List of family name affixes

Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.

Prefixes

Arabic

• Abu – (Arabic) "father of"; ^[1]
• Al – (Arabic) "Family of" or "House of" (in conjunction with name of ancestor) ^[2]
• Bet – (Arabic from "Beyt") "house of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Bint – (Arabic) "daughter of"; Binti, Binte (Malaysian version)
• El – (Arabic see Al)
• Ibn – (Arabic) "son of"

Armenian

• Ter – (Eastern Armenian) "son/daughter of a Priest"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Der – (Western Armenian) "son/daughter of a priest"; (German) "the" (masculine nominative), "of the" (feminine genitive)^{[ citation needed ]}

Berber

• Aït – (Berber) "of"
• At/Ath – (Berber) "(son[s]) of"

Dutch

• de – (Dutch) "the"
• 's – (Dutch) "of the"; contraction of des, genitive case of the definite article de. Example: 's Gravesande.
• 't – (Dutch) "the"; contraction of the neuter definite article het.
• ter – (Dutch) "at the"^{[ citation needed ]}
• van – (Dutch) "of", "from"
• van de, van den, van der, van 't – (Dutch) "of the", "from the"

French

"of", "of the", "from"; often a sign of nobility or old bourgeois family, but also just a geographical term of the name originated of a location :

• d'
• de
• de La
• des
• du

German

• von – (German) "of", "from"; often a sign of nobility, but also just a geographical term of the name originated of a location.
• zu - (German) "at"; a sign of nobility, sometimes in the combination von und zu, meaning the noble family still owns the place of naming

Hebrew

• Bath, bat – (Hebrew) "daughter of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Ben, bin, ibn – (Arabic and Hebrew) "son of" ^[1]

Irish

• Mac, Mc – (Irish) "son of". ^[3] Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written M^ac and M^c (with superscript ac or c). Mc is pronounced Mac in some names.

• Ni, Nic – (Irish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter" ^[4]

• O', Ó, Ua – (Irish) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of" ^[5]

• Uí – genetive case of Ua (Irish) "daughter of", "granddaughter of", "(female) descendant of" ^[6]

Italian

• Del – (Italian, Spanish) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun^{[ citation needed ]}
• Degli – (Italian) "of the", preceding a masculine plural noun starting with either sp, sc, ps, z, gn, or st.^{[ citation needed ]}
• Della – (Italian) "of the", preceding a feminine singular noun^{[ citation needed ]}
• Di – (Italian) "of"^{[ citation needed ]}

Romanian

• A – (Romanian) "son of"

Welsh

• Ab – (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) "son of" ^[7]
• Ap – (Welsh) "son of" ^[7]
• Ferch, Verch – (Welsh) "daughter of" ^[8]
• Verch, Erch – (Welsh) "daughter of" ^[9]

