Terminology of transgender anatomy

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A word cloud of how transmasculine people described their vaginas in the Ragosta et al. study (2021) Ragosta et al. replacement word cloud.svg
A word cloud of how transmasculine people described their vaginas in the Ragosta et al. study (2021)

Transgender people use a variety of terms to refer to their genitals and other sexually dimorphic body parts and bodily functions. While some may use the standard clinical and colloquial terms (e.g. penis, dick; vagina, pussy), others follow neologistic approaches. These replacement words serve as alternatives to existing names that may conflict with a person's gender identity and trigger gender dysphoria. In medical contexts, providers may use traditional clinical terms, may mirror patients' preferred terms, or may use alternate terms such as internal genitals and external gonads.

Contents

Common approaches include using terms associated with analogous body parts (e.g. penis for a clitoris [a] or vice versa), modifying conventional terms to mark for gender (e.g. girldick or boy cunt ), and novel terms that do not relate to existing terminology (e.g. front hole for a vagina). Some words are humorous, like hen for a transfeminine penis (contrast cock) or chesticles for a transmasculine breast.

The naming of body parts is an important component of transgender sexuality. Trans people may pick different words for different contexts. In both colloquial and medical contexts, experts emphasize deferring to individual preference.

Context

One way many of us show our bodies love is by rewriting the language we use to describe them. Many of us have body parts that feel gendered in ways that do not match our sense of self. This can make it difficult for some of us to hear these body parts called by their standard names.

Trans Bodies, Trans Selves [1]

Prior to the 2010s, there was little research on the social aspects of transgender bodies. [2] Elijah Adiv Edelman and Lal Zimman's 2014 article "Boycunts and Bonus Holes: Trans Men's Bodies, Neoliberalism, and the Sexual Productivity of Genitals" observed that while scholarly literature often cast transgender men as "female-bodied", [3] trans men—including those non-operative with respect to bottom surgery—had increasingly come to see themselves as male-bodied. [4] Edelman and Zimman associate this shift with trans men's willingness to refer to their genitals with both male and female terms, sometimes at the same time. [5] Often, from this perspective, the difference between a cisgender man's penis and a non-operative transgender man's clitoris is merely one of size, not of kind. [6]

Replacement words for body parts vary widely, and almost none approaches the currency of the word it replaces: In a 2021 study of transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people, only two replacement words (chest for breasts and cum for sperm) were used by more than 50% of respondents, while 23% of the replacement words and phrases provided were unique. [7]

Terms also exist to differentiate cisgender body parts without othering transgender parts, for instance factory-direct dick to refer to a cisgender man's penis. [8]

Colloquial terminology

A cock and hen. Hen is used as wordplay to refer to transfeminine penises, extending from the use of cock to refer to men's penises. Brzezno Stare - panoramio (18).jpg
A cock and hen. Hen is used as wordplay to refer to transfeminine penises, extending from the use of cock to refer to men's penises.

Many trans people refer to body parts with words for comparable cross-sex body parts based on adequation (the finding of "sufficient similarity") with those body parts. [8] For instance, some transfeminine people choose to refer to their anuses as vaginas, pussies, or cunts. [9] Some transmasculine people refer to their clitorises as a dick or cock. [10] Hybrid terms also exist: Dicklet (also diclit, dicklit, or dic-clit) [11] is attested since the 1990s for transmasculine clitorises, although the popularity of this term was waning—perceived as too feminine—at the time Zimman documented its usage in 2014. [12]

More colorful terms include bussy for the anus; clit , strapless (contrast strapon ), or hen (contrast cock ) for the transfeminine penis; front hole , man cave or bonus hole for the transmasculine vagina; and chesticles for the transmasculine breast. [9] Generic euphemistic terms are also used, such as down there, peepee , and schlong for transmasculine genitals and lady bits for transfeminine. [13]

Some trans people are less uncomfortable with their body or do not associate their sexually dimorphic body parts with their gender assigned at birth. [14] For instance, in contrast to a cisnormative definition of vagina as belonging to a woman, a transmasculine person might use the term to refer simply to that structure without gendered connotations, either on its own or in constructions such as boy cunt or (somewhat humorously) mangina . [15] Similarly, a transfeminine person might refer to a girldick . [16] The transmasculine usage of slang terms for the penis and the transfeminine girl-prefixed variants are observed particularly, but not exclusively, among those undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy, which changes the appearance and function of sex organs. [17]

