World Professional Association for Transgender Health

Last updated

World Professional Association for Transgender Health
AbbreviationWPATH
FormationSeptember 1979;46 years ago (1979-09)
Type NGO
94-2675140 [1]
Legal status 501(c)(3) [1]
PurposeTo promote evidence-based care, education, research, advocacy, public policy, and respect in transgender health [2]
Headquarters East Dundee, Illinois, U.S.
Products Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People
Membership2,700 [3] (2021)
Asa Radix [4]
Loren Schechter [4]
Chris McLachlach [4]
Stephen Rosenthal [4]
Revenue$1,245,915 [2] (2016)
Expenses$1,144,284 [2] (2016)
Employees0 [2] (2016)
Website www.wpath.org OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Formerly called
Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association

The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA), is a professional organization devoted to the understanding and treatment of gender incongruence and gender dysphoria, and creating standardized treatment for transgender and gender variant people. WPATH was founded in 1979 and named HBIGDA in honor of one of its founders, Harry Benjamin, during a period when there was no clinical consensus on how and when to provide gender-affirming care. [5]

Contents

WPATH is mostly known for the Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC). Early versions of the SOC mandated strict gatekeeping of transition by psychologists and psychiatrists and framed transgender identity as a mental illness. Beginning in approximately 2010, WPATH began publicly advocating the depsychopathologization of transgender identities, and the seventh and eighth versions of the SOC took an approach that was more evidence-based. [6] [7] [8]

Standards of Care

WPATH develops, [9] publishes, and reviews guidelines for persons with gender dysphoria, under the name Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC). The overall goal of the SOC is to provide clinical guidance for health professionals to assist transgender and gender-nonconforming people with safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves, in order to maximize their overall health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. [10] To keep up with increasing scientific evidence, WPATH periodically commissions an update to the SOC, and the WPATH Guideline Steering Committee oversees the guideline development process. [9] The first version of the SOC was published in 1979. [11] [12] Updates were released in 1980 (2nd), [13] 1981 (3rd), [6] [14] 1990 (4th), [15] 1998 (5th), [16] 2001 (6th), [17] [18] and 2012 (7th). [19] WPATH published the latest edition (the 8th) in 2022; [20] it is described as being based upon a "more rigorous and methodological evidence-based approach than previous versions". [9]

The SOC is an internationally accepted and influential document outlining how to provide patients with transition-related care. Early versions focused gender transition towards psychologists and psychiatrists and framed transgender identity as a mental illness. [21] [22] Beginning in approximately 2010, with a push from trans rights activists, [23] WPATH began publicly advocating the depsychopathologization of transgender identities in the 7th version of the SOC. [24] [25]

History

Background

Medical treatment for gender dysphoria was publicized in the early 1950s by accounts such as those of Christine Jorgensen. [26] During this period, the majority of literature on gender diversity was pathologizing, positing dysfunctional families as the causes of dysphoria and recommending reparative therapy and psychoanalysis, such as Robert Stoller's work. Others, such as George Rekers and Ole Ivar Lovaas, recommended behavioral treatments to extinguish cross-sex identification and reinforce gender-normative behaviors. [26] Knowledge on various aspects of transition-related care had existed for decades, but there was no clinical consensus on care pathways for transgender people. [27]

In 1966, Harry Benjamin published The Transsexual Phenomenon , arguing that since there was no cure for transsexualism, it was in the best interests of transsexuals and society to aid in sex reassignment. In the same year, the Johns Hopkins Gender Clinic was opened by John Money. [26] In 1969, Reed Erickson, a wealthy transgender man who played a large role in funding research and clinics for trans healthcare through the Erickson Educational Foundation, funded Richard Green and Money's book Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment , a multidisciplinary volume exploring instructions on medical care as well as social and clinical aspects, which was dedicated to Benjamin. [27] [26] The same year, Erickson funded the first International Symposium on Gender Identity in London. [27] The fourth conference, taking place in 1975, was the first to use Benjamin's name in its title. [26]