Other

• Af – (Danish, Swedish), Av (Norwegian) "of"
• Ālam/Olam – Persian — "world"
• Bar – (Aramaic) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Chaudhary - (Punjabi) A title of honour from the Punjab used by several Punjabi tribes, often represented by the prefix "Ch". ^[10]
• Da – (Italian) "from", "of"; (Portuguese) "from the" (before a feminine singular noun)^{[ citation needed ]}
• Das – (Portuguese) "from the", "of the", preceding a feminine plural noun^{[ citation needed ]}
• De – (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Filipino) "of"; indicates region of origin, often a sign of nobility; in Spanish-speaking countries a married woman will sometimes append her name with "de XXXX" ^{[ citation needed ]} where "XXXX" is her husband's last name; (Dutch) "the"
• Dele – Southern French, Filipino, and Occitan, equivalent of Du^{[ citation needed ]}
• Dos – (Portuguese) "from the, of the", preceding a masculine plural noun^{[ citation needed ]}
• Du – (French) "of the", preceding a masculine singular noun^{[ citation needed ]}
• E – (Portuguese) "and", between surnames (Maria Eduarda de Canto e Mello)^{[ citation needed ]}
• Fitz – (Irish, from Norman French) "son of", from Latin "filius" meaning "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son, because of its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings)^{[ citation needed ]}
• i – (Catalan) "and", always in lowercase, used to identify both surnames (e.g. Antoni Gaudí i Cornet) ^[11]
• ka – (Zulu) "(son/daughter) of", always in lower case and preceding the name of the father.
• Kil, Gil, Mal, Mul – (English, Irish, Scottish) "son of", "servant of", "devotee of", originating from the Irish "Mac Giolla", typically followed by a Saint's name (e.g. Mac Giolla Bhríde). ^{[12] [13]}
• La – (Italian, French, Spanish) "the", feminine singular^{[ citation needed ]}
• Le – (Northern French) "the", masculine singular^{[ citation needed ]}
• M'/Mac/Mc/Mck/Mhic/Mic – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son". Both Mac and Mc are sometimes written M^ac and M^c (with superscript ac or c). In some names, Mc is pronounced Mac.
• Mala – (Kurdish) "House of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Na – ณ (Thai) "at"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Ngā – (Te Reo Māori) "the (plural)"
• Nic, Ní – (Irish, Scottish) "daughter of", from Irish "iníon" meaning "daughter" ^{[14] [ citation needed ]}
• Nin – (Serbian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• O/Ó/Ua/Uí – (Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic) "son of", "grandson of", "descendant of" ^{[15] [ citation needed ]}
• Öz – (Turkish) "pure"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Pour – (Persian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• Te – (Te Reo Māori) "the (singular)"
• Tre – (Cornish) "settlement/ homestead farm of" ^[16]
• war - Marathi Last Name. People from Arya Vyshya community residing mostly in central India.