Trans people use such terms as part of expressing their sexuality. Replacement words can serve as a micro-affirmation of a partner's identity during sex, as this can be an environment of heightened gender dysphoria. [18] The wellness guide Trans Bodies, Trans Selves advises, "Find language that makes you feel good, use it, share it with [sex] partners, and have fun." [19]

Attested replacement words [b]
Anus back hole , [20] bussy, [20] cunt , [20] man hole , [20] pussy , [20] vagina [9]
Breast and chest [c] breasts or chest, [20] chesticles [20]
Clitoris cock, [21] dangle, [22] dick, [22] dicklet (also diclit, dicklit or dic-clit), [11] package, [22] peepee, [22] penis, [22] prick, [22] schlong, [22] the little guy, [22] weenie [22]
Inguinal canals cunts [23]
Menstruation bleeding , [24] shark week [24]
Penis clit or clitoris, [25] girlcock , [26] girldick , [27] hen , [20] junk, [20] lady bits , [16] shenis , [16] strapless , [20] strapoff [20]
(See also Thesaurus:trans woman's penis on Wiktionary.)
Vagina bonus hole , [20] boy cunt , [28] boy pussy , [15] boy snatch, [15] front hole , [29] genitals , [24] mangina , [15] man cave , [20] man cunt [15]
(See also Thesaurus:trans man's vagina on Wiktionary.)
Uterus duderus [24]

This list encompasses only those terms that differ from those used by cisgender people. In Ragosta et al.'s 2021 study, the majority of respondents sometimes or always used the clinical term, and many used slang synonyms, such as using cunt instead of vagina. [24]

Medical terminology

Although some medical authorities recommend mirroring the terminology transgender people use to describe their own genitals, this can seem unfittingly intimate, as many transgender people use different terms in medical contexts than they would in personal settings; however, patients may also be uncomfortable with anatomical terms they perceive as gendered. [30] Specialists recommend using, or being open to using, sex-neutral terms for organs, such as external genitals or lateral folds for the labia, internal reproductive organs for the uterus and ovaries, and chest for the breasts. Others recommend terminology that can be used to refer to genitals regardless of sex, such as erectile tissue for either the penis or clitoris and gonads for either the ovaries or testes, as well as using unlabeled anatomical charts. [31]

Style guides such as the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association and AMA Manual of Style recommend using gender-neutral language and distinguishing between gender and biological sex, but do not give guidance on specific anatomical terminology. However, some specialist style guides such as that of the International Lactation Consultant Association do give recommendations in this respect. [32]

Medical terminology
Breasts [c] upper body, [33] chest [34]
Vagina internal genitals [33] genitals [33]
Penis erogenous tissue, [33] erectile tissue, [35] glans (specifically for the head of the penis) [36] external genitals or external genitalia [37]
Clitoris
Labia lateral folds [36]
Vulva external genital area, [33] external pelvic area, [38] external pelvic region [38]
Vaginal introitus canal, [36] introitus, [36] opening, [36] opening of the genitals [33]
Uterus internal reproductive organs [39]
Ovaries internal gonads [35] gonads [36]
Testicles external gonads [35]
Scrotum pouch covering gonads, [36] skin covering gonads [36]
Breastfeeding chestfeeding [33]
Breast milk human milk, [40] parent's milk, [40] chest milk [40]
Biological mother gestational parent, [40] birthing parent [40]
Menstruation monthly bleeding [33]
Erection physical arousal, [33] hardening of erectile tissues [33]
Male pattern baldness hair loss [33]

Notes

  1. ↑ For the sake of clarity, this article uses clinical terminology to refer to all body parts, drawing a use–mention distinction from the replacement words it describes. As documented in this article, many transgender people describe their bodies in the same way.
  2. ↑ Not all of these terms have the same level of currency, or may have become dated since their usage was documented. Some may be considered offensive in some or most contexts.
  3. 1 2 Clinically speaking, both males and females have both a breast and a chest. In colloquial English, however, the former term is more associated with women's breasts and the latter with men's chests.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoris</span> Erectile female sexual organ

In amniotes, the clitoris is a female sex organ. In humans, it is the vulva's most erogenous area and generally the primary anatomical source of female sexual pleasure. The clitoris is a complex structure, and its size and sensitivity can vary. The visible portion, the glans, of the clitoris is typically roughly the size and shape of a pea and is estimated to have at least 8,000 nerve endings.

