-affirming care is gay conversion therapy gained popularity among opponents of transgender rights, particularly gender-critical feminists and conservative and anti-trans gay people. The claims are based on misinformation that most trans children are simply just gay and only identify as transgender due to internalized homophobia, and that by allowing them to transition, their sexuality is turned from gay to straight. [68] [69]

European nations are banning gender-affirming care

Among anti-trans activists and Republican politicians in the United States, a common talking point used to justify outright bans on gender-affirming care for minors is the idea that other countries, particularly European countries, have banned the treatments outright. This misrepresents the cautionary stance adopted by a few European countries: some medical groups have taken a more cautionary stance, discouraging or limiting the use of puberty blockers [b] without banning or criminalizing the treatments, unlike many US states. [c]

Slate Magazine compared this to misinformation made by the anti-abortion movement in the United States, which similarly makes false claims that other countries, especially European countries, have much tighter restrictions on abortion than the United States to justify enacting bans on it. The magazine said that the point of this misinformation, for both gender-affirming care and abortion, is to paint the United States as an extreme global outlier that is "shamefully out of step with the rest of the world", which is untrue. [77]

According to Transgender Europe, as of 2024, member states of the European Union were not moving towards bans and there was "significant disinformation around the real state of affairs" of trans-specific care, though transgender people were still often pathologized and mandated to undergo psychiatric diagnosis. [78]

Norway

Misinformation that Norway had banned gender-affirming care has proliferated on social media. [75] In 2023, the Norwegian Healthcare Investigation Board, an independent non-governmental organization, issued a non-binding report finding the evidence for the use of puberty blockers and cross-sex hormone therapy in youth insufficient and recommended changing to a cautious approach. [79] The board is not responsible for setting healthcare policy; the Directorate of Health, the governmental body responsible for healthcare policy in Norway, is considering but has not implemented the recommendations. [79] [75] [72]

Sweden

Misinformation that Sweden had banned gender-affirming care for minors has proliferated on social media. Some Republican politicians in the United States have used this misinformation to justify their outright bans on the treatments, [72] [76] often citing the restriction that requires "special circumstances" to approve genital surgery in people under 23. [73] In reality, genital surgery is rarely performed upon minors and only provided for the most severe and extraordinary cases of gender dysphoria. [74] The restriction on genital surgery has been in place since the passage of a 1975 anti-eugenics law and does not ban transgender care. [73] [74]

The child and adolescent gender dysphoria KID-clinic at Sweden's Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm announced that from May 2021 it would discontinue providing puberty blockers and cross-sex hormones to patients under 18 outside of approved clinical trials, [80] [81] and two other university hospitals followed suit. [82] On February 22, 2022, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare released updated national guidelines that state puberty blockers, hormone treatments, and masectomies should be limited to "exceptional cases". [73] [83] [84] These are recommendations and do not equate to a ban on the treatment as physicians and clinics such as Karolinska have latitude deciding which cases qualify. [73] Youths in need can still access gender-affirming care, albeit with long wait times. [72] [82]

France

Republican politicians have also used misinformation about the situation in France to justify their outright bans on transgender health care. [72] They often point to guidelines from France's Académie Nationale de Médecine, developed in 2022, which urged caution when considering puberty blockers due to potential side effects, including "impact on growth, bone weakening, [and] risk of infertility". [85] [72] However, this is not equivalent to a ban and doctors who treat transgender youth in France say that the change to the guidelines has not changed actual practice nor has it hindered access to gender-affirming care for minors in the country. Transgender children in France are eligible for hormone treatments with parental permission, and usually receive them at age 15 or 16. Meanwhile, Transgender children in France are eligible for top surgery at age 14, and usually receive it after age 16. [72]

In late 2024, the French Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology released the country's first ever guidelines for medical care of trans youth, in which they recommended patients who have hit at least Tanner stage 2 to receive puberty blockers and gender-affirming hormones along with calcium and vitamin D supplements. [86]

Denmark

In 2023, in response to an increasing number of referrals for treatment, Denmark adopted a somewhat more cautious approach to access to transgender health care, resulting in fewer trans people being able to access hormone treatment than before. [87] However, in response to Republican politicians in the United States using misinformation about European countries to justify laws banning transgender health care for minors, Dr. Mette Ewers Haahr, the leader Denmark's only gender clinic for transgender youth, clarified that "We haven't banned the treatment", further stating that treatments should weigh both patient safety and human rights. [76] Transgender children in Denmark can still access gender-affirming care with parental consent starting at age 10 and starting at age 15 without parental consent. [87]

Finland

In 2023, misinformation spread online that Finland had banned gender-affirming care for minors. This misinformation cites guidelines in Finland, created by the Council for Choices in Health Care in 2020, which prioritized psychotherapy over medical transition. [73] [88] However, these guidelines are a recommendation, not a mandate, and they also recommend that cross sex hormones be considered for transgender minors "if it can be ascertained that their identity as the other sex is of a permanent nature and causes severe dysphoria." [73] [89] Additionally, The Council for Choices in Health Care allows the use of puberty blockers in transgender children after a case-by-case assessment if there are no medical contraindications. [90] [91] [89] Transgender minors in Finland can still access gender-affirming care at one of the country's two centralized gender identity units for minors. [89]

The Netherlands

In 2023, misinformation spread online that the Netherlands had banned gender-affirming care for minors. [73] Dutch medical guidelines recommend the use of puberty blockers in transgender adolescents of at least Tanner Stage II with informed consent and approval of an endocrinologist. [92] Top surgery is also available to patients older than 16 in The Netherlands. [73]

Impact

Legislative impacts

Australia

Australian legislators and media have increasingly spread misinformation and disinformation about detransition rates since 2022, relying on the efforts of apparently astroturfed organizations such as Genspect and the Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine and local groups such as Binary Australia and the Australian Christian Lobby. [93]