Suffixes

• -a, -ya Kurdish means "of" (female) (by two surnames)^{[ clarification needed ][ citation needed ]}
• -à (Catalan) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality or place]" (Català -Catalan); and also the name of a job (Manyà -irosmith), from Latin -ānus, -āna^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ac (Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian, Southern French)^{[ citation needed ][ citation needed ]}
• -ach (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ač/)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -acz (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -aei (Persian) (See -i) for words that end in the long vowel A^{[ citation needed ]}
• -aitis (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -aitė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female^{[ citation needed ]}
    • -aty Americanized form^{[ citation needed ]}
• -aj (Albanian) (pronounced AY; meaning “of the" ) It denotes the name of the family, which mostly comes from the male founder of the family, but also from a place, as in, Lash-aj (from the village Lashaj of Kastrat, MM, Shkodër). It is likely that its ancient form, still found in MM, was an [i] in front of the last name, as in ‘Déda i Lékajve’ (Déd of Lekës). For ease of use, the [i] in front of the last name, and the ending _ve, were dropped. If the last name ends in [a], then removing the [j] would give the name of the patriarch or the place, as in, Grudaj - j = Gruda (place in MM). Otherwise, removing the whole ending [aj] yields the name of founder or place of origin, as in Lekaj - aj = Lek(ë). Since the names are found most commonly in Malsi e Madhe (North) and Labëri (South), it is likely that this linguistic feature is very old. It must have been lost as a result of foreign influences brought into Albania by the invaders. ^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ak (Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Croatian, Slovenian, Slovak, Montenegrin, Sorbian) See -ák for its Slovak meaning. ^[17]
  • -ák (Czech, Slovak) In Slovak, -ák means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun, and its two other versions are -iak and -ak. ^[17]
• -al (Nepali) denotes for village of origin (for e.g.; Khanal, Dhakal, Dahal, Rijal, etc.)
• -an (Ukrainian, Belarusian) (e.g. Ruban)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -an (Romanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -án (Spanish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -and (French)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ange (French) from Germanic -ing^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ani (Sindhi) "descended from" ^[18]
• -ano (Italian) feminine -ana "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ānus, -āna^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ant (English; Norman)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ant (French; Old French)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ant (Hindi; Sanskrit)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -anu (Romanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -appa (Kodava) patronymic, meaning "father"
• -ár (Slovak)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ář (Czech)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -arz (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -as (French) Duras, Porras, Dumas
• -au (-aw) (Belarusian) / -aŭ (Belarusian Latin).^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ava (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -au
• -au (German) in a toponymic surname, "of or from a lower place near water" ^[19]
• -auskas/-iauskas (Lithuanian) equivalent to Polish -owski, -ewski, Belarusian -ouski, -euski / Belarusian Latin -oŭski, -eŭski^{[ citation needed ]}
• -awan (Urdu)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ba (Abkhazian) "male"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -chi, -çı, -çi, cı, -ci (Azeri, Persian, چی-, Turkish) attributed to a geographic location or performing a certain job ^[20]
• -chian (Persian, چیان-) attributed to or performing a certain job^{[ citation needed ]}
• -chek, -chik, -chyk, -chuk (Ukrainian, Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ček, -čyk, -čuk/) diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -czek, -czyk, -czuk, -czak (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ček, -čík (Czech, Slovak, Slovenian)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ćek, -cek (Croatian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ckas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki^{[ citation needed ]}
• -cki (Polish, Belarusian, Croatian, Serbian, Sorbian) variant of -ski^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -cka (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Sorbian) Feminine equivalent of -cki^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ckis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -cki^{[ citation needed ]}
• -cký (Czech, Slovak)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -cká (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -cký^{[ citation needed ]}
• -čki (Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -cock, -cox (English) "little"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -dan, -den, -don, -dön (Kyrghyz) "from (whom)", when the ancestor 's name ends in a soft consonant also vowel (e.g. Asanbaydan, Marlenden, Ormondon, Bayköldön)
• -datter (Danish, Norwegian) "daughter (of)"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -din (Swedish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -dokht (Persian) "daughter (of)"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -dotter (Norwegian, Swedish) "daughter (of)"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -dóttir (Icelandic) "daughter (of)" (patronymic suffix (sometimes matronymic) (by law) of not a family name but part of the Icelandic last name where (usually) the father's name is always slightly modified and then dóttir added)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -dze (Georgian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -dzki (Polish) variant of -ski, -cki^{[ citation needed ]}
• -é (Catalan)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ê, -yê (Kurdish) means "of" (male) (by two surnames)^{[ clarification needed ]}
• -eanu (Romanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -eau, -eault (French) diminutive suffix (Latin -ellu-)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ec (Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Sorbian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), (French spelling for Breton -e.g.)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -avec (Belarusian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ee (See -i)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -eff (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev^{[ citation needed ]}