1979–2000

The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association and Standards of Care (SOC) were conceived during the fifth International Gender Dysphoria Symposium (IGDS), in 1977. [28] [29] The organization supported a mix of psychological and medical treatment. [7] [8] The founding committee was entirely American and consisted of Jack Berger, Richard Green, Donald R. Laub, Charles Reynolds Jr., Paul A. Walker, Leo Wollman, and transgender activist Jude Patton, with Walker serving as president. The organization was legally incorporated in 1979. [28]

The initial SOC, The hormonal and surgical sex reassignment of gender dysphoric persons, were published in 1979 and served both as clinical guidelines for treating patients and to protect those who provided the treatments. [7] Versions 2, 3, and 4 of the SOC were published in 1980, 1981, and 1990, respectively, under the same name, with few changes. [28] [26] [27] These versions of the SOC followed the gatekeeping model laid out by Benjamin, requiring evaluations from separate mental health professionals as well as compulsory psychotherapy. [26] [8] [27] WPATH played a large role in the addition of "Gender Identity Disorder" to the DSM-III, in 1980. [28] These versions used the DSM-III's criteria for the diagnoses of "transsexualism" and "gender identity disorder of childhood", which had largely been authored by Richard Green. [27] This led to feedback loops in research, where the diagnostic criteria were thought correct since transgender people provided the narratives expected of them in order to access care. [27]

In the 1990s, WPATH struggled to operate due to criticisms of their SOC from within the trans community, such as the requirement of a real-life test (RLT), [30] according to which patients had to socially transition for up to a year prior to receiving hormone therapy. These critiques developed into a trans-led Advocacy and Liaison committee, marking the first time trans people were officially and actively consulted regarding their treatment. [31] The fifth version of the SOC, published in 1998, was titled the "Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders", to be consistent with the DSM-III. It recommended but did not require psychotherapy and stated that while GID was a mental disorder, that was not a license for stigma. [26]

Changes to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) standards of care around gender-affirming medical and surgical treatments over time Fpsyt-13-1006024-g002.jpg
Changes to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) standards of care around gender-affirming medical and surgical treatments over time

2001–present

The SOC 6 was published in 2001 and offered more flexibility and individualized care but continued to use the phrase "gender identity disorder". At the same time, transgender people increasingly complained of having to "jump through hoops". [26] SOC 6 also did not include significant changes to the tasks mental health professionals were required to take or in the general recommendations for content of the letters of readiness. [32] An important change in the eligibility criteria for hormone therapy allowed providers to prescribe hormones even if patients had not undergone RLT or psychotherapy if it was for harm-reduction purposes. [32] A notable change in version six separated the eligibility and readiness criteria for top and bottom surgery, allowing some patients, [33] [ full citation needed ] particularly individuals born female, to receive a mastectomy. [32] [34]

In 2006, the organization changed its name from the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). [26] [35] In 2007, Stephen Whittle became the first transgender president of the organization. [27]

In 2010, WPATH published the "depath statement", urging the "depsychopathologisation of gender variance worldwide" by governments and medical bodies. [26] [36] Shortly after, it released the "Identity Recognition Statement", [37] urging governmental and medical bodies to endorse gender self-identification and no longer require surgery or sterilization as a prerequisite. [26]

The SOC 7, published in 2011, was more evidence-based than the previous versions and the first to include an international advisory committee of transgender community leaders. It changed the name to the "Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People", began to use the phrase "gender dysphoria", and marked a shift from conceiving gender as a binary to a spectrum. [27] [26] Differences between the sixth and seventh versions were significant, with the latter one including gender-affirming care in female-to-male persons. [10] The updated SOC also made significant departures from previous versions, [10] such as being the first version to include references, changes in guidelines so that not everyone with gender concerns required a diagnosis, [38] [39] replacing the requirement of the real-life test and psychotherapy prior to hormone treatment or surgery with "persistent well-documented gender dysphoria", [32] [40] criteria for hysterectomy or orchiectomy treatment, [41] and an expansion of the effects of hormone therapy. [10] WPATH acknowledged the importance and changes in the seventh SOC, saying that "Changes in this version are based upon significant cultural shifts, advances in clinical knowledge, and appreciation of the many health care issues that can arise for transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people beyond hormone therapy and surgery". [19]