Latin America

Mexican federal deputy Teresa Castell  [ es ] of the conservative National Action Party had repeatedly claimed that gender dysphoria resulted from mental illness or perversion and required psychological treatment. [94] One party deputy pushed an initiative to ban transgender healthcare for minors and criminalize pressure from "an adult for the determination of sexual identity ... contrary to their biological identity" arguing that minors are incapable of knowing their gender identity. [95]

In late September 2024, Colombian far-right groups and organizers who successfully lobbied against a national ban on conversion therapy spread a hoax that their Superintendent of Health had promoted genital surgeries for three-year-olds. Despite fact-checking from independent reporters, the President (Gustavo Petro) and the Superintendent of Health (Luis Carlos Leal), the hoax has continued to be popular. [96]

In November 2024, many Brazilian politicians and political candidates relied on anti-trans rhetoric and misinformation during their elections, including claims that transgender children do not exist or are being co-opted into being trans by advocacy organizations. [97] [98] [ relevant? ]

United Kingdom

In 2021, NHS England commissioned the Cass Review, an independent review of gender identity services for children and young people. The review's final report (published April 2024) recommended tighter restrictions on gender-affirming care, such as limiting puberty blockers to clinical trials, stating the evidence in favor of them was limited. [51]

The Cass Review was welcomed by part of the UK's medical establishment, [99] though some professional organizations, transgender health providers, and LGBTQ rights groups criticized the findings both in the UK [100] and internationally. [d] The review process was criticized for lack of transparency and exclusion of transgender expertise. [e] The review was also criticized for allegedly pathologizing language in its report, [103] [108] its claims that most pre-pubertal children with gender incongruence desist, [108] [109] its endorsement of gender exploratory therapy, [108] [106] [109] and implying poor mental health causes children to be transgender. [108] [110]

The review's author Dr. Hilary Cass said some organisations and individuals had "deliberately spread misinformation" about the way it had evaluated scientific studies, including claims that her review had ignored 98% of the available evidence, [111] both before and after the final report was published. [112] Amnesty International UK also criticized "sensationalized coverage" of the review, stating it was "being weaponized by people who revel in spreading disinformation and myths about healthcare for trans young people". [113] UK charity Mermaids said that the Cass Review had been misrepresented in the press as supporting a ban on transition. [114] [115]

United States

Trans Healthcare For Youth By State USA.svg
Map of US state laws regarding trans healthcare access for youth as of March 8,2025 based on data from Movement Advancement Project [117]

Misinformation and disinformation have led to proposed and successful legislative restrictions on gender-affirming care across the United States. [1] [67] As of November 1, 2024, 26 states in the United States have passed bans on gender-affirming care for minors while 16 have passed shield laws and executive access protecting such care. [118]

In December 2024, the Supreme Court of the United States considered United States v. Skrmetti, a case on the constitutionality of Tennessee's ban on gender-affirming care for minors. Multiple doctors, such as Stephen B. Levine and James Cantor, who courts previously dismissed for promoting misinformation about transgender healthcare, testified in support of the ban together with various SPLC-designated anti-LGBTQ groups. [119] [120] [121]

In May 2025, the US Department of Health and Human Services released an anonymously authored report on treatments for gender dysphoria in minors that had been commissioned 90 days earlier, as part of Trump's Executive Order 14187 that had ordered the department to revoke federal funding for transgender healthcare and reshape public health policy to align with the administration. The report, which said that gender-affirming care was unsafe and endorsed gender exploratory therapy instead, was criticized by many national and international medical organizations. Trans advocates and medical experts described it as misinformation. [122] [123] [124]

Media impact

Mainstream media outlets such as The Atlantic , Washington Post , and The New York Times (NYT) have been criticized by scholar Thomas J. Billard, WPATH and USPATH, Vox, and others for platforming and amplifying misinformation, [f] with particular criticism of the NYT's coverage of transgender healthcare. [g] In November 2022, WPATH released a public statement criticizing misinformation in a commentary from the NYT. [126] In February 2023, over 1000 NYT contributors signed an open letter criticizing the paper's coverage, which was signed by an additional 30,000 supporters within a week. They argued the paper "treated gender diversity with an eerily familiar mix of pseudoscience and euphemistic, charged language, while publishing reporting on trans children that omits relevant information about its sources". They noted how its articles had been used to support anti-trans healthcare bans. [127] [129] A second letter from GLAAD, signed by over 100 LGBTQ and civil rights groups including the Human Rights Campaign and PFLAG, was released the same day, arguing that the NYT platformed fringe theories and "dangerous inaccuracies". [128]

Bomb threats against Boston Children's Hospital

Tch-boston.jpg
Boston Children's Hospital was subject to bomb threats following disinformation about the hospital's gender-affirming care.

In August 2022, Chaya Raichik, owner of the far-right social media account Libs of TikTok, claimed that Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) [130] and Children's National Hospital (CNH) were providing gender-affirming bottom surgeries to minors. [131] With the BCH-related content, Raichik included a BCH video that featured one of the hospital's gynecologists explaining the procedure. [130] While USA Today, [132] NPR, [131] and PolitiFact [133] concluded that the BCH claim was false, several conservative outlets—including The Daily Caller and The Post Millennial —republished the claims. [134] [135] [132] [136] After the Libs of TikTok posts, both hospitals faced harassment of employees [137] and bomb threats, [h] though it was unclear whether the BCH threat was related to the harassment. [139] NBC News described Libs of TikTok as "one of the primary drivers of the harassment campaign" against BCH. [143]

Responses from medical organizations

In June 2023, The Endocrine Society released a press release stating "widespread misinformation about medical care for transgender and gender-diverse teens" had resulted in 18 US states banning such care, including for adults. They stated: "These policies do not reflect the research landscape. More than 2,000 scientific studies have examined aspects of gender-affirming care since 1975, including more than 260 studies cited in the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guideline [on transgender medicine]." [65] The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the American Urological Association, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, the American College of Physicians, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology, GLMA: Health Professionals Advancing LGBTQ+ Equality, the American Medical Association (AMA), and the AMA's Medical Student Section cosponsored an Endocrine Society resolution "opposing any criminal and legal penalties against patients seeking gender-affirming care, family members or guardians who support them in seeking medical care, and health care facilities and clinicians who provide gender-affirming care". The AMA passed the resolution. [65]