• -eiro (Portuguese, Galician)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -eix (French), diminutive
• -ek (Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian) diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ell (English spelling for French -el, diminutive)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -el (Northern French and Occitan, French -eau)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ema (Suffix of Frisian origin, given by Napoleon Bonaparte who used suffixes like these to keep a record of people's origins within the Netherlands)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ems (Dutch)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ėnas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -enko (Ukrainian), -enka/-anka (Belarusian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -chenko (Ukrainian), -chenka/-chanka (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -čenka, -čanka/)
• -ens (Dutch)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ent (French)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -enya (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -enia/) (e.g. Gerasimenya)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -er (Dutch, English, French, German, Turkish "male")^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ero (Spanish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ers (Dutch)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -es (Greek, Portuguese) "son of" in Portuguese^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ese (Italian) plural -esi "of or from [a locality]"; from Latin -ēnsis^{[ citation needed ]}
• -escu (Romanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ești (Romanian) possessive plural, also used in place names^{[ citation needed ]}
• -et (French) (diminutive suffix Latin -ettu- or former -el)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ets (Ukrainian, Belarusian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -eu (-ew) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -eŭ/) equivalent to Russian -ev^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ev (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -eva (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian, Macedonian) Feminine equivalent of -ev^{[ citation needed ]}
• -evski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -evska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -evski^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ez (Spanish, North Picard) including Spanish-speaking countries "son of"; in Picard, old spelling for -et^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ëz (Albanian) for feminine; a word refer to something smaller, either literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment^{[ citation needed ]}
• -fia, -fi, -fy, -ffy (Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of")^{[ citation needed ]}
• -fleth, -felth, -fleet (Northern German) current, body of water
• -gil, (Turkish, "family") (e.g. Korkmazgil)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -i (Hungarian) "of", "from" indicates region of origin, sign of nobility (e.g. "Szentiványi", "Rákóczi"). Like German Von.^{[ citation needed ]}
• -i (Arabic, Persian,Hebrew) "descendant of", "attributed to" (e.g. "Baghdadi", "Abbasi") or, (Iranian) "from" (e.g. "Barzani" from Barzan, or Tabrizi from Tabriz.) ^[20]
• -ia (Abkhaz, Mingrelian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ian(ts), -yan(ts), -jian, -gian, -ents, -ants, -unts, -uni (Armenian, Persian) "son/daughter of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -iak (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish) "descendant of". In Slovak, -iak is a version of -ák/-ak and means "pertaining to" or merely creates a noun. ^[17]
• -ic(k) (French), misspelling for Breton -ig, diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ich (-ovich/-evich) (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -ič, ^{[ citation needed ]}–ovič, -evič/), -ych (-ovych/-evych) (Ukrainian) "son of"
  • -icz (-owicz/-ewicz) (Polish) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian, Belarusian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
    • -owic/-ewic (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
    • -ovic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])^{[ citation needed ]}
    • -ojc/-ejc, -ojic/-ejic (Sorbian)^{[ citation needed ]}
    • -yc (Belarusian, Sorbian, Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• - ić (-ović/-ević) (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin) diminutive possessive, little son of^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -begović (Bosniak) diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. chieftain's or chief's little son^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ici (-ovici/-evici) Romanian of Slavic origin (Romanian adaptation of -ić or -ich/-ych)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ič (-ovič) (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]) diminutive, "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -avičius/-evičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ich (Belarusian Latin: -ič) and Polish -icz^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ovičs/-evičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -ovich/-evich (Belarusian Latin: -ovič/-evič) and Polish -owicz/-ewicz^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ides, -idis, -idas (Greek), "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ier (French)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ik (Belarusian, Polish, Croatian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian) It merely creates a noun in Slovak where -ik is a version of -ík, can be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings. ^[21]
  • -ík (Slovak) It merely creates a noun and can also be endearment, diminutive, have other meanings; its other Slovak version is -ik. ^[21]
• -ik (Estonian) if it follows a tree name, has a meaning "grove"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ikh, -ykh (Russian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -in (Russian (all Eastern Slavic languages), Bulgarian) possessive^{[ citation needed ]}
  • - ina (female equivalent of -in; especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -yn (Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian) possessive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -in (French) diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -in (Dutch, German) suffix attached to old Germanic female surnames (e.g. female surname "Mayerin", the wife of "Mayer") ^[22]