In 2022, the current edition, Standards of Care 8, was published. [20] The guidelines note that the complexity of the assessment process may differ from patient to patient, based on the type of gender-affirming care requested and the specific characteristics of the patient. [32] The updates to the SOC shifted the ethical focus of evaluations toward one of shared decision-making and informed consent by removing the need for a second letter from a mental health professional [42] [43] and adding the requirement that the provider must have a doctoral-level degree. [20] [32] The new edition introduced the term gender incongruence [44] and dealt with the treatment of adolescents. [43] [45] WPATH commissioned a series of reviews to support the development of SOC 8 from various research organizations and retained the publishing rights to the contracted research to support the guidelines, [46] [47] which were developed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts, building on previous versions and using the Delphi method. [48] [46] [47]

According to The New York Times , the legal proceedings leading up to the Supreme Court case of United States v. Skrmetti revealed that WPATH had itself allowed the goal of fending off legislative bans on gender-affirming care to dictate some of its recommendations. [49] For example, internal documents argued, in relation to age minimums, that "specific listings of ages, under 18, will result in devastating legislation for trans care". Shortly after the release of SOC 8, age minimums for hormonal treatments and for most gender-related surgeries were deleted. [49] [50] [51] Internal documents also argued for the avoidance of phrases like "insufficient evidence" and "limited data" in favor of using terminology like "medical necessity" and "evidence based", citing ongoing court battles to restrict gender-affirming care and the effect such language could have on them. [49]

Organization

Membership

Professionals within WPATH include anyone working in disciplines such as medicine, psychology, law, social work, counseling, psychotherapy, family studies, sociology, anthropology, speech and voice therapy, and sexology. Non-professionals may also join, paying the same membership fee, but without receiving voting privileges. [52] The organization is funded by its membership and by donations and grants from non-commercial sources. [53] The president of the organization is Asa Radix, who replaced Marci Bowers in October 2024. [54]

Regional organizations

WPATH is affiliated with several regional organizations to inform local guidance in their respective areas of the world. [55] [56]

TPATH

In addition to regional organizations, WPATH also subsumes the Transgender Professional Association for Transgender Health, which is a global transgender healthcare organization that specifically represents the transgender healthcare providers within WPATH and its regional organizations. [66]

