World Professional Association for Transgender Health

Last updated

World Professional Association for Transgender Health
AbbreviationWPATH
FormationSeptember 1979;45 years ago (1979-09)
Type NGO
94-2675140 [1]
Legal status 501(c)(3) [1]
PurposeTo promote evidence-based care, education, research, advocacy, public policy, and respect in transgender health. [2]
Headquarters East Dundee, Illinois, U.S.
Products Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People
Membership2,700 [3] (in 2021)
Asa Radix [4]
Loren Schechter [4]
Chris McLachlach [4]
Stephen Rosenthal [4]
Revenue$1,245,915 [2] (in 2016)
Expenses$1,144,284 [2] (in 2016)
Employees0 [2] (in 2016)
Website www.wpath.org OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Formerly called
Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA), is a professional organization devoted to the understanding and treatment of gender identity and gender dysphoria, and creating standardized treatment for transgender and gender variant people. WPATH was founded in 1979 and named HBIGDA in honor of Harry Benjamin during a period where there was no clinical consensus on how and when to provide gender-affirming care.

Contents

Founding members included Dr. Harry Benjamin, Paul A. Walker, Richard Green, Jack C. Berger, Donald R. Laub, Charles L. Reynolds Jr., Leo Wollman and Jude Patton. [5]

WPATH is mostly known for the Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC). Early versions of the SOC mandated strict gatekeeping of transition by psychologists and psychiatrists and framed transgender identity as a mental illness. Beginning in approximately 2010, WPATH began publicly advocating the depsychopathologization of transgender identities and the 7th and 8th versions of the SOC took an approach that was more evidence-based.

Standards of Care

WPATH develops, [6] publishes and reviews guidelines for persons with gender dysphoria, under the name of Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, the overall goal of the SOC is to provide clinical guidance for health professionals to assist transgender, and gender nonconforming people with safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves, in order to maximize their overall health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. [7] To keep up with increasing scientific evidence, WPATH periodically commissions an update to the Standards of Care and the WPATH Guideline Steering Committee oversees the guideline development process. [6] The first version of the Standards of Care were published in 1979. [8] Versions were released in 1979 (1st), [9] 1980 (2nd), [10] 1981 (3rd), [11] [12] 1990 (4th), [13] 1998 (5th), [14] 2001 (6th), [15] [16] and 2012 (7th). [17] WPATH released Version 8, the latest edition, in 2022; [18] it is described as being based upon a "more rigorous and methodological evidence-based approach than previous versions." [6]

SOC is an internationally accepted and influential document outlining how to provide patients with transition related care. Early versions of the SOC focused gender transition towards psychologists and psychiatrists and framed transgender identity as a mental illness. [19] [20] Beginning in approximately 2010, with pushing from trans activists [21] the WPATH began publicly advocating the depsychopathologization of transgender identities in the 7th version of the SOC. [22] [23]

History

Background

Medical treatment for gender dysphoria was publicized in the early 1950s by accounts such as those of Christine Jorgensen. [24] During this period, the majority of literature on gender diversity was pathologizing, positing dysfunctional families as the causes of dysphoria and recommending reparative therapy and psychoanalysis, such as Robert Stoller's work. Others such as George Rekers and Ole Ivar Lovaas recommended behavioral treatments to extinguish cross-sex identification and reinforce gender-normative behaviors. [24] Knowledge on various aspects of transition related care had existed for decades, but there was no clinical consensus on the care pathways for transgender people. [25]

In 1966, Harry Benjamin published The Transsexual Phenomenon, arguing that since there was no cure for transsexualism, it was in the best interests of transsexuals and society to aid in sex reassignment and in the same year the Johns Hopkins Gender Clinic was opened by John Money. [24] In 1969, Reed Erickson, a wealthy transgender man who played a large role in funding research and clinics for trans healthcare through the Erickson Educational Foundation, funded Richard Green and Money's book Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, a multidisciplinary volume exploring instructions on medical care as well as social and clinical aspects, which was dedicated to Benjamin. [25] [24] The same year, he funded the 1st International Symposium on Gender Identity in London. [25] The 4th conference, taking place in 1975, was the first to use Benjamin's name in the title. [24]