• -ing, ink (Anglo-Saxon, Dutch, German) "descendant"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ino (a common suffix for male Latino and Italian names)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ipa (Abkhazian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ipha (Abkhazian) "girl of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ienė (Lithuanian) female version^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ytė (Lithuanian) unmarried female version^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ishin, -yshyn (Ukrainian) possessive (e.g. Romanishin = son of wife of Roman)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ishina, -yshyna (female equivalent of -ishin, -yshyn)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -iu (Romanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ius (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -iv (Ukrainian) possessive.^{[ citation needed ]}
• -j (Adygean)"old"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ja (Sindhi) "meaning of"
• -jerhin/-jerin (Kyrghyz) "place (of origin)" Usually, this form of the surname is assigned to kairylmans who do not have a surname. This form is added to the place of residence, origin. Those who do not know their origin can also be used. It is possible at will. (e.g. Pamirjerhin/Pamirjerin, Tongjerhin/Tongjerin). In The Kyrghyz latine alphabet will be -zerin
• -ka (Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak) diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kan, -ken (Turkish) (e.g. Vuruşkan)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kar (Marathi) (e.g. Tendulkar)^{[ citation needed ]}"originating from",
• -ke (German) "small"
• -ke (Italian, Russian)^{[ citation needed ]} In surnames of Slavic origin. Like Ukrainian -ko
• -kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kin (Dutch) "little"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ko (Ukrainian, Polish, Slovak, Czech)diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ko (Polish, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Serbian)- diminutive, “child,” “descendant of.” It is used in affectionate forms of first names, and is also a common suffix in many surnames.
• -ko (Adygean) "son" ĸъо^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kus (Lithuanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kvist, -qvist (Swedish) "twig"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kyzy (Kazakh) "daughter of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -kyzy (Kyrghyz) "daughter of" (but usually used for patronymic) ^{[ citation needed ]}
• -la, -lä (Finnish)
• -le, -lein (German) "small"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -li, -lı, -lu, -lü (Turkish, Azeri) "from" (e.g. İzmirli, Ankaralı, İstanbullu, Bakülü)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -li (Italian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -lin (French, Irish, Swedish) in Germanic names "small"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -litz (German)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -loo, -lou (Persian) "from" (e.g. Ghassemlou, Aghdashloo)
• -man(n) (Dutch, German, English)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -mand (Persian, مند-) owning or showing ^[20]
• -maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. "Yılmaz = Yields not", "Korkmaz = Fears not")^{[ citation needed ]}
• -men, -man (Turkish) flipping suffix (e.g. ak=white, akman=purely white), "person", "male person", have other meanings^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ment (French) from Germanic “man”^{[ citation needed ]}
• -mere (Old English) meaning “lake” ^{[ citation needed ]}
• -moar^{[ citation needed ]}
• -mohr (German)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -moor^{[ citation needed ]}
• -moore^{[ citation needed ]}
• -more^{[ citation needed ]}
• -mor^{[ citation needed ]}
• -nė, -te /female/ (Lithuanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -nen (Finnish) diminutive , "from"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -nik (Estonian) attributed to occupation (talu being "farm" – talunik being "farmer")^{[ citation needed ]}
• -nova, -novas (Italian, Galician, Catalan) "new"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -novo (Galician) "new"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ný (Czech, Slovak) adjective^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ny (Polish) adjective^{[ citation needed ]}
• -nezhad, -nejad, -nejhad (Persian, نژاد) "descendant of" ^[20]
• -nyi (Hungarian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -off (Russian, Bulgarian) obsolete, copied from French transliteration of -ov, based on Muscovite^{[ dubious – discuss ]} pronunciation^{[ citation needed ]}
• -oğlu (Azeri, Turkish) "son of" (e.g. Türkoğlu)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ok (Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ois, -oy, -ais, -ay (French) from Germanic -isk and Vulgar Latin -ese^{[ citation needed ]}
• -on (French), former subject case in masculine names^{[ citation needed ]}
• -onak (-onok) (Belarusian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -onis (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -os (Greek) like Latin -us (Gasconic, Spanish, Portuguese) from Latin -us^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -opoulos, -opulos (Greek)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -osz, -oš (Polish, Czech, Slovak)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ot (French) "little"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ou(t) (French), various origins^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ou (Greek) "daughter of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ou (-ow) (Belarusian) / -oŭ (Belarusian Latin) equivalent to Russian -ov^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ova (Belarusian) feminine equivalent of -ou
• -ouf (French), French spelling of Arabic names ending with -ūf^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ouf, Norman-French spelling of surnames of Anglo-Scandinavian origin or West Germanic origin ending with -ulf or -wulf
• -oui (French), French spelling of Arabic names, English spelling -wi^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ous^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ov (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) possessive^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ova (all Eastern Slavic languages, Bulgarian, Macedonian) feminine equivalent of -ov, -ou, -ow^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ová (Czech, Slovak) feminine derivative of a noun male surname
• -ovo (Russian) (e.g. Durnovo)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ovski (Macedonian, Bulgarian) possessive^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ovska (Macedonian, Bulgarian) Feminine equivalent of -ovski^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ow (Russian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov")^{[ citation needed ]}