In February 2024, the American Psychological Association released a policy statement urging the stopping of the spread of disinformation with more abundant and easily accessible scientific research, describing it as essential for protecting access to gender-affirming healthcare. [39] It further stated:

[T]he spread of misleading and unfounded narratives that mischaracterize gender dysphoria and affirming care, likely resulting in further stigmatization, marginalization, and lack of access to psychological and medical supports for transgender, gender diverse, and nonbinary individuals [...] [T]he APA opposes state bans on gender-affirming care, which are contrary to the principles of evidence-based healthcare, human rights, and social justice, and which should be reconsidered in favor of policies that prioritize the well-being and autonomy of transgender, gender-diverse, and nonbinary individuals[.]

In December 2024, the National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics in Switzerland said that public outrage over gender-affirming care, often stimulated by people without the necessary knowledge and experience, was harming young people and impeding "objective and evidence-based discussion of the social and medical framework required to ensure that they receive the best possible support and care". [144]

See also

Notes

References

  1. 1 2 Kim, Hyun-Hee; Thayer, Nova; Bernstein, Caryn; Cruz, Roxana; Roby, Christopher; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (2024). "On the Frontlines: Protecting and Advancing Gender-Affirming Care in a Hostile Sociopolitical Environment". Journal of General Internal Medicine . 40 (2): 458–461. doi: 10.1007/s11606-024-09080-3 . ISSN   1525-1497. PMC  11802976. PMID   39384688.
  2. ↑ APA 2024, p. 1.
  3. 1 2 Alstott 2024 , p. 261: "conservative religious organizations—often disguising their religious origins and agendas—have been key proponents of GAC bans and other anti-LGBTQIA measures. Their use of misinformation and pseudoscience [...] is familiar and quite deliberate. [...] These measures reflect a coordinated campaign by conservative religious-affiliated organizations rather than grassroots opposition to transgender rights."
    Waldman 2023 , pp. 2295: "Anyone familiar with the historical relationship between queer or feminist liberation and medical science might be surprised to see the scientific consensus lined up in favor of more rights for sexual minorities. [...] But today, conservative causes are the primary beneficiaries of manufactured factual uncertainty in the social and medical sciences."
  4. ↑ Wuest 2024 , p. 3
    Alstott 2024 , p. 255: "In litigation, the state of Alabama described gender-affirming care as 'unproven, sterilizing, and permanently scarring medical interventions pushed by ideological interest groups' and charged that 'the American Medical Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics continue to follow the popular zeitgeist when it comes to unproven gender-affirming interventions.' The state of Florida went a step further, casting gender-affirming care as analogous to past discredited therapies including eugenics, lobotomies, opioids, and cigarettes..."
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cravens, R. G.; McLamore, Quinnehtukqut; Leveille, Lee; Hodges, Emerson; Wunderlich, Sophie; Bates, Lydia (December 12, 2023). "Manufacturing the doubt that fuels the network". Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  6. 1 2 McNamara, Meredithe; McLamore, Quinnehtukqut; Meade, Nicolas; Olgun, Melisa; Robinson, Henry; Alstott, Anne (2024). "A thematic analysis of disinformation in gender-affirming healthcare bans in the United States". Social Science & Medicine. 351 116943: 12. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116943. ISSN   0277-9536. PMID   38759383.
  7. 1 2 Billard, Thomas J (2024-03-03). "The Politics of Transgender Health Misinformation" . Political Communication. 41 (2): 344–352 (346). doi:10.1080/10584609.2024.2303148. ISSN   1058-4609.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Cravens, R.G.; McLamore, Quinnehtukqut; Leveille, Lee; Hodges, Emerson; Wunderlich, Sophie; Bates, Lydia (December 12, 2023). "Group dynamics and division of labor within the anti-LGBTQ+ pseudoscience network". Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  9. 1 2 Romano, Aja (2023-03-31). "Trans rights are human rights. Journalists are failing both". Vox Media . Archived from the original on 2023-07-05. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
  10. ↑ "Medical Association Statements in Support of Health Care for Transgender People and Youth". GLAAD. 2024-06-26. Archived from the original on 2025-05-16. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
  11. ↑ "Major medical groups support health care for transgender people. The GOP doesn't". NJToday.net. 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
  12. ↑ "The Medical Community Speaks Up for Transgender Patients, Their Essential Health Care, and Their Profession". GLAAD . 2023-06-22. Archived from the original on 2025-03-23. Retrieved 2025-03-14.
  13. ↑ Wuest, Joanna; Last, Briana S. (2024). "Agents of scientific uncertainty: Conflicts over evidence and expertise in gender-affirming care bans for minors". Social Science & Medicine. 344 116533: 1–9 (3). doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116533. ISSN   0277-9536. PMID   38401237.
  14. 1 2 3 Wuest 2024, p. 3.
  15. ↑ Waldman, Ari (2023-05-01). "Manufacturing Uncertainty in Constitutional Law". Fordham Law Review. 91 (6): 2253. [Litigants and judges attempting to ban gender-affirming care] engage in tactics reminiscent of the industry-funded pushback to the scientific consensus about the dangers of smoking, using chlorofluorocarbons, and burning fossil fuels. They manufacture doubt when there is none [...] these tactics reflect a broader strategy [...] for Dylan Brandt and other transgender Arkansans, it would no longer matter that the vast majority of experts agree that gender-affirming hormone therapies are necessary and safe [...] when the law constructs a scenario in which anything could be false, those seeking to influence law and policy through misinformation have a leg up.