Orgasm or sexual climax is the sudden release of accumulated sexual excitement during the sexual response cycle, characterized by intense sexual pleasure resulting in rhythmic, involuntary muscular contractions in the pelvic region. Orgasms are controlled by the involuntary or autonomic nervous system and experienced by both males and females; the body's response includes muscular spasms, a general euphoric sensation, and, frequently, body movements and vocalizations. The period after orgasm is typically a relaxing experience, after the release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin, as well as endorphins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">G-spot</span> Hypothesized anatomical detail

The G-spot, also called the Gräfenberg spot, is characterized as an erogenous area of the vagina that, when stimulated, may lead to strong sexual arousal, powerful orgasms and potential female ejaculation. It is typically reported to be located 5–8 cm (2–3 in) up the front (anterior) vaginal wall between the vaginal opening and the urethra and is a sensitive area that may be part of the female prostate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erogenous zone</span> Area of heightened sensitivity of the body, touching which may elicit a sexual response

An erogenous zone is an area of the human body that has heightened sensitivity, the stimulation of which may generate a sexual response such as relaxation, sexual fantasies, sexual arousal, and orgasm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans man</span> Man assigned female at birth

A trans man is a man who was assigned female at birth. Trans men have a male gender identity, and many trans men undergo medical and social transition to alter their appearance in a way that aligns with their gender identity or alleviates gender dysphoria.

Gender-affirming surgery for female-to-male transgender people includes a variety of surgical procedures that alter anatomical traits to provide physical traits more comfortable to the trans man's male identity and functioning.

Gender-affirming surgery for male-to-female transgender women or transfeminine non-binary people describes a variety of surgical procedures that alter the body to provide physical traits more comfortable and affirming to an individual's gender identity and overall functioning.

Gender transition is the process of affirming and expressing one's internal sense of gender, rather than the gender assigned to them at birth. It is the recommended course of treatment for individuals struggling with gender dysphoria, providing improved mental health outcomes in the majority of people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emasculation</span> Removal of male sex organs

Emasculation is the removal of the external male sex organs, which includes both the penis and the scrotum, the latter of which contains the testicles. It is distinct from castration, where only the testicles are removed. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, the potential medical consequences of emasculation are more extensive due to the complications arising from the removal of the penis. There are a range of religious, cultural, punitive, and personal reasons why someone may choose to emasculate themselves or another person.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scrotoplasty</span> Type of surgery to create or repair the scrotum

Scrotoplasty, also known as oscheoplasty, is a type of surgery to create or repair the scrotum. Scientific research for male genital plastic surgery such as scrotoplasty began to develop in the early 1900s. The development of testicular implants began in 1940 made from materials outside of what is used today. Today, testicular implants are created from saline or gel filled silicone rubber. There are a variety of reasons why scrotoplasty is done. Some transgender men and intersex or non-binary people who were assigned female at birth may choose to have this surgery to create a scrotum, as part of their transition. Other reasons for this procedure include addressing issues with the scrotum due to birth defects, aging, or medical conditions such as infection. For newborn males with penoscrotal defects such as webbed penis, a condition in which the penile shaft is attached to the scrotum, scrotoplasty can be performed to restore normal appearance and function. For older male adults, the scrotum may extend with age. Scrotoplasty or scrotal lift can be performed to remove the loose, excess skin. Scrotoplasty can also be performed for males who undergo infection, necrosis, traumatic injury of the scrotum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transgender sexuality</span> Sexuality of transgender people

Sexuality in transgender individuals encompasses all the issues of sexuality of other groups, including establishing a sexual identity, learning to deal with one's sexual needs, and finding a partner, but may be complicated by issues of gender dysphoria, side effects of surgery, physiological and emotional effects of hormone replacement therapy, psychological aspects of expressing sexuality after medical transition, or social aspects of expressing their gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoral pump</span> Type of sex toy

A clitoral pump is a sex toy designed for sexual pleasure that is applied to the clitoris to create suction and increase blood flow and sensitivity. A clitoral pump is designed to be used on the entire external clitoris including the clitoral hood. Other designs of pump exist for the labia, the entire vulva and, in some cases, the nipples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-penetrative sex</span> Sexual activity that usually excludes penetration

Non-penetrative sex or outercourse is sexual activity that usually does not include sexual penetration, but some forms, particularly when termed outercourse, include penetrative aspects, that may result from forms of fingering or oral sex. It generally excludes the penetrative aspects of vaginal, anal, or oral sex, but includes various forms of sexual and non-sexual activity, such as frottage, manual sex, mutual masturbation, kissing, or hugging.