References

  1. 1 2 "World Professional Association for Transgender Health Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine ". Tax Exempt Organization Search. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax Archived 2022-06-18 at the Wayback Machine ". World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Guidestar. December 31, 2016.
  3. ↑ Bowers, Marci (January 11, 2021). Dear WPATH Membership (PDF). WPATH. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023. WPATH has seen significant growth in its membership and programming over the past year, now with more than 2,700 members and 49 countries represented.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Executive Committee and Board of Directors". World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  5. ↑ "The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA) Collection, 1978-2006 - Archives Online at Indiana University". archives.iu.edu. Retrieved November 26, 2024.
  6. 1 2 Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (March 9, 1981), Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons (3 ed.), San Francisco, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association
  7. 1 2 3 Dewey, Jodie M. (2015). "Challenges of implementing collaborative models of decision making with trans-identified patients". Health Expectations . 18 (5): 1508–1518. doi:10.1111/hex.12133. ISSN   1369-6513. PMC   5060816 . PMID   24102959.
  8. 1 2 3 Fraser, Lin; Knudson, Gail (March 1, 2017). "Past and Future Challenges Associated with Standards of Care for Gender Transitioning Clients" . Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Clinical Issues and Affirmative Treatment with Transgender Clients. 40 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.012. ISSN   0193-953X. PMID   28159141.
  9. 1 2 3 Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; et al. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health. 23 (sup1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN   2689-5269. PMC   9553112 . PMID   36238954.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Selvaggi, Gennaro; Dhejne, Cecilia; Landen, Mikael; Elander, Anna (2012). "The 2011 WPATH Standards of Care and Penile Reconstruction in Female-to-Male Transsexual Individuals". Advances in Urology . 2012: 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2012/581712 . ISSN   1687-6369. PMC   3359659 . PMID   22654902.
  11. ↑ Figures, K. (2007). "Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association Is Founded". In Faderman, Lillian; Retter, Yolanda (eds.). Great Events from History: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Events, 1848-2006. Salem Press. ISBN   978-1-58765-263-9.
  12. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (February 13, 1979). Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons (1 ed.). Palo Alto, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association.
  13. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (January 20, 1980). Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons (2 ed.). Stanford, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. Archived from the original on September 9, 2024. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  14. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (February 1985). "Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons [3rd Edition]". Archives of Sexual Behavior . 14 (1): 79–90. doi:10.1007/BF01541354. ISSN   0004-0002. PMID   3977585.
  15. ↑ Walker, P. A.; Berger, J. C.; Green, R.; Laub, D. R.; et al. (January 25, 1990). "Standards of Care: The Hormonal and Surgical Sex Reassignment of Gender Dysphoric Persons" (4 ed.). San Francisco, California: The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association. Archived from the original on February 27, 2004.
  16. ↑ Levine, S. B.; Brown, G.; Coleman, E.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; et al. (June 1998). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders [5th Edition]". International Journal of Transgenderism. 2 (2). Archived from the original on December 5, 1998.
  17. ↑ Meyer, W.; Bockting, W. O.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Coleman, E.; et al. (February 2001). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders – Sixth Version". International Journal of Transgenderism . 5 (1). Archived from the original on July 9, 2001.
  18. ↑ Meyer, W.; Bockting, W. O.; Cohen-Kettenis, P.; Coleman, E.; et al. (2001). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders, Sixth Version" (PDF). Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality . 13 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1300/J056v13n01_01. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2024.
  19. 1 2 Coleman, Eli; Bockting, Walter; Botzer, Marsha; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; et al. Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7 (PDF) (Report). World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  20. 1 2 3 Coleman, E.; Radix, A. E.; Bouman, W. P.; Brown, G. R.; et al. (August 19, 2022). "Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8". International Journal of Transgender Health . 23 (sup1): S1–S259. doi:10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644. ISSN   2689-5269. PMC   9553112 . PMID   36238954. S2CID   252127302.
