Deadnaming

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Deadnaming is the act of calling a transgender or non-binary person by their birth name after they have chosen a new name. [1] Many transgender people change names as part of gender transition, and wish for their former name (deadname) to be kept private.

Contents

Deadnaming has the effect of allegedly misgendering its subject, and potentially outing them as transgender. [2] It may occur accidentally, or be done as a deliberate attempt to deny, mock, or invalidate a person's gender identity. [2] [3] Deliberately using a transgender person's deadname is considered extremely offensive.

Trans people may face bureaucratic obstacles in changing their names. Published authors and media figures who have later transitioned may be troubled by the appearance of their former name in metadata records, which can be difficult to change. Some social media platforms and organizations have implemented policies to avoid deadnaming, such as standardizing the use of preferred names rather than legal names or formally banning the practice of deadnaming.

Background

In many cultures, given names are considered either masculine (e.g. John), feminine (e.g. Jane), or unisex (e.g. Jamie), and chosen according to an infant's assigned sex at birth. Transgender people have a gender identity which differs from their assigned sex, and thus, may choose to go by a different name. In the 2010s, transgender activists popularized the term deadname to refer to such a former name. The Oxford English Dictionary attests the use of deadname on Twitter in 2010, and deadnaming in 2013. [4] The term generally carries a negative connotation, with the implication that referring to a transgender person by their former name is unacceptable.

Like misgendering, deadnaming can be a form of overt aggression or a microaggression, indicating that the target is not fully accepted as a member of society. [5] Transgender activists consider the deadnaming of homicide victims and high-profile celebrities by news media to be a violation of privacy, and a contributing factor to transphobia. [6] Deadnaming may also be done accidentally by people who are otherwise supportive of trans individuals, such as supportive family members or friends who have not yet become accustomed to using a trans person's new name. Repeated failures to avoid deadnaming, however, can be considered disrespectful. [7]

Journalistic style guides, health-practitioner manuals, and LGBTQ advocacy groups advise adopting transgender people's names and pronouns, even when referring to them in the past, prior to transitioning. [8] [9] [10] A 2021 survey by The Trevor Project showed that trans and nonbinary youth who changed their name, gender marker, or both on legal documents, including birth certificates and driver's licenses, had lower rates of suicide attempts. [11]

Queer scholar Lucas Crawford has theorized that some transgender people insist on preventing deadnaming in part as a strategy of prospective self-assertion: "by insisting on the primacy of the present, by seeking to erase the past, or even by emotionally locating their 'real self' in the future, that elusive place where access (to transition, health care, housing, a livable wage, and so on) and social viability tend to appear more abundant." [12] Correcting deadnaming by third parties is cited as a way to support trans people. [13]

Obstacles to name changes

Trans people who wish to avoid being deadnamed can sometimes face significant bureaucratic and administrative obstacles. Legally changing names requires time, money, and effort. Changing corresponding information, such as names, emails, and class schedules in such as schools or employers can also be difficult. [7]

Academic metadata

For creatives, metadata containing a deadname (such as a film credit, a byline on a news article, or a published book with an ISBN), can be difficult or impossible to change. Some academic publishers and scientific journal publishers have taken up policies which allow trans authors to fix their metadata. [14] Oftentimes trans authors may resort to republishing their work as new editions while attempting to removing the previous ones from circulation. Some web platforms may still portray their deadname as the primary author and edition.

Journalist and University of California researcher Theresa Tanenbaum reported frustration with attempting to update the 83 publications attributed to her deadname, with many publishers ignoring or refusing her request. [15] In 2021, Berkeley Lab led an effort to simplify name changes for published researchers, which saw agreement from many national laboratories and scientific publishers. [16]

Film and television

In 2019, IMDb faced criticism from SAG-AFTRA, the National LGBTQ Task Force and GLAAD over its refusal to remove actors' birth names. [17] In response, the site changed its policy to allow removing a name "if [it] is not broadly publicly known" [18] —on films where they are credited, their previous name is displayed in parentheses next to their current name. GLAAD spokesperson Nick Adams called the change a "step in the right direction" but "imperfect", and that trans people with credits under their deadname "will still be affected by IMDb’s determination to publish outdated information". [18]

On December 1, 2020, the same day actor Elliot Page came as a trans man, Netflix began updating metadata for films Page previously appeared in to credit him by his chosen name. [19] PopSugar writer Grayson Gilcrease noted that this was the first time Netflix had made such a change, and speculated that it was due to Page's popularity in The Umbrella Academy ; she contrasted this with trans actress Josie Totah, who at the time was still credited under her deadname for her role in Champions. [20]

Corporate and political responses

Some web platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, and Gmail allow a certain number of name changes per user profile, allowing for any number of reasons for a name to be changed.

In 2013, the English Wikipedia elicited media coverage over its response to Chelsea Manning's public transition. The article about Manning was initially quickly renamed, but a protracted dispute ensued; the matter was ultimately taken up by the site's Arbitration Committee, which imposed sanctions on editors espousing transphobia, but also on those making accusations of transphobia. [21] [22] Wikimedia Foundation executive Sue Gardner expressed disappointment over the handling of Wikipedia's response. [23]

On March 12, 2021, the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction announced that its student information system would display each student's "preferred name" rather than birth name, which would eliminate deadnaming on state reports, student report cards, and teacher grade books. [24]

In late June 2021, the website Fandom announced new LGBT guidelines across its websites in addition to the existing terms of use policy that prohibits deadnaming transgender people across their websites. The guidelines include links to queer-inclusive and trans support resources, and further guidelines were released in September 2021 related to addressing gender identity. [25]