The one-sex and two-sex theories are two models of human anatomy or fetal development discussed in Thomas Laqueur's book Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Laqueur theorizes that a fundamental change in attitudes toward human sexual anatomy occurred in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. He draws from scholars such as Aristotle and Galen to argue that prior to the eighteenth century, women and men were viewed as two different forms of one essential sex: that is, women were seen to possess the same fundamental reproductive structure as men, the only difference being that female genitalia was inside the body, not outside of it. Anatomists saw the vagina as an interior penis, the labia as foreskin, the uterus as scrotum, and the ovaries as testicles. Laqueur uses the theory of interconvertible bodily fluids as evidence for the one-sex model. However, he claims that around the 18th century, the dominant view became that of two sexes directly opposite to each other. In his view, the departure from a one-sex model is largely because of political shifts which challenged the way women's sexuality came to be seen. One result of this was the emerging view of the female orgasm as nonessential to conception after the eighteenth century. Women and men began to be seen as opposites and each sex was compared in relation to the other. Freud's work further perpetuated the sexual socialization of women by dictating how they should feel pleasure.

Penis envy is a stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of female psychosexual development, in which young girls experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a defining moment in a series of transitions toward a mature female sexuality. In Freudian theory, the penis envy stage begins the transition from attachment to the mother to competition with the mother for the attention and affection of the father. The young boy's realization that women do not have a penis is thought to result in castration anxiety.

LGBTQ linguistics is the study of language as used by members of LGBTQ communities. Related or synonymous terms include lavender linguistics, advanced by William Leap in the 1990s, which "encompass[es] a wide range of everyday language practices" in LGBTQ communities, and queer linguistics, which refers to the linguistic analysis concerning the effect of heteronormativity on expressing sexual identity through language. The former term derives from the longtime association of the color lavender with LGBTQ communities. "Language", in this context, may refer to any aspect of spoken or written linguistic practices, including speech patterns and pronunciation, use of certain vocabulary, and, in a few cases, an elaborate alternative lexicon such as Polari.

Genital regeneration encompasses various forms of treatment for genital anomalies. The goal of these treatments is to restore form and function to male and female genitalia by taking advantage of innate responses in the body. In order to do this, doctors have experimented with stem cells and extracellular matrix to provide a framework for regenerating missing structures. More research is needed to successfully move the science from laboratory trials to routine procedures.

The Phall-O-meter is a satirical measure that critiques medical standards for normal male and female phalluses. The tool was developed by Kiira Triea based on a concept by Suzanne Kessler and is used to demonstrate concerns with the medical treatment of intersex bodies.

Lal Zimman is an American linguist who works on sociocultural linguistics, sociophonetics, language, gender and identity, and transgender linguistics.

<i>Fucking Trans Women</i> Zine about sexual activities involving trans women

Fucking Trans Women (FTW) is a zine created by Mira Bellwether. A single 80-page issue, numbered "#0", was published in October 2010 and republished in 2013 as Fucking Trans Women: A Zine About the Sex Lives of Trans Women; further issues were planned, but none had been published as of Bellwether's death in December 2022. Bellwether wrote all of the issue's articles, which explore a variety of sexual activities involving trans women, primarily ones who are pre-op or non-op with respect to bottom surgery. Fucking Trans Women was the first publication of note to focus on sex with trans women and was innovative in its focus on trans women's own perspectives and its inclusion of instructions for many of the sex acts depicted. Emphasizing sex acts possible with flaccid penises or not involving penises at all, it coined the term muffing to refer to stimulation of the inguinal canals, an act it popularized. The zine has received both popular-culture and scholarly attention, and was described in Sexuality & Culture as "a comprehensive guide to trans women's sexuality" and in Playboy as "widely considered" the "most in-depth guide to having sex with pre- and non-op trans femme bodies".