1979-2000

The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association and Standards of Care (SOC) were conceived during the 5th International Gender Dysphoria Symposium (IGDS) in 1977. [26] The organization was named in honor of Benjamin [27] and supported a mixture of psychological and medical treatment. [28] [29] The founding committee was entirely American and consisted of Jack Berger, Richard Green, Donald R. Laub, Charles Reynolds Jr., Paul A. Walker, Leo Wollman, and transgender activist Jude Patton with Walker serving as president; The first SOC committee included all founding committee members with the exception of Patton, a vote by attendees having opposed a "consumer" board member. [26] The Articles of Incorporation were approved in 1979 at the 6th IGDS and HBIGDA was legally incorporated 7 months later. [26]

The initial Standards of Care, The hormonal and surgical sex reassignment of gender dysphoric persons, were published in 1979 and served both as clinical guidelines for treating patients and to protect those who provided the treatments. [28] Versions 2, 3, and 4 of the SOC were published in 1980, 1981 and 1990 respectively under the same name with few changes. [26] [24] [25] These versions of the SOC followed the gatekeeping model laid out by Benjamin, where clinicians set strict eligibility requirements, requiring evaluations from separate mental health professionals and compulsory psychotherapy. [24] [29] [25] WPATH played a large role in the addition of "Gender Identity Disorder" to the DSM-III in 1980. [26] These versions used the DSM-III's criteria for the diagnoses of "Transsexualism" and "Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood", which had largely been authored by Richard Green. [25] This led to feedback loops in research where the diagnostic criteria were thought correct since transgender people provided the narratives expected of them to access care. [25]

In the 1990's, WPATH was struggling to operate due to criticisms of their SOC in the trans community such as the requirement of the real life test, [30] where patients had to socially transition for up to a year prior to hormones. These critiques developed into a trans-led Advocacy and Liaison committee, marking the first time trans people were officially and actively consulted regarding their treatment. [31] The 5th version, published in 1998, was titled the "Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders" to be consistent with the DSM-III. It recommended but did not require psychotherapy and stated that while GID was a mental disorder, that was not a license for stigma. [24]

Changes to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) standards of care around gender affirming medical and surgical treatments over time. Fpsyt-13-1006024-g002.jpg
Changes to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) standards of care around gender affirming medical and surgical treatments over time.

2001 - present

The Standards of Care (SOC) 6 was published in 2001 and offered more flexibility and individualized care but continued to use the phrase "gender identity disorder". At the same time transgender people increasingly complained of having to "jump through hoops". [24] SOC 6 also did not include significant changes to the tasks mental health professionals were required to take or in the general recommendations for content of the letters of readiness. [32] An important change in the eligibility criteria for GAH allowed providers to prescribe hormones even if patients had not undergone RLT or psychotherapy if it was for harm reduction purposes. [32] A notable change in version six separated the eligibility and readiness criteria for top and bottom surgery allowing some patients, [33] [ full citation needed ] particularly individuals assigned female at birth, to receive a mastectomy. [32] [34]

In 2006, the organization changed its name from the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA) to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). [24] [35] In 2007, Stephen Whittle became the first transgender president of the organization. [25]

In 2010, WPATH published the "depath statement", urging the "depsychopathologisation of gender variance worldwide" by governments and medical bodies. [24] [36] Shortly afterwards it released the "Identity Recognition Statement", [37] urging governmental and medical bodies to endorse gender self-identification and no longer require surgery or sterilization as a prerequisite. [24]

The SOC 7, published in 2011, was more evidence-based than the previous versions and first to include an international advisory committee of transgender community leaders. It changed the name to the "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People", began to use the phrase "gender dysphoria", and marked a shift from conceiving gender as a binary to a spectrum. [25] [24] Differences between the 6th and the 7th versions were significant with the 7th version of the SOC including gender affirming care in female-to-male persons. [7] The updated SOC also had a significant departure from previous versions. [7] Including being the first version to include references, changes in guidelines where not everyone with gender concerns requires a diagnosis, [38] [39] replacing the requirement of the real life test and psychotherapy prior to hormone treatment or surgery with "persistent well documented gender dysphoria", [32] [40] criteria for hysterectomy or orchiectomy treatment, [41] and an expansion of the effects of hormone therapy. [7] WPATH acknowledged the importance and changes in the 7th SOC saying that "Changes in this version are based upon significant cultural shifts, advances in clinical knowledge, and appreciation of the many health care issues that can arise for transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people beyond hormone therapy and surgery". [17]