• -pour, -poor (Persian) "son of" ^[20]
• -putra (Indonesian) "son"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -putri (Indonesian) "daughter"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -quin, (French) from Dutch -kin "little"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -s (English, Dutch, Irish, Welsh) "(son/daughter) of". Sometimes less recognizable, like in "Hendrickx" (son/daughter of Hendrik)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -sen or -zen (Danish, Norwegian, Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ssen (Dutch or Low German) "son (of)"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ssens or -sens (Dutch) "grandson/granddaughter of". Literally "(son/daughter) of the son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -shvili (Georgian) "child"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -skas (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ski (Polish, Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian. Also Russian but more often transliterated as -sky), "originating from", "estate of"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ska (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian, Sorbian, Croatian) Feminine equivalent of -ski^{[ citation needed ]}
• -skiy/-tskiy, -skyi/-tskyi (Ukrainian)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ivskiy, -ivskyi (Ukrainian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -skoy/-tskoy (Russian) (e.g. Shakhovskoy)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -sky/-tsky (Russian, Ukrainian)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -skaya/-tskaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of -sky/-tsky^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ivsky (Ukrainian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ský (Czech, Slovak) "originating from", "lord of"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -ská (Czech, Slovak) Feminine equivalent of -ský^{[ citation needed ]}
• -skis (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Polish and Belarusian -ski^{[ citation needed ]}
• -sma (Frisian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -son (English, Swedish, German, Norwegian, Scottish, Icelandic) "son (of)" (sometimes less recognizable, e.g. "Dixon"; in Iceland not part of a family name but the patronymic (sometimes matronymic) last name (by law), where (usually) the fathers's name is always slightly modified and then son added)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -sson (Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Scottish) "son (of)" (in Iceland technically the first s is a separate "suffix" of the father's name according to Icelandic language rules, one of the most common modifications)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -(s)son (French), diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -stad (Norwegian) "town" ^{[ citation needed ]}
• -stein (German) "stone"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -strom, -strøm, -ström (Danish, Swedish) from 'current', probably an arbitrarily adopted ornamental name but possibly a topographic name for someone who lived by a river. ^{[ citation needed ]}
• -tæ (Ossetian) "belong to"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -tabar (Persian) "descendant of" ^[20]
• -tan, -ten, -ton, -tön (Kyrghyz) "from (whom)", when the ancestor 's name ends in a hard consonant (e.g. Syrghaktan, Barsbekten, Bolotton, Küchlüktön)
• -teghin ( Kyrghyz) "family tree, descent from the ancestor of the same name", is added at the end to the name of one ancestor. (e.g. Esenteghin, Alymbekteghin, Üsönaalyteghin) Marriage form for the surname -teghinghe — "Belonging to this family tree" (e.g. Esenteghinghe, Alymbekteghinghe, Üsönaalyteghinghe)
• -tō, -dō (Japanese) "from Fujiwara clan"
• -tzki, -tzky (Polish) – phonetic Germanized spelling of original Polish -cki^{[ citation needed ]}
• -uulu (Kyrghyz) - "son of" (but usually used for patronymic)
• -uk (Ukrainian, Belarusian) diminutive^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ulea (Romanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ulis (Lithuanian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -uly (Kazakh form of -uulu) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ūnas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -vich (Belarusian /Belarusian Latin: -vič/, occasionally a respelling of original Serbian, Croatian -vić) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vych (Ukrainian)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -wicz (Polish), -wic (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vić (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vič (Slovenian, Slovak, Czech [rarely]), -vic (Slovak, Czech [rarely])^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vici (Romanianized respellings)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vics, -vits (Hungarianized respellings)^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vitz, -witz, -witch, -witsch (Germanized or Anglicized respellings)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -vičius (Lithuanian) Lithuanianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish -wicz^{[ citation needed ]}
  • -vičiutė (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female^{[ citation needed ]}
• -vičs (Latvian) Latvianized version of the Belarusian -vich (Belarusian Latin: -vič) and Polish ^{[ citation needed ]}–wicz
• -vedi (Sanskrit, Hindi) "learned in _ Vedas" (e.g. Trivedi = "learned in 3 Vedas")
• -wala, -wallah, wali,vala, vali (Hindustani, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi) denotes the occupation or place of origin (Occupation example: Batliwala – one who deals with bottles. Place example: Suratwala – one from Surat)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -wan (Indonesian) denotes a male name^{[ citation needed ]}
• -wati (Indonesian) denotes a female name^{[ citation needed ]}
• -wi (Arabic) "from"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -y (Arabic/Persian) Means descendant of. ^[20]
• -y (See -i)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -yal
• -ycz (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -yk (Polish, Belarusian, Ukrainian)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ynas (Lithuanian) "son of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• -ys (English) representing i. the archaic plural form, or ii. a diminutive form. Variant forms not limited to -yss, -is, -es. Pronunciation is as modern plural suffix -s; i.e. Sandys = sands; Foulis = fowls. ^{[23] [24]}
• -ysz (Polish)^{[ citation needed ]}
• -za (Kurdish) "born of"^{[ citation needed ]}
• - zada (Dari (Eastern Persian) and Pashto)^{[ citation needed ]}
• - zadeh (Turkish, Azeri, Persian زاده)
• -zai (Pashto) "son of", "descendant of" ^[20]