  16. 1 2 3 Pauly, Madison; Carnell, Henry (July 2024). "First they tried to "cure" gayness. Now they're fixated on "healing" trans people". Mother Jones . Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  17. ↑ Boulware, Susan; Kamody, Rebecca; Kuper, Laura; McNamara, Meredithe; Olezeski, Christy; Szilagyi, Nathalie; Alstott, Anne L. (2022). "Biased Science: The Texas and Alabama Measures Criminalizing Medical Treatment for Transgender Children and Adolescents Rely on Inaccurate and Misleading Scientific Claims". SSRN Electronic Journal: 28–29. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4102374 . ISSN   1556-5068. SSRN   4102374.
  18. 1 2 3 Cravens, R. G.; McLamore, Quinnehtukqut; Leveille, Lee; Hodges, Emerson; Wunderlich, Sophie; Bates, Lydia (December 12, 2023). "Foundations of the Contemporary Anti-LGBTQ+ Pseudoscience Network". Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  19. 1 2 3 Wuest 2024, p. 4.
  20. ↑ MacKinnon, Kinnon Ross; Expósito-Campos, Pablo; Gould, W. Ariel (2023-06-14). "Detransition needs further understanding, not controversy". BMJ. 381: e073584. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-073584 . ISSN   1756-1833. PMC   10265220 . PMID   37315956.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 McNamara 2024, p. 5.
  22. ↑ Thornton, Sarah M.; Edalatpour, Armin; Gast, Katherine M. (2024-08-01). "A systematic review of patient regret after surgery- A common phenomenon in many specialties but rare within gender-affirmation surgery". The American Journal of Surgery. 234: 68–73. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.04.021. ISSN   0002-9610. PMID   38688814.
  23. ↑ Feigerlova, Eva (2025-02-01). "Prevalence of detransition in persons seeking gender-affirming hormonal treatments: a systematic review" . The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 22 (2): 356–368. doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdae186. ISSN   1743-6095. PMID   39724926. Five studies reported a change in request before starting GnRHa, five studies reported GnRHa discontinuation, and nine studies reported GAHT discontinuation. The point-prevalence proportions of shifts in requests before any treatment ranged from 0.8–7.4%. The point-prevalence proportions of GnRHa discontinuation ranged from 1–7.6%. The point-prevalence proportions of GAHT discontinuation ranged from 1.6–9.8%. [...] Among the reasons for discontinuation reported by the different studies were not only doubts regarding transgender identity but also financial barriers, side effects, poor compliance, social issues, or goals of treatment met. The current literature shows that the decision to detransition is rare. By not controlling for these factors, pooled estimates of the number of people who detransition due to a change in identity are likely to be overinflated because research blends different cohorts.
  24. ↑ Moazami, Sahar (2024). "Legalizing transphobia: from courtroom to legislature, how gender-critical activism is hurting us all". California Western International Law Journal. 54 (1): 211–212. Archived from the original on 2024-12-22. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
  25. ↑ McNamara 2024, pp. 5–6, 11.
  26. 1 2 Astor, Maggie (2023-05-16). "How a Few Stories of Regret Fuel the Push to Restrict Gender Transition Care". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-06-11. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
  27. ↑ Doyle, Jude Ellison S. (2023-03-15). "The making of a detransitioner". Xtra Magazine. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
  28. ↑ Urquhart, Evan (2021-02-01). "An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark". Slate . ISSN   1091-2339. Archived from the original on 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
  29. 1 2 3 Kennedy, Natacha (2022-01-02). "Deferral: the sociology of young trans people's epiphanies and coming out" . Journal of LGBT Youth. 19: 53–75 (55–57). doi:10.1080/19361653.2020.1816244. ISSN   1936-1653.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Karrington, Baer (2022-06-01). "Defining Desistance: Exploring Desistance in Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth Through Systematic Literature Review". Transgender Health. 7 (3): 189–212. doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0129. ISSN   2688-4887. PMC   9829142 . PMID   36643060. S2CID   236417972.
  31. 1 2 Gender incongruence and gender dysphoria in childhood and adolescence: diagnosis and treatment. (PDF), Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF), p. 44, archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-07-04, retrieved 2025-07-11, the figures frequently used by popular media, according to which allegedly 80% of gender dysphoric adolescents would not develop a permanent transgender identity, cannot be supported by evidence. At best, the statement that a high to very high proportion of children with gender-nonconforming role behaviour who do not meet the diagnostic criteria for gender dysphoria do not develop persistent gender dysphoria in adolescence can be supported by evidence. Furthermore, a strong centre effect is noticeable. The persistence rates determined in Toronto were significantly lower than those in the Dutch studies. The underlying treatment concepts, which diverged considerably between the two centres, must be viewed critically here. In Toronto, it was part of the explicit concept to recommend treatment for children with the aim of reducing the probability of persistence of transsexualism (Zucker et al., 2012). From today's perspective, such an approach to treatment would not only be unethical, but would even be prohibited in Germany under the law passed in May 2020 to protect against conversion treatments.
  32. ↑ Hsu, V. Jo (2024). "Trans Tricksters, Looping Effects, and Gender Diagnoses as Containment". Rhetoric of Health & Medicine. 7 (1): 17–45. doi:10.5744/rhm.2024.1002. ISSN   2573-5063.
  33. ↑ Sanchez, Kait (2021-07-30). "The bad science behind trans healthcare bans". Archived from the original on 2025-07-20. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
  34. ↑ Walsh, Reubs J (December 3, 2020). "A blow to the rights of transgender children". The Psychologist. Archived from the original on 2025-05-06. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
  35. ↑ Eckert, A. J. (2023-05-14). "Detransition, Retransition, and What Everyone Gets Wrong". Science Based Medicine. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
  36. ↑ Riedel, Samantha (2018-06-28). "When Will Cis Media Finally Hire Trans Reporters To Cover Trans Issues?". Archived from the original on 2025-07-15. Retrieved 2025-07-11.