In 2022 the current edition of the Standards of Care 8 was published. [18] The guidelines note that the complexity of the assessment process may differ from patient to patient, based on the type of gender affirming care requested and the specific characteristics of the patient. [32] The updates to SOC 8 shifted the ethical focus of evaluations toward one of shared decision making and informed consent by removing the requirement of a second letter from a mental health professional and the requirement that the provider must have a doctoral level degree. [18] [32] Changes in this edition included a shift away from requiring multiple letters from mental health professionals for surgery, [42] [43] introduces the term gender incongruence, [44] and the treatment of adolescents. [43] [45] WPATH commissioned a series of reviews to support the development of the latest version of the Standards of Care 8 from various research organizations and retained the publishing rights to the contracted research to support the SOC 8 guidelines, [46] [47] which were developed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts, building on previous versions and using the Delphi method. [48] WPATH sent an update to all SOC 8 coauthors in October 2020 stating, "It is paramount that any publication based on the WPATH SOC8 data is thoroughly scrutinized and reviewed to ensure that publication does not negatively affect the provision of transgender healthcare in the broadest sense." Karen Robinson, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University, one of the contracted research organizations said that "We had hoped to publish more of those reviews but for a few reasons have not done so". [46] [47]

Organization

Membership

Professionals include anyone working in disciplines such as medicine, psychology, law, social work, counseling, psychotherapy, family studies, sociology, anthropology, speech and voice therapy and sexology. Non-professionals may also join, paying the same membership fee, but without voting privileges. [49] The organization is funded by its membership and by donations and grants from non-commercial sources. [50] The current president of the organization is Asa Radix, who replaced Marci Bowers in October 2024. [51] As of 1 October 2024 the other members of the Executive Committee include Marci Bowers, Loren Schechter, Chris McLachlan, Stephen Rosenthal. [52]

Regional organizations

WPATH is affiliated with several regional organizations to inform local guidance in their respective areas of the world. [53] [54]

Related Research Articles

Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity—their personal sense of their own gender—and their sex assigned at birth. The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder (GID) in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5. The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder. The International Classification of Diseases uses the term gender incongruence instead of gender dysphoria, defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment.

Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) is a surgical procedure, or series of procedures, that alters a person's physical appearance and sexual characteristics to resemble those associated with their identified gender. The phrase is most often associated with transgender health care and intersex medical interventions, though many such treatments are also pursued by cisgender and non-intersex persons. It is also known as sex reassignment surgery (SRS), gender confirmation surgery (GCS), and several other names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harry Benjamin</span> German-American endocrinologist and sexologist (1885–1986)

Harry Benjamin was a German-American endocrinologist and sexologist, widely known for his clinical work with transgender people.

The Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC) is an international clinical protocol by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) outlining the recommended assessment and treatment for transgender and gender-diverse individuals across the lifespan including social, hormonal, or surgical transition. It often influences clinicians' decisions regarding patients' treatment. While other standards, protocols, and guidelines exist – especially outside the United States – the WPATH SOC is the most widespread protocol used by professionals working with transgender or gender-variant people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ray Blanchard</span> American-Canadian sexologist (born 1945)

Ray Milton Blanchard III is an American-Canadian sexologist who researches pedophilia, sexual orientation and gender identity. He has found that men with more older brothers are more likely to be gay than men with fewer older brothers, a phenomenon he attributes to the reaction of the mother's immune system to male fetuses. Blanchard has also published research studies on phallometry and several paraphilias, including autoerotic asphyxia. Blanchard also proposed a typology of transsexualism.

Gender dysphoria in children (GD), also known as gender incongruence of childhood, is a formal diagnosis for distress caused by incongruence between assigned sex and gender identity in some pre-pubescent transgender and gender diverse children.