See also

• Celtic onomastics
• Language identification
• Lists of most common surnames, for the various continents
• Matriname
• Nobiliary particle
• Patronymic surname
• Scandinavian family name etymology
• Slavic name suffix
• Tussenvoegsel (Dutch prefixes)

References

1. Engber, Daniel (2006-07-03). "Abu, Ibn, and Bin, Oh My!". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339 . Retrieved 2018-04-28.
2. Wynbrandt, James; Gerges, Fawaz A. (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. Infobase. p.  xvii. ISBN   978-0816078769.
3. "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): mac". www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
4. "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ní". www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
5. "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ó". www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
6. "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): uí". www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
7. "BBC Wales - History - Themes - Welsh naming". BBC. Retrieved 2018-04-28.
8. "Wales Personal Names - FamilySearch". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
9. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
10. Dogra, R. C. (4 Aug 2014). "Notes on hindi names" . International Library Review. 8 (3): 327–347. doi:10.1016/0020-7837(76)90040-6. ISSN   0020-7837.
11. "Normativa". Universitat Illes Balears.
12. O'Growney, Eugene (1898). "The 'Muls' and Gils': Some Irish Surnames". Library Ireland. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
13. O Flannghaile, Thomas (1896). "Mac, Kil-, Gil-, Mal- prefixes to Celtic Surnames". Library Ireland. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
14. "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ní". www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
15. "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ó". www.teanglann.ie. Retrieved 2020-12-22.
16. "CornishStuff - Local Cornish News".
17. Votruba, Martin. "Last Names in -ák". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh.
18. Sakhrani, Tarun (4 January 2016). "The Sindhis of Sindh And Beyond". Huffington Post. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
19. "German Place Names ending in -AU".
20. Megerdoomian, Karine (February 2008). "The Structure of Persian Names". Mitre Technical Report. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.717.1899 .
21. Votruba, Martin. "Last Names in -ík". Slovak Studies Program. University of Pittsburgh.
22. Rixner, T.A. (1830). "Handwörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache". Vol. 1 A-K, Page 290. 1830 Sulzbach / Germany.
23. Weekley, Ernest (1914). The Romance of Names. E.P. Dutton.
24. An Old Phonographer (October 9, 1886). "Aristocratic Surnames". The Critic. 9 (145): 178. Retrieved July 12, 2019.

External links

• Surname Prefixes
• Surname Suffixes