  37. ↑ Olson, Kristina R. (2016-03-01). "Prepubescent Transgender Children: What We Do and Do Not Know" . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (3): 155–156.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.015. ISSN   0890-8567. PMID   26903246.
  38. ↑ Criminalizing Gender Affirmative Care with Minors: Suggested Discussion Points With Resources to Oppose Transgender Exclusion Bills (Report). American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
  39. 1 2 "APA Policy Statement on Affirming Evidence-Based Inclusive Care for Transgender, Gender Diverse, and Nonbinary Individuals, Addressing Misinformation, and the Role of Psychological Practice and Science" (PDF). American Psychological Association. February 2024. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  40. ↑ Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; de Vries, A. L. C.; Deutsch, M. B.; Ettner, R.; Fraser, L.; Goodman, M.; Green, J.; Hancock, A. B.; Johnson, T. W.; Karasic, D. H.; Knudson, G. A.; Leibowitz, S. F. (2022-08-19). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): S1–S259 (S171). doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN   2689-5269. PMC   9553112 . PMID   36238954.
  41. ↑ APA 2024, p. 53.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Lockmiller, Catherine (2023). "Decoding the Misinformation-Legislation Pipeline: an analysis of Florida Medicaid and the current state of transgender healthcare". Journal of the Medical Library Association . 111 (4): 750–761. doi:10.5195/jmla.2023.1724. ISSN   1558-9439. PMC   10621716 . PMID   37928129.
  43. 1 2 3 McNamara 2024, p. 8.
  44. 1 2 "ROGD Statement". Coalition for the Advancement & Application of Psychological Science. 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
  45. ↑ Alstott, Anne; Olgun, Melisa; Robinson, Henry; McNamara, Meredithe (2024). ""Demons and Imps": Misinformation and Religious Pseudoscience in State Anti-Transgender Laws" (PDF). Yale Journal of Law and Feminism : 252–3.
  46. ↑ "WPATH, ASIAPATH, EPATH, PATHA, and USPATH Response to NHS England in the United Kingdom (UK)" (PDF). WPATH . November 25, 2022. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  47. ↑ Bharat, Bharat; Dopp, Alex; Last, Briana; Howell, Gary; Nadeem, Erum; Johnson, Clara; Stirman, Shannon Wiltsey (October 2023). "OSF". The Behavior Therapist. 46 (7). Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies: 261–270. doi:10.31234/osf.io/gz5mk. PMC   11661860 . PMID   39713211. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  48. 1 2 Amery, Fran (2023). "Protecting Children in 'Gender Critical' Rhetoric and Strategy: Regulating Childhood for Cisgender Outcomes". DiGeSt – Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies. 10 (2): 99–100. doi: 10.21825/digest.85309 . ISSN   2593-0281. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  49. 1 2 3 Lawson, Zazie; Davies, Skye; Harmon, Shae; Williams, Matthew; Billawa, Shradha; Holmes, Ryan; Huckridge, Jaymie; Kelly, Phillip; MacIntyre-Harrison, Jess; Neill, Stewart; Song-Chase, Angela; Ward, Hannah; Yates, Michael (2023). "A human rights based approach to transgender and gender expansive health" . Clinical Psychology Forum. 1 (369): 91–106 (93–94). doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2023.1.369.91. ISSN   1747-5732. S2CID   265086908. Archived from the original on 24 September 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  50. 1 2 Caraballo, Alejandra (2022). "The Anti-Transgender Medical Expert Industry". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics . 50 (4): 687–692 (689). doi:10.1017/jme.2023.9. ISSN   1073-1105. PMID   36883410. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  51. 1 2 Dopp, Alex R.; Peipert, Allison; Buss, John; De Jesús-Romero, Robinson; Palmer, Keyton; Lorenzo-Luaces, Lorenzo (26 November 2024) [28 December 2024]. Interventions for Gender Dysphoria and Related Health Problems in Transgender and Gender-Expansive Youth: A Systematic Review of Benefits and Risks to Inform Practice, Policy, and Research - RAND_RRA3223-1.pdf (PDF) (Report). RAND Corporation. pp. 31–32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2025. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
  52. 1 2 3 4 MacKinnon, Kinnon R.; Gould, Wren Ariel; Enxuga, Gabriel; Kia, Hannah; Abramovich, Alex; Lam, June S. H.; Ross, Lori E. (2023). "Exploring the gender care experiences and perspectives of individuals who discontinued their transition or detransitioned in Canada". PLOS ONE . 18 (11): e0293868. Bibcode:2023PLoSO..1893868M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293868 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   10686467 . PMID   38019738.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  53. ↑ Leising, Julie (2022). "Gender-affirming care for youth—separating evidence from controversy" (PDF). BC Medical Journal . 64 (7): 316.
  54. ↑ Ashley, Florence (2022). "Interrogating Gender-Exploratory Therapy". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 18 (2): 472–481 (475–476). doi:10.1177/17456916221102325. PMC   10018052 . PMID   36068009. S2CID   252108965.
  55. 1 2 Santoro, Helen (2023-05-02). "How Therapists Are Trying to Convince Children That They're Not Actually Trans". Slate . ISSN   1091-2339. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Rider, G. Nic; Tebbe, Elliot A. (2021). "Anti-Trans Theories". In Goldberg, Abbie E.; Beemyn, Genny (eds.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). SAGE Publications. pp. 41–42. ISBN   978-1544393810.
  57. 1 2 Pfeffer, Carla A. (2016). "Transgender Sexualities". In Goldberg, Abbie E. (ed.). The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies, Volume 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 1249–1250. doi:10.4135/9781483371283.n439. ISBN   978-1-4833-7129-0. The term autogynephilia was first used in 1989 by Ray Blanchard, a sexologist, to describe a purported class of transgender women. Classifications of transgender women prior to this time tended to divide this group into those who were sexually and romantically interested in men as 'homosexual transsexuals,' and those who were sexually and romantically interested in women were classified as 'heterosexual fetishistic transvestites.'