The American-Canadian sexologist Ray Blanchard proposed a psychological typology of gender dysphoria, transsexualism, and fetishistic transvestism in a series of academic papers through the 1980s and 1990s. Building on the work of earlier researchers, including his colleague Kurt Freund, Blanchard categorized trans women into two groups: homosexual transsexuals who are attracted exclusively to men and are feminine in both behavior and appearance; and autogynephilic transsexuals who experience sexual arousal at the idea of having a female body. Blanchard and his supporters argue that the typology explains differences between the two groups in childhood gender nonconformity, sexual orientation, history of sexual fetishism, and age of transition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender sexuality</span> Sexuality of transgender people

Sexuality in transgender individuals encompasses all the issues of sexuality of other groups, including establishing a sexual identity, learning to deal with one's sexual needs, and finding a partner, but may be complicated by issues of gender dysphoria, side effects of surgery, physiological and emotional effects of hormone replacement therapy, psychological aspects of expressing sexuality after medical transition, or social aspects of expressing their gender.

The Sex Orientation Scale (SOS) was Harry Benjamin's attempt to classify and understand various forms and subtypes of transvestism and transsexualism in people assigned male at birth, published in 1966. It was a seven-point scale ; it was analogous to the Kinsey Scale as it relates to sexual orientation, which also had seven categories.

The classification of transgender people (transgender women specifically) into distinct groups has been attempted since the mid-1960s. The most common modern classifications in use are the DSM-5 and ICD, which are mainly used for insurance and administration of gender-affirming care.

Stephen Barrett Levine is an American psychiatrist known for his thesis that gender dysphoria and being transgender are often caused by psychological issues that should be treated psycho-analytically as opposed to with gender-affirming care. He co-founded Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine's Gender Identity Clinic in 1974, served as the chair of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) drafting committee for the 5th edition of their Standards of Care (SOC-5) published 1998, and served on the American Psychiatric Association (APA) DSM-IV (1994) Subcommittee on Gender Identity Disorders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender</span> Gender identity other than sex assigned at birth

A transgender person is someone whose gender identity differs from that typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transsexual</span> People experiencing a gender identity inconsistent with their assigned sex

A transsexual person is someone who experiences a gender identity that is inconsistent with their assigned sex, and desires to permanently transition to the sex or gender with which they identify, usually seeking medical assistance to help them align their body with their identified sex or gender.

Puberty blockers are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, which suppress the natural production of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens. Puberty blockers are used to delay puberty in children with precocious puberty. Since the 1990s, they are also used to delay the development of unwanted secondary sex characteristics in transgender children, so as to allow transgender youth more time to explore their gender identity under what became known as the "Dutch Protocol". They have been shown to reduce depression and suicidality in transgender and nonbinary youth. The same drugs are also used in fertility medicine and to treat some hormone-sensitive cancers in adults.

Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or transgender hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity. This form of hormone therapy is given as one of two types, based on whether the goal of treatment is masculinization or feminization:

The real-life experience (RLE), sometimes called the real-life test (RLT), is a period of time or process in which transgender individuals live full-time in their identified gender role in order to be eligible to receive gender-affirming treatment. The purpose of the RLE has been to confirm that a given transgender person could function successfully as a member of said gender in society, as well as to confirm that they are sure they want to live as said gender for the rest of their life. A documented RLE was previously a requirement of many physicians before prescribing gender-affirming hormone therapy, and a requirement of most surgeons before performing gender-affirming surgery.

Anne Alexandra Lawrence is an American psychologist, sexologist, and physician who has published extensively on gender dysphoria, transgender people, and paraphilias. Lawrence is a transgender woman and self-identifies as autogynephilic. She is best known for her 2013 book on autogynephilia, Men Trapped in Men's Bodies: Narratives of Autogynephilic Transsexualism, which has been regarded by Ray Blanchard as the definitive text on the subject. Lawrence is one of the major researchers in the area of Blanchard's etiological typology of transgender women and has been one of the most major proponents of the theory. While Blanchard's typology and autogynephilia are highly controversial subjects and are not accepted by many transgender women and academics, some, such as Lawrence, identify with autogynephilia. Lawrence's work also extends beyond Blanchard's typology, to transgender women and to transition more generally.