In November 2022, following its acquisition by Elon Musk, Twitter reinstated the account of Jordan Peterson, who Twitter had previously suspended for a tweet deadnaming Elliot Page, and The Babylon Bee, which was suspended for a tweet misgendering U.S. Assistant Secretary for Health Rachel Levine. [26] In April 2023, Twitter removed deadnaming from its hateful content guidelines. [27]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ Schmall, Emily (January 6, 2024). "Transgender Candidate in Ohio Is Disqualified for Not Disclosing Birth Name". The New York Times . Retrieved January 6, 2024. "Had I known this law existed, I likely would have bit the bullet and put my deadname next to my legal name," she said, using a term for a transgender person's birth name.
  2. 1 2 Sinclair-Palm, Julia (May 1, 2017). ""It's Non-Existent": Haunting in Trans Youth Narratives about Naming". Occasional Paper Series. 2017 (37). doi: 10.58295/2375-3668.1102 . ISSN   2375-3668. S2CID   148637812. Originating in the trans community, the term "deadnaming" describes calling a trans person by their birth name after they have adopted a new name. The act of deadnaming has the effect of "outing," or making public, a trans person's identity. Deadnaming is sometimes accidental, as when a friend or family member is still adjusting to a trans person's new name and unintentionally calls them by their birth name. However, there are also many times when trans people are addressed by their birth name as a way to aggressively dismiss and reject their gender identity and new name.
  3. ↑ Stanborough, Rebecca (February 2020). She/He/They/Them: Understanding Gender Identity. Capstone. ISBN   978-0-7565-6561-9.
  4. ↑ "Oh my days! It's the OED June 2021 update". Oxford English Dictionary. June 8, 2021. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  5. ↑ Freeman, Lauren; Stewart, Heather (September 2021). "Toward a Harm-Based Account of Microaggressions". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 16 (5): 1008–1023. doi:10.1177/17456916211017099. ISSN   1745-6916. PMID   34498530. S2CID   237454133. p. 1019: Such microaggressions consist in more than simply using the wrong name; rather, they cut to the core of and question the recipient's identity and self-understanding.
  6. ↑ "Deadnaming A Trans Person Is Violence – So Why Does The Media Do It Anyway?". HuffPost. March 17, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
  7. 1 2 Rogers, Baker A. (January 31, 2020). Trans Men in the South: Becoming Men. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN   978-1-7936-0034-9.
  8. ↑ Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). "Transgender terminology: It's complicated". Monitor on Psychology. 44 (4). American Psychological Association: 39. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers
  9. ↑ "Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility" (PowerPoint Presentation). The Fenway Institute. p. 24. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity
  10. ↑ "Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms" (PDF). Preface: Fenway Health. January 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2013. listen to your clients – what terms do they use to describe themselves
  11. ↑ "Deadnaming: How Using the Wrong Name Can Affect Mental Health". psychcentral.com. Psych Central. November 16, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2023.
  12. ↑ Crawford, Lucas (January 2, 2019). "What's Next is the Past". A/B: Auto/Biography Studies. 34 (1): 147–150. doi:10.1080/08989575.2019.1542845. ISSN   0898-9575. S2CID   188098200.
  13. ↑ Johnson, Hannah Lee (Spring 2019). "Rhetorics of trans allyship, toward an ethic of responsible listening and ally labor". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  14. ↑ Fortin, Jacey (July 28, 2021). "New Policy Aims to Help Transgender Researchers Update Names on Old Work". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  15. ↑ Metz, Rachel; Flynn, Kerry (June 2021). "'It's just human dignity.' Trans writers and journalists struggle to get old bylines corrected". www.cnn.com. CNN. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  16. ↑ rpercz (July 28, 2021). "Scientific Publishing Organizations and National Laboratories Partner on Transgender-Inclusive Name-Change Process for Published Papers - Berkeley Lab". Berkeley Lab News Center. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  17. ↑ McNary, Dave (June 26, 2019). "LGBTQ Groups Backing SAG-AFTRA in Member Privacy Fight Against IMDb". Variety. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  18. 1 2 McNary, Dave (August 13, 2019). "IMDb Alters Policy on Publication of Birth Names (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  19. ↑ Brent Lang, Matt Donnelly (December 1, 2020). "Elliot Page Will Continue to Star in 'Umbrella Academy,' Netflix Changes Credits on His Past Films" . Variety . Retrieved August 26, 2024.
  20. ↑ Gilcrease, Grayson (December 2, 2020). "Netflix Is Making a Change For Elliot Page". Popsugar. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  21. ↑ Hern, Alex (October 24, 2013). "Chelsea Manning name row: Wikipedia editors banned from trans pages". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  22. ↑ Stern, Mark (August 22, 2013). "Wikipedia Beats Major News Organizations, Perfectly Reflects Chelsea Manning's New Gender". Slate. London. Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  23. ↑ Gardner, Sue (September 4, 2013), "How Wikipedia got it wrong on Chelsea Manning, and why", Sue Gardner's Blog, retrieved November 20, 2022
  24. ↑ Broverman, Neal (March 12, 2021). "North Carolina Ends Deadnaming of Students on Report Cards, Documents". The Advocate . Los Angeles. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  25. ↑ Whitbrook, James (June 24, 2021). "Fandom Launches New LGBTQIA+ Guidelines for All Its Wikis". io9 . Gizmodo. Archived from the original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2021.
  26. ↑ Brandom, Russell (November 18, 2022). "Elon Musk begins reinstating banned Twitter accounts, starting with Jordan Peterson and the Babylon Bee". The Verge. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
  27. ↑ "Twitter removes policy against deadnaming transgender people". AP News. April 19, 2023. Retrieved December 31, 2024.
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