  58. ↑ Bancroft, John (2009). "Transgender, gender nonconformity and transvestism". Human Sexuality and its Problems (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 290–291. ISBN   978-0-443-05161-6. Controversy over [Blanchard's] division into two types peaked with Bailey's publication of his book The Man who would be Queen: the Science of Gender Bending and Transsexualism (2003), which caused anger and outrage in the transgender community and disapproval among some clinicians working in this field.
  59. ↑ Beirich, Heidi; Moser, Bob (31 December 2003). "Northwestern University Psychology Professor J. Michael Bailey Looks into Queer Science". Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  60. ↑ McNamara 2024, p. 10–11.
  61. ↑ McNamara 2024, p. 10.
  62. ↑ Tyni, Kristiina; Wurm, Matilda; Nordström, Thomas; Bratt, Anna Sofia (2024-07-02), "A systematic review and qualitative research synthesis of the lived experiences and coping of transgender and gender diverse youth 18 years or younger", International Journal of Transgender Health , 25 (3): 377, 379–80, doi:10.1080/26895269.2023.2295379, PMC   11268253 , PMID   39055629
  63. ↑ Eckert, A. J. (2022-10-22). "Cutting through the Lies and Misinterpretations about the Updated Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People". Science-Based Medicine. Archived from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  64. ↑ Alfonseca, Kiara. "Researchers dive into common gender-affirming care youth misconceptions, questions". ABC News . Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  65. 1 2 3 "AMA strengthens its policy on protecting access to gender-affirming care" (Press release). Endocrine Society. June 12, 2023.
  66. ↑ Lavietes, Matt (2024-09-09). "Trump repeats false claims that children are undergoing transgender surgery during the school day". NBC News . Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  67. 1 2 "Health Misinformation Monitor: Falsehoods About Transgender People and Gender Affirming Care". KFF . 2024-10-10. Retrieved 2024-12-03.
  68. ↑ Florence Ashley (24 September 2019). "Homophobia, conversion therapy, and care models for trans youth: defending the gender affirmative approach" (PDF). Journal of LGBT Youth . Routledge. Retrieved 27 June 2025.
  69. ↑ MacKinnon, Kinnon R.; Expósito-Campos, Pablo; Kinitz, David J.; Bonifacio, Joey (30 April 2024). "Affirming Everyone in the Rainbow: Is Gender-Affirming Healthcare "Gay Conversion Therapy?"". HealthcarePapers. 22 (1): 55–62. doi:10.12927/hcpap.2024.27385. PMID   39315425.
  70. ↑ "Questioning America's approach to transgender health care". The Economist . 28 July 2022. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  71. ↑ Terhune C, Respaut R, Conlin M (6 October 2022). "As children line up at gender clinics, families confront many unknowns". Reuters . Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Klapsa K (8 October 2023). "The real story on Europe's transgender debate". POLITICO . Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Gender-affirming surgery is not banned for minors in Europe, but is mostly inaccessible". PolitiFact . September 6, 2023. Archived from the original on March 20, 2024. Retrieved October 16, 2024.
  74. 1 2 3 "Fact check: Did Sweden 'shut down' gender-affirming surgical care for minors?". The Houston Chronicle . Dec 25, 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2024.
  75. 1 2 3 Karena, Phan (2023-06-08). "Norway didn't ban gender-affirming care for minors, as headline falsely claims". AP News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
  76. 1 2 3 "Youth Gender Medications Limited in England, Part of Big Shift in Europe". The New York Times . 9 April 2024. Archived from the original on 21 April 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  77. ↑ "Attacks on Abortion and Trans Rights Are Eerily Similar. This Supreme Court Case Is a Prime Example". Slate. 2024-12-06. Retrieved 2025-06-15.
  78. ↑ "Trans Health Map 2024: As WHO guidelines approach, healthcare for trans people in the EU still hindered by stigma and long delays – TGEU – Transgender EuropeTGEU – Transgender Europe". Transgender Europe. 2024-10-29. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  79. 1 2 Block J (March 2023). "Norway's guidance on paediatric gender treatment is unsafe, says review". BMJ . 380: 697. doi: 10.1136/bmj.p697 . PMID   36958723. S2CID   257666327.
  80. ↑ Nyheter, S. V. T. (2021-05-06). "Karolinska stoppar hormonbehandling av barn med könsdysfori". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  81. ↑ Karolinska University Hospital; Astrid Lindgren's Childrens Hospital (2021-09-24). "Vanliga frågor och svar angående Astrid Lindgrens barnsjukhus nya riktlinje vad gäller hormonbehandling för barn och unga med könsdysfori" [Common questions and answers regarding Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospitals' new guideline regarding hormonal treatment of children and young people with gender dysphoria](PDF). Karolinska University Hospital (in Swedish). Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  82. 1 2 Linander I, Alm E (20 April 2022). "Waiting for and in gender-confirming healthcare in Sweden: An analysis of young trans people's experiences". European Journal of Social Work . 25 (6). Routledge: 995–1006. doi:10.1080/13691457.2022.2063799. S2CID   248314474. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  83. ↑ "Care of children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: Summary" (PDF). The National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen). 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  84. ↑ "Uppdaterade rekommendationer för hormonbehandling vid könsdysfori hos unga" [Updated recommendations for hormone therapy for gender dysphoria in young people]. The National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) (in Swedish). 22 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  85. ↑ Davis Jr E (July 12, 2023). "European Countries Restrict Trans Health Care for Minors". U.S. News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  86. ↑ Brezin, François; Busiah, Kanetee; Leroy, Clara; Fiot, Elodie; Bensignor, Candace; Amouroux, Cyril; Caquard, Marylène; Cartault, Audrey; Castets, Sarah; Delcour, Clémence; Devernay, Marie; Feigerlova, Eva; Hoarau, Marie; Lebon-Labich, Béatrice; Lambert, Anne-Sophie (2024-11-17). "Endocrine management of transgender adolescents: Expert consensus of the french society of pediatric endocrinology and diabetology working group" . Archives de Pédiatrie. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2024.08.003 . ISSN   0929-693X. PMID   39551654.