  21. ↑ Midence, Kenny; Hargreaves, Isabel (1997). "Psychosocial Adjustment in Male-to-Female Transsexuals: An Overview of the Research Evidence" . The Journal of Psychology . 131 (6): 602–614. doi:10.1080/00223989709603842. ISSN   0022-3980. PMID   9390414. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  22. ↑ Levine, Stephen B.; Brown, George R.; Coleman, Eli; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T.; et al. (December 6, 1999). "The Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders" . Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality . 11 (2): 1–34. doi:10.1300/J056v11n02_01. ISSN   0890-7064. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  23. ↑ Rosenthal, G. Samantha (February 12, 2024). "Pseudoscience Has Long Been Used to Oppress Transgender People". Scientific American . Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  24. ↑ Corneil, Trevor A.; Eisfeld, Justus H.; Botzer, Marsha (September 20, 2010). "Proposed Changes to Diagnoses Related to Gender Identity in the DSM : A World Professional Association for Transgender Health Consensus Paper Regarding the Potential Impact on Access to Health Care for Transgender Persons" . International Journal of Transgenderism . 12 (2): 107–114. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509205. ISSN   1553-2739.
  25. ↑ Monstrey, Stan; Vercruysse, Herman; De Cuypere, Griet (August 31, 2009). "Is Gender Reassignment Surgery Evidence Based? Recommendation for the Seventh Version of the WPATH Standards of Care" . International Journal of Transgenderism . 11 (3): 206–214. doi:10.1080/15532730903383799. ISSN   1553-2739.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Fraser, Lin (2015). "Gender Dysphoria: Definition and Evolution Through the Years". In Trombetta, Carlo; Liguori, Giovanni; Bertolotto, Michele (eds.). Management of Gender Dysphoria: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer Milan. pp. 19–31. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5696-1_3. ISBN   978-88-470-5696-1.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Riggs, Damien W.; Pearce, Ruth; Pfeffer, Carla A.; Hines, Sally; et al. (2019). "Transnormativity in the psy disciplines: Constructing pathology in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and Standards of Care" . American Psychologist . 74 (8): 912–924. doi:10.1037/amp0000545. ISSN   1935-990X. PMID   31697127.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Matte, Nicholas; Devor, Aaron H.; Vladicka, Theresa (May 12, 2009). "Nomenclature in the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care : Background and Recommendations" . International Journal of Transgenderism . 11 (1): 42–52. doi:10.1080/15532730902799979. ISSN   1553-2739.
  29. ↑ Allee, Kegan M. (2009). "Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association". Encyclopedia of gender and society. Vol. 1. SAGE. p. 402. ISBN   978-1-4129-0916-7.
  30. ↑ Lawrence, Anne (November 4, 2001). SRS Without a One Year RLE: Still No Regrets. XVII Harry Benjamin International Symposium on Gender Dysphoria. Galveston, Texas. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018.
  31. ↑ "Trans Care within and against the Medical-Industrial Complex". manifold.umn.edu.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Amengual, Travis; Kunstman, Kaitlyn; Lloyd, R. Brett; Janssen, Aron; et al. (October 20, 2022). "Readiness assessments for gender-affirming surgical treatments: A systematic scoping review of historical practices and changing ethical considerations". Frontiers in Psychiatry . 13 1006024. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1006024 . ISSN   1664-0640. PMC   9630738 . PMID   36339880.
  33. ↑ Levine, Stephen; Althof, Stanley; Risen, Candace, eds. (2011). Handbook of Clinical Sexuality for Mental Health Professionals. New York, New York, United States of America: Taylor & Francis.
  34. ↑ Meyer, Walter; Bockting, Walter O.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy; Coleman, Eli; et al. (April 11, 2002). "The Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association's Standards of Care for Gender Identity Disorders, Sixth Version" . Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality . 13 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1300/j056v13n01_01. ISSN   0890-7064.
  35. ↑ Cole, Althea (March 10, 2024). "Poor standards of trans health care threaten trans health". The Gazette. Vol. 142, no. 61. p. C10. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  36. ↑ "WPATH "depath statement"" (PDF) (Press release). WPATH. May 26, 2010.
  37. ↑ de Graaf, Nastasja M; Carmichael, Polly (2019). "Reflections on emerging trends in clinical work with gender diverse children and adolescents" . Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry . 24 (2): 353–364. doi:10.1177/1359104518812924. ISSN   1359-1045. PMID   30482053. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  38. ↑ Dickey, Lore; Singh, Anneliese A. (2017). "Physical health concerns related to medical transitions for transgender and gender nonconforming clients". In DeBord, Kurt A.; Fischer, Ann R.; Bieschke, Kathleen J.; Perez, Ruperto M. (eds.). Handbook of sexual orientation and gender diversity in counseling and psychotherapy. Washington: American Psychological Association. pp. 417–438. doi:10.1037/15959-017. ISBN   978-1-4338-2306-0. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  39. ↑ Mallory, Allen; Brown, Jennifer; Conner, Stacy; Henry, Una (2017). "Finding What Works: New Clinicians' Use of Standards of Care with Transgender Clients" . The American Journal of Family Therapy. 45 (1): 27–36. doi:10.1080/01926187.2016.1223563. ISSN   0192-6187. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  40. ↑ Meyer, Walter J. (July 20, 2009). "World Professional Association for Transgender Health's Standards of Care Requirements of Hormone Therapy for Adults with Gender Identity Disorder" . International Journal of Transgenderism. 11 (2): 127–132. doi:10.1080/15532730903008065. ISSN   1553-2739. Archived from the original on February 9, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  41. ↑ Colebunders, Britt; De Cuypere, Griet; Monstrey, Stan (October 2, 2015). "New Criteria for Sex Reassignment Surgery: WPATH Standards of Care, Version 7, Revisited" . International Journal of Transgenderism. 16 (4): 222–233. doi:10.1080/15532739.2015.1081086. ISSN   1553-2739. Archived from the original on April 10, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  42. ↑ Wu, Catherine A.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (March 1, 2023). "Moving Beyond Psychiatric Gatekeeping for Gender-Affirming Surgery" . JAMA Surgery. 158 (3): 231–232. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2022.5828. ISSN   2168-6254. PMID   36515959. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  43. 1 2 Poteat, Tonia; Davis, Andrew M.; Gonzalez, Alex (June 6, 2023). "Standards of Care for Transgender and Gender Diverse People" . JAMA. 329 (21): 1872–1874. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.8121. ISSN   0098-7484. PMID   37200007. Archived from the original on August 27, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  44. ↑ Patel, Ashraf A.; Marquez, Jessica L.; Agarwal, Cori A.; Gallagher, Sidhbh; et al. (November 7, 2023). "A Summary of WPATH Standards of Care 8 th Edition for Gender Affirming Plastic Surgery" . Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 154 (5): 1063e–1064e. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000011192. ISSN   0032-1052. PMID   37943690. Archived from the original on September 5, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  45. ↑ Leibowitz, Scott F. (2023). "Assessment of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Adolescents" . Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 32 (4): 707–718. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2023.05.009. PMID   37739629. Archived from the original on July 10, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
  46. 1 2 "Research into trans medicine has been manipulated". The Economist. June 27, 2024. Archived from the original on November 19, 2024. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  47. 1 2 Block, Jennifer (October 30, 2024). "Dispute arises over World Professional Association for Transgender Health's involvement in WHO's trans health guideline". BMJ. pp. q2227. doi:10.1136/bmj.q2227 . Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  48. ↑ World Professional Association for Transgender Health (September 15, 2022). "World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) Releases the Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People, Version 8" (PDF) (Press release). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
  49. 1 2 3 Confessore, Nicholas (June 19, 2025). "U.S. v. Skrmetti: How the Transgender Rights Movement Bet on the Supreme Court and Lost". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2025.
  50. ↑ Ghorayshi, Azeen (September 26, 2022). "More Trans Teens Are Choosing 'Top Surgery'". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  51. ↑ Ghorayshi, Azeen (June 25, 2024). "Biden Officials Pressed Trans Medical Group to Change Guidelines for Minors, Court Filings Show". The New York Times. Retrieved July 8, 2025.
  52. ↑ "Membership Information". WPATH. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  53. ↑ "WPATH". Archived from the original on November 3, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
  54. ↑ "WPATH Announces New President". WPATH World Professional Association for Transgender Health. October 1, 2024. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
  55. ↑ Cross, Alexander (2023). The WPATH Standards of Care: Their History and Importance in Advocating for Transgender Health (BA thesis). University of Maine. Archived from the original on August 26, 2024. Retrieved August 25, 2024.
  56. ↑ "Regional Organizations". WPATH. Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  57. ↑ "About – AsiaPATH". AsiaPATH. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  58. ↑ "WPATH, EPATH, USPATH, AsiaPATH, CPATH, AusPATH, PATHA Response to Bell v. Tavistock Judgment" (PDF). WPATH. December 16, 2020.
  59. ↑ "AusPath". AusPATH. Archived from the original on October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  60. ↑ "The European Professional Association for Transgender Health – About". EPATH. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  61. ↑ "USPATH". Archived from the original on October 2, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  62. ↑ "Professional Association for Transgender Health Aotearoa History". PATHA. Archived from the original on November 18, 2024. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  63. ↑ "Canadian Professional Association for Transgender Health". CPATH. Retrieved September 5, 2025.
  64. ↑ "Canadian Professional Association for Transgender Health". PATHSA. Retrieved January 9, 2026.
  65. ↑ "Association for Transgender Health in India – IPATH". Association for Transgender Health in India. Retrieved January 9, 2026.
  66. ↑ "Transgender Professional Association for Transgender Health". TPATH Health. Retrieved January 9, 2026.

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