Transgender health care includes the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental health conditions for transgender individuals. A major component of transgender health care is gender-affirming care, the medical aspect of gender transition. Questions implicated in transgender health care include gender variance, sex reassignment therapy, health risks, and access to healthcare for trans people in different countries around the world. Gender affirming health care can include psychological, medical, physical, and social behavioral care. The purpose of gender affirming care is to help a transgender individual conform to their desired gender identity.

Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a transgender identification or of gender transition, temporarily or permanently, through social, legal, and/or medical means. The term is distinct from the concept of 'regret', and the decision may be based on a shift in gender identity, or other reasons, such as health concerns, social or economic pressure, discrimination, stigma, political beliefs, or religious beliefs.

Friedemann Pfäfflin is Professor of Psychotherapy and head of the Forensic Psychotherapy Unit at the University of Ulm. He was a trained as a psychiatrist at the University of Hamburg. He visited the Gender identity clinic at Johns Hopkins University in the 1970s and has worked in this field since then. He worked at from 1978 to 1992 at the Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry at Hamburg University. He received his Privatdozent in Psychiatry in 1993. He then moved onto to work at Ulm again working in Gender Identity. His range of research interests include Gender dysphoria, research into psychotherapy, Forensic psychiatry, and History of psychiatry. From 1995 to 1997, he was President of the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association now called World Professional Association for Transgender Health. He founded The International Journal of Transgenderism now International Journal of Transgender Health in 1997 with Eli Coleman. He was also previously the president of The International Association for Forensic Psychotherapy.