  87. 1 2 "Sundhedsfaglige tilbud til børn og unge med kønsubehag". Ugeskriftet (in Danish). 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2025-02-23.
  88. ↑ "Doubts are growing about therapy for gender-dysphoric children". The Economist. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  89. 1 2 3 "Europe and the Puberty Blocker Debate". Medscape . Archived from the original on 23 May 2025. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  90. ↑ "Medical treatment methods for dysphoria associated with variations in gender identity in minors – recommendation" (PDF). Council for Choices in Health Care in Finland (Palveluvalikoima). 16 June 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  91. ↑ Karjaralainen J (2020-06-26). ""Jos olisin lääkäri, minua pelottaisi ihan hirveästi antaa diagnooseja", sanoo transmies Susi Nousiainen – transsukupuolisten uusista hoitosuosituksista nousi kohu, tästä siinä on kyse" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
  92. ↑ "Kwaliteitsstandaard Transgenderzorg -Somatisch" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  93. ↑ Turner, Jackie (2023-03-09). "Anti-trans disinformation is rife in Australia — and its being spread by a small group of organisations". Crikey . Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  94. ↑ González, Geo (2024-02-08). "Desinformación en México: es falso que la disforia de género sea una enfermedad mental" [Misinformation in Mexico: It is false that gender dysphoria is a mental illness] (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-12-29.
  95. ↑ Barbosa, Melina; Orozco, Leslie (2023-02-27). "Desinformación culmina en transfobia y violencia institucional" [Disinformation leads to transphobia and institutional violence]. Verificado (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-12-29.
  96. ↑ Reynoso, Lucas (2024-10-28). "El bulo transfóbico que evidencia las dificultades para combatir la desinformación en Colombia" [The transphobic hoax that highlights the difficulties in combating disinformation in Colombia]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-12-29.
  97. ↑ "Crianças trans como alvo: legislação existente não conseguiu barrar transfobia nas eleições" [Trans children as a target: existing legislation failed to stop transphobia in elections]. Nonada (in Brazilian Portuguese). November 16, 2024. Retrieved 2025-03-13.
  98. ↑ de Assis, Carolina (2024-11-27). "New site by and for trans people in Brazil aims to cover politics and everyday trans experiences". LatAm Journalism Review. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
  99. ↑ Triggle, Nick (August 1, 2024). "BMA calls for ban on puberty blockers to be lifted". BBC News . Archived from the original on 2024-08-01. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
  100. 1 2 Hansford, Amelia (2024-10-18). "LGBTQ+ experts criticise Cass Review in open letter to Wes Streeting". Pink News . Retrieved 2025-01-02.
  101. 1 2 Xian, Sophia; Dietz, Elizabeth; Fabi, Rachel (2025-01-15). "Trans Experiences In Healthcare: Testimonial Injustice in Clinical Practice". Voices in Bioethics. 11: 6–7. doi: 10.52214/vib.v11i.13149 . ISSN   2691-4875.
  102. ↑ "Cass Review' author: More 'caution' advised for gender-affirming care for youth". WBUR-FM . 8 May 2024. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  103. 1 2 "GLADD Response to the Cass Review" (PDF). The Association of LGBTQ+ Doctors and Dentists (GLADD). October 28, 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 11, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
  104. ↑ "Joint statement: Trans children and young people in schools deserve safety and understanding". ILGA, Transgender Europe, and IGLYO . September 2, 2024. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
  105. ↑ WPATH; EPATH (10 October 2023). "30.10.23 EPATH – WPATH Joint NHS Statement Final" (PDF). WPATH (Press release). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  106. 1 2 "Cass Review out of step with high-quality care provided in Aotearoa". PATHA – Professional Association for Transgender Health Aotearoa (Press release). 11 April 2024. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  107. ↑ An Evidence-Based Critique of "The Cass Review" on Gender-affirming Care for Adolescent Gender Dysphoria (PDF) (Report). Integrity Project – Yale School of Medicine. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-07-01. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 Horton, Cal (2024). "The Cass Review: Cis-supremacy in the UK's approach to healthcare for trans children". International Journal of Transgender Health : 1–25. doi: 10.1080/26895269.2024.2328249 . ISSN   2689-5269.
  109. 1 2 "WPATH, ASIAPATH, EPATH, PATHA, and USPATH Response to NHS England in the United Kingdom (UK)" (PDF). 25 November 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  110. ↑ Riedel, Samantha (12 April 2024). "Advocates Say a Controversial U.K. Report on Healthcare for Trans Kids Is 'Fundamentally Flawed'". Them (News). Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  111. ↑ Mackintosh, Thomas (20 April 2024). "Cass Review: Gender care report author attacks 'misinformation'". BBC News . Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  112. ↑ Beal, James (22 April 2024). "Cass author condemns 'misinformation' spread by trans lawyer". The Times . Retrieved 15 May 2025.
  113. ↑ "UK: Cass review on gender identity is being 'weaponised' by anti-trans groups". Amnesty International (Press release). 10 April 2024. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  114. ↑ James, Alastair (2024-04-10). "The Cass review: What it is and what it means for trans youth". Attitude. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
  115. ↑ "Mermaids' response to The Cass Review – In Depth". Mermaids. 2024-04-25. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
  116. "Health Care / Bans on Best Practice Medical Care for Transgender Youth". Movement Advancement Project. Archived from the original on 2025-06-14. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
  117. ↑ "Health Care / Bans on Best Practice Medical Care for Transgender Youth". Movement Advancement Project. Archived from the original on 2025-06-14. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
  118. ↑ Wolfe, Elizabeth (2024-12-03). "How a Supreme Court decision on health care bans for transgender youth could impact trans people nationwide". CNN . Retrieved 2024-12-21.