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014, p. 355.
  2. ↑ Edelman & Zimman 2014, p. 676.
  3. ↑ Edelman & Zimman 2014 , p. 680, referencing Cromwell 1999.
  4. ↑ Edelman & Zimman 2014 , p. 680, citing Zimman 2014.
  5. ↑ Edelman & Zimman 2014 , p. 682. Quoting, by way of example, a Craigslist personal ad: "[I]f you're wondering what this transman has to offer ... / You get to play with a trannie cock ... / Testosterone tightened up my cunt a little, which provides a cozy ride" (pp. 684–685).
  6. ↑ Edelman & Zimman 2014, p. 682.
  7. ↑ Ragosta et al. 2021, p. 709.
  8. 1 2 Zimman 2014, p. 16.
  9. 1 2 3 Fielding 2021 , p. 96. Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014 , pp. 355–356.
  10. ↑ Zimman 2014, p. 14.
  11. 1 2 Fielding 2021 , p. 96. Zimman 2014 , pp. 14–15.
  12. ↑ Zimman 2014 , p. 15. "[T]he single individual in my data who used the word dic-clit was only just reconnecting with trans communities after a long period of absence—which took place precisely during the time that this shift [away from the term] occurred. His use of dic-clit [in an online forum] was quickly objected to by a commenter who found the blend inappropriately feminizing, writing that 'there is no reason to use female terms to refer to trans men, pre-[testosterone] or not.' The movement among trans speakers away from dic-clit and toward dick has occurred in lockstep with the growing tendency for trans men to describe themselves as male-bodied, and with the diminishing acceptance of describing non-trans men as biological men, a term that occurred only once in my data despite its relative prominence among trans people in the past."
  13. ↑ Duck-Chong 2023. Zimman 2014 , p. 15.
  14. ↑ Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014 , p. 356. Zimman 2014 , p. 17.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Zimman 2014, p. 17.
  16. 1 2 3 Duck-Chong 2023.
  17. ↑ Variously:
    • James n.d. Defining both girlcock and girldick as "a transfeminine person’s penis, especially one changed by hormone use".
    • Zimman 2014 , p. 14. "My suggestion is that this is part of a broader tendency among trans men to use vernacular—rather than medical—'male' language when talking about their (usually hormonally-enlarged) phalluses. To account for this fact, it seems to me important to remember the way that many trans men invoke scientific discourses to legitimate their emphasis on the continuum between penises and clitorises, as I have discussed. Some of these individuals may not be willing to dismiss scientific and medical authority all together, and might feel that claiming a penis, rather than a dick, is a riskier assertion, open to rebuttal from authoritative sources."
  18. ↑ Pulice-Farrow, Bravo & Galupo 2019, pp. 53, 58.
  19. ↑ Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014, p. 356.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Fielding 2021, p. 96.
  21. ↑ Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014 , p. 356. Zimman 2014 , pp. 14–15
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Zimman 2014, pp. 14–15.
  23. ↑ Fielding 2021 , pp. 94, 96, citing Bellwether 2013, regarding muffing.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 Ragosta et al. 2021, p. 712.
  25. ↑ Duck-Chong 2023. Fielding 2021 , p. 96. Steinbock 2017 , p. 31. Zimman 2014 , pp. 14–15.
  26. ↑ James n.d. Steinbock 2017 , p. 31
  27. ↑ Duck-Chong 2023. James n.d.
  28. ↑ Fielding 2021 , p. 96. Zimman 2014 , p. 17.
  29. ↑ Fielding 2021 , p. 96. Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014 , pp. 355–356. Ragosta et al. 2021 , p. 712. Zimman 2014 , pp. 14–15.
  30. ↑ Variously:
    • Edwards 2021 , p. 166. "An issue with mirrored language is that if people create names for their genitals, those names are much more likely to be names they use with intimate partners, not medical providers."
    • Hill-Meyer & Scarborough 2014 , p. 356. "For others, using clinical language is most comfortable because we feel it describes the body part that we have, not the gender we are. ... Whatever we want to call our body parts is up to us. You might want to use different words in different contexts. Talking to medical providers and talking to lovers may call for different communication styles."
    • Ragosta et al. 2021 , pp. 712–713. "[F]ive TGE respondents noted that the term 'vagina' was either 'too clinical' or that they would only use 'vagina' in a medical context. ... For 'period', [one] wrote, 'I use both; "period" to doctors that don’t understand transgender, or use "shark week"'."
  31. ↑ Edwards 2021 , pp. 165–167. Rider et al. 2022 , p. 4.
  32. ↑ Dinour 2019, pp. 5–9.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Trans Care BC n.d.
  34. ↑ Dinour 2019 , pp. 5–8. Rider et al. 2022 , p. 4.
  35. 1 2 3 Edwards 2021 , pp. 165–167. Trans Care BC n.d.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Edwards 2021, pp. 165–167.
  37. ↑ Edwards 2021 , pp. 165–167. Rider et al. 2022 , p. 4.Trans Care BC n.d.
  38. 1 2 Rider et al. 2022, p. 4.
  39. ↑ Rider et al. 2022 , p. 4. Trans Care BC n.d.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 Dinour 2019, pp. 5–8.

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