References

  1. 1 2 "World Professional Association For Transgender Health Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine ". Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax Archived 2022-06-18 at the Wayback Machine ". World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Guidestar. December 31, 2016.
  3. ↑ Bowers, Marci (January 11, 2021). Dear WPATH Membership (PDF). WPATH. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023. WPATH has seen significant growth in its membership and programming over the past year, now with more than 2700 members and 49 countries represented.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Executive Committee and Board of Directors". World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  5. ↑ "The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA) Collection, 1978-2006 - Archives Online at Indiana University". archives.iu.edu. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
  6. 1 2 3 Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; et al. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN   2689-5269. PMC   9553112 . PMID   36238954.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Selvaggi, Gennaro; Dhejne, Cecilia; Landen, Mikael; Elander, Anna (2012). "The 2011 WPATH Standards of Care and Penile Reconstruction in Female-to-Male Transsexual Individuals". Advances in Urology . 2012: 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2012/581712 . ISSN   1687-6369. PMC   3359659 . PMID   22654902.
  8. ↑ Figures, K. (2007). "Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association Is Founded". In Faderman, Lillian; Retter, Yolanda (eds.). Great Events from History: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Events, 1848-2006. Salem Press. ISBN   978-1-58765-263-9.
  9. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (February 13, 1979). Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons (1 ed.). Palo Alto, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association.
  10. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (January 20, 1980). Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons (2 ed.). Stanford, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  11. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (March 9, 1981), Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons (3 ed.), San Francisco, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association
  12. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (February 1985). "Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons [3rd Edition]". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 14 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/BF01541354. ISSN   0004-0002. PMID   3977585.
  13. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (January 25, 1990). "Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons" (4 ed.). San Francisco, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. Archived from the original on February 27, 2004.
  14. ↑ Levine, S. B.; Brown, G.; Coleman, E.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; et al. (June 1998). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders [5th Edition]". International Journal of Transgenderism. 2 (2). Archived from the original on December 5, 1998.
  15. ↑ Meyer, W.; Bockting, W. O.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Coleman, E.; et al. (February 2001). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders – Sixth Version". International Journal of Transgenderism . 5 (1). Archived from the original on July 9, 2001.
  16. ↑ Meyer, W.; Bockting, W. O.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Coleman, E.; et al. (2001). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders, Sixth Version" (PDF). Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality . 13 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1300/J056v13n01_01. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2024.
  17. 1 2 Coleman, Eli; Bockting, Walter; Botzer, Marsha; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7 (PDF) (Report). World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  18. 1 2 3 Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; et al. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health . 23 (sup1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN   2689-5269. PMC   9553112 . PMID   36238954. S2CID   252127302.
  19. ↑ Midence, Kenny; Hargreaves, Isabel (1997). "Psychosocial Adjustment in Male-to-Female Transsexuals: An Overview of the Research Evidence". The Journal of Psychology . 131 (6): 602–614. doi:10.1080/00223989709603842. ISSN   0022-3980. PMID   9390414. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  20. ↑ Levine, Stephen B.; Brown, George R.; Coleman, Eli; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T.; et al. (December 6, 1999). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders". Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality . 11 (2): 1–34. doi:10.1300/J056v11n02_01. ISSN   0890-7064. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  21. ↑ Rosenthal, G. Samantha (February 12, 2024). "Pseudoscience Has Long Been Used to Oppress Transgender People". Scientific American . Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  22. ↑ Corneil, Trevor A.; Eisfeld, Justus H.; Botzer, Marsha (September 20, 2010). "Proposed Changes to Diagnoses Related to Gender Identity in the DSM : A World Professional Association for Transgender Health Consensus Paper Regarding the Potential Impact on Access to Health Care for Transgender Persons". International Journal of Transgenderism . 12 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509205. ISSN   1553-2739.
  23. ↑ Monstrey, Stan; Vercruysse, Herman; De Cuypere, Griet (August 31, 2009). "Is Gender Reassignment Surgery Evidence Based? Recommendation for the Seventh Version of the WPATH Standards of Care". International Journal of Transgenderism . 11 (3): 206–214. doi:10.1080/15532730903383799. ISSN   1553-2739.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Fraser, Lin (2015). "Gender Dysphoria: Definition and Evolution Through the Years". In Trombetta, Carlo; Liguori, Giovanni; Bertolotto, Michele (eds.). Management of Gender Dysphoria: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer Milan. pp. 19–31. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5696-1_3. ISBN   978-88-470-5696-1.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Riggs, Damien W.; Pearce, Ruth; Pfeffer, Carla A.; Hines, Sally; et al. (2019). "Transnormativity in the psy disciplines: Constructing pathology in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and Standards of Care". American Psychologist . 74 (8): 912–924. doi:10.1037/amp0000545. ISSN   1935-990X. PMID   31697127.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Matte, Nicholas; Devor, Aaron H.; Vladicka, Theresa (May 12, 2009). "Nomenclature in the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care : Background and Recommendations". International Journal of Transgenderism . 11 (1): 42–52. doi:10.1080/15532730902799979. ISSN   1553-2739.
  27. ↑ Allee, Kegan M. (2009). "Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association". Encyclopedia of gender and society. Vol. 1. SAGE. p. 402. ISBN   978-1-4129-0916-7.
  28. 1 2 Dewey, Jodie M. (2015). "Challenges of implementing collaborative models of decision making with trans-identified patients". Health Expectations . 18 (5): 1508–1518. doi:10.1111/hex.12133. ISSN   1369-6513. PMC   5060816 . PMID   24102959.
  29. 1 2 Fraser, Lin; Knudson, Gail (March 1, 2017). "Past and Future Challenges Associated with Standards of Care for Gender Transitioning Clients". Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Clinical Issues and Affirmative Treatment with Transgender Clients. 40 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.012. ISSN   0193-953X. PMID   28159141.
  30. ↑ Lawrence, Anne (November 4, 2001). SRS Without a One Year RLE: Still No Regrets. XVII Harry Benjamin International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria. Galveston, Texas. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018.
  31. ↑ "Trans Care within and against the Medical-Industrial Complex". manifold.umn.edu.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Amengual, Travis; Kunstman, Kaitlyn; Lloyd, R. Brett; Janssen, Aron; et al. (October 20, 2022). "Readiness assessments for gender-affirming surgical treatments: A systematic scoping review of historical practices and changing ethical considerations". Frontiers in Psychiatry . 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1006024 . ISSN   1664-0640. PMC   9630738 . PMID   36339880.
  33. ↑ Levine, Stephen; Althof, Stanley; Risen, Candace, eds. (2011). Handbook of Clinical Sexuality for Mental Health Professionals. New York, New York, United States of America: Taylor & Francis.
  34. ↑ Meyer, Walter; Bockting, Walter O.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; Coleman, Eli; et al. (April 11, 2002). "The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association's Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders, Sixth Version". Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality . 13 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1300/j056v13n01_01. ISSN   0890-7064.
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