  119. ↑ Levin, Sam (21 November 2024). "Revealed: trans rights case at US supreme court features doctors previously discredited by judges". The Guardian .
  120. ↑ Riedel, Samantha (22 November 2024). "Slew of Discredited, Anti-Trans Doctors to Testify In Upcoming SCOTUS Case on Trans Health Care". Them.us .
  121. ↑ "Anti-LGBTQ+ hate groups support Supreme Court case to ban gender-affirming care". Southern Poverty Law Centre . 30 October 2024.
  122. ↑ Gumbrecht, Jamie; Christensen, Jen (2025-05-01). "Trump administration releases 400-page review of gender dysphoria treatment for youths but won't say who wrote it". CNN . Archived from the original on 2025-05-01. Retrieved 2025-05-10.
  123. ↑ Wiggins, Christopher (May 1, 2025). "Controversial Trump HHS report targets care for trans kids". The Advocate . Retrieved 2025-05-10.
  124. ↑ Jacobs, Phie (May 2, 2025). "Researchers slam HHS report on gender-affirming care for youth". Science . Retrieved 2025-05-10.
  125. ↑ Billard 2024, p. 347: "Misinformational claims such as those listed above appear frequently in feature articles and op-eds in The New York Times and The Atlantic, with a consistent stable of misinformation-peddling authors including, among others, Jesse Singal and Abigail Schrier; in prime-time segments on news programs like 60 Minutes; in best-selling popular press book like Schrier's Irreversible Damage: The Transgender Craze Seducing Our Daughters and Helen Joyce's ironically named Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality; and on some of the country's most popular podcast, like The Joe Rogan Experience, which audio streaming service Spotify paid approximately $200 million for an exclusive licensing deal. They also find purchase online, where they are spread by figures with large online followings, like Chaya Raichik (known by the username Libs of TikTok), Ben Shapiro, and Matt Walsh – and, perhaps more surprisingly, author J. K. Rowling and technology investor Elon Musk – through public Facebook, TikTok, Twitter, and YouTube pages."
  126. 1 2 3 "USPATH and WPATH Respond to NY Times Article "They Paused Puberty, But Is There a Cost?" published on November 14, 2022" (PDF) (Press release). World Professional Association for Transgender Health. November 22, 2024.
  127. 1 2 3 Oladipo, Gloria. "Nearly 1,000 contributors protest New York Times' coverage of trans people". The Guardian . Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2024-12-28.
  128. 1 2 3 Yurcaba, Jo (February 16, 2023). "N.Y. Times contributors and LGBTQ advocates send open letters criticizing paper's trans coverage". NBC News . Archived from the original on 2023-02-18. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  129. 1 2 3 Migdon, Brooke (2023-02-15). "NYT contributors blast paper's coverage of transgender people". The Hill . Archived from the original on 2023-02-20. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
  130. 1 2 Gilbert, David (August 17, 2022). "Far-Right Extremists Are Threatening to "Execute" Doctors at a Children's Hospital". Vice News . Archived from the original on November 11, 2023. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  131. 1 2 Bond, Shannon (26 August 2022). "Children's hospitals are the latest target of anti-LGBTQ harassment". All Things Considered . NPR. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  132. 1 2 Hudnall, Hannah (August 22, 2022). "Fact check: False claim about Boston Children's Hospital's transgender care program". USA Today . Archived from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  133. ↑ Reyes, Yacob (August 12, 2022). "No, Boston Children's Hospital doesn't provide hysterectomies for children". PolitiFact . Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
  134. 1 2 Villarreal, Daniel (August 29, 2022). "Children's hospital gets death & bomb threats after Libs Of TikTok claims kids are sterilized there". LGBTQ Nation . Archived from the original on November 2, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
  135. ↑ Halpert, Madeline (31 August 2022). "Boston Children's Hospital Bomb Threat: How Right Wing Media Escalate Harassment Of LGBTQ-Friendly Places". Forbes . Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
  136. ↑ Hawkins, Derek; Venkataramanan, Meena (August 17, 2022). "Boston Children's Hospital says it faces threats after right-wing tweets". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022. Retrieved August 21, 2022.
  137. ↑ Lorenz, Taylor; Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Jamison, Peter (September 2, 2022). "Twitter account Libs of TikTok blamed for harassment of children's hospitals". The Washington Post . ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-02. After gaining a large Twitter following in the spring as she baselessly accused LGBTQ teachers of being pedophiles and 'groomers', Raichik began criticizing children's health facilities earlier this summer, targeting a hospital in Omaha in June and another in Pittsburgh in August. The attacks resulted in a flood of online harassment and phoned-in threats at both hospitals.
  138. ↑ McCausland, Phil (August 31, 2022). "Boston Children's Hospital faces bomb threat after right-wing harassment campaign". NBC News . Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  139. 1 2 Alfonseca, Kiara (August 31, 2022). "Boston Children's Hospital receives bomb threat following harassment over transgender care". ABC News . Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
  140. ↑ O'Laughlin, Frank (September 9, 2022). "Police investigating after another bomb threat made against Boston Children's Hospital". WFXT . Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  141. ↑ Jamison, Peter (26 August 2022). "Children's hospital threatened after Libs of TikTok recording on trans hysterectomies". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  142. ↑ Venhuizen, Harm (August 27, 2022). "D.C. children's hospital harassed over trans youth services". Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  143. ↑ Zadrozny, Brandy; Collins, Ben; Winter, Tom (September 15, 2022). "FBI charges Massachusetts woman with Boston Children's Hospital bomb threat". NBC News . Archived from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
  144. ↑ "Medical treatment for minors with gender dysphoria: Ethical and legal considerations". National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics. 2024-11-07. Retrieved 2025-03-04.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.