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This article features the naming culture of personal names of ethnic Serbs and the Serbian language. Serbian names are rendered in the "Western name order" with the surname placed after the given name. "Eastern name order" may be used when multiple names appear in a sorted list, particularly in official notes and legal documents when the last name is capitalized (e.g. MILOVANOVIĆ Janko).
A child is given a first name chosen by their parents or godparents. The given name comes first, the surname last, e.g. Željko Popović, where Željko is a first name and Popović is a family name.
Serbian first names largely originate from Slavic roots: e.g. Miroslav, Vladimir, Zoran, Ljubomir, Vesna, Radmila, Milica, Svetlana, Slavica, Božidarka, Milorad, Dragan, Milan, Goran, Radomir, Vukašin, Miomir, Branimir, Budimir; see also Slavic names, or the list of Slavic names in the Serbian Wikipedia)
Some may be non-Slavic but chosen to reflect Christian faith. Names of this nature may often originate from Hebrew for Biblical reasons. Christian names include: e.g. Nikola, Ivan, Jovan, Marija, Ana, Mihailo. Along similar lines of non-Slavic names among Christians, the origins for many such names are Greek: e.g. Aleksandar, Andrej, Teodora, Jelena, Sofija, Katarina, Nikola, Đorđe, Stefan, Petar, Vasilije, Todor. Names of Latin origin include: e.g. Marko, Anđelka, Antonije, Pavle, Srđan, Marina, Natalija, Kornelije. Names of Germanic origin, entering through Russian, include: e.g. Igor, Oliver, Olga.
In Serbian naming culture, apotropaic names (zaštitna imena, "protective names") include Vuk (and its many derivatives), Nenad, Prodan, Sredoje, Staniša, and others. [1]
| Serbian | Derivation | Origin | Meaning | Related (Forms) | Female |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miroslav Мирослав | Slavic | Peace and Glory | Mirosław, Mirko | Mira, Miroslava | |
| Vladimir Владимир | Владимѣръ | Slavic Old Church Slavonic | Rule in Peace | Vlada, Vlado | Vladimira, Vlada |
| Vukašin Вукашин | Slavic | Son of the wolf, younger wolf | Vuki, Vuk, Vule, Vučko, Vukosav | Vuka, Vukica | |
| Zoran Зоран | Slavic | Daybreak | Zoki, Zoća | Zora, Zorana, Zorica | |
| Goran Горан | Slavic | Woodsman, Highlander "The tall one" | Gora, Gorana, Gorica, Goga, Gorjanka | ||
| Aleksandar Александар | Aléxandros Αλέξανδρος | Greek | Protector of Man | Aleksa, Saša, Sale | Aleksandra, Saša, Saška |
| Jovan Јован | Ioannis Ιωάννης | Hebrew (Biblical) | God is gracious | Ivan Jovo, Jovica, Joca, Jole | Jovana, Ivana, Ivanka, Iva |
| Marko Марко | Marcus | Latin | God of war, To be war like | Maki, Mare | |
| Nikola Никола | Nikolaos Νικόλαος | Greek | Victory of the people | Nidža, Niko | Nikoleta, Nikolina |
| Đorđe Ђopђe | Georgios Γεώργιος | Greek | Farmer | Đurađ Đuro, Đole, Đoka, Đorđa, Đorđo | Đorđica, Đurđica, Đurđina |
| Mihajlo Михајло | Mikha'el מִיכָאֵל | Hebrew (Biblical) | "He who is like God" | Mika, Miki, Miha, Miša |
Most Serbian surnames have the surname suffix -ić (Serbian Cyrillic: -ић) ( [itɕ] ). This can sometimes further be transcribed as -ic, but in history, Serbian names have often been transcribed with a phonetic ending, -ich or -itch.
This form is often associated with Serbs from before the early 20th century: hence Milutin Milanković is usually referred to, for historical reasons, as Milutin Milankovitch, and Mileva Marić, born in Vojvodina (then a part of Hungary) has sometimes been rendered as Marity (e.g. in the claim of "Einstein-Marity" theory).
The -ić suffix is a Slavic diminutive, originally functioning to create patronymics. Thus the surname Petrović means the little son of Petar (Petrić signifies the little son of Petra, the widow).
Most Serbian surnames are paternal (father), maternal (mother), occupational, or derived from personal traits.
Other common surname suffixes are -ov (-ов), -ev (-ев), -in (-ин) and -ski (-ски; also -cki(-цки)/čki(чки)/ški(шки)) which is the Slavic possessive suffix, thus Nikola's son becomes Nikolin, Petar's son Petrov, and Jovan's son Jovanov. The two suffixes are often combined, most commonly as -ović (-овић). Other, less common suffices are -alj(-аљ)/olj(ољ)/elj(ељ), -ija (-ија), -ica (-ица), -ar(-ар)/ac(ац)/an(ан).
When marrying, the woman most often adopts her husband's family name, though she can also keep both of her last names or not change her last name at all.[ citation needed ]
It is estimated that some two thirds of all Serbian surnames end in -ić.[ citation needed ] As of the 2011 Census, the ten most common surnames in Serbia, in order, were Jovanović, Petrović, Nikolić, Marković, Đorđević, Stojanović, Ilić, Stanković, Pavlović, and Milošević.[ citation needed ]
Outside Serbian countries, Slavic suffixes have been transliterated. Serbs in Hungary have the endings -ity, -ics-its, Serbs in North Macedonia -ikj (or iḱ; Macedonian: иќ), and Serbs in Romania -ici.
Although far less common than patronymic surnames, matronymic surnames are widespread both in Serbia and in neighboring countries where Serbs live. Examples include surnames such as Katić, Sinđelić, Nedić, Marić, Višnjić, Janjić, Sarić, Miličić, Milenić, Natalić, Zorić, Smiljić, Anđelić and many others. Sometimes it is difficult to ascertain if the name of a specific family is patronymic or matronymic considering many Serbian names have both male and female version (for example, surname Miljanić could come from both m.- Miljan and f.- Miljana). Cases where widows had to become heads of households were not uncommon during 18th and 19th century and when surnames were first standardized in Serbia in 1851 it was decided they would be based on the names of eldest living heads of households which in some cases were women.[ citation needed ] People who did not know their father well would also often take matronymic surnames, with a notable case being the hero of the First Serbian Uprising Stevan Sinđelić, who took that surname in honor of his mother Sinđelija.
The names of early Serbian rulers like Mutimir are Slavic dithematic names, as per Old Slavic tradition, until the 9th century and Christianization after which Christian names appear. [2]
Demetrios Chomatenos (Archbishop of Ohrid from 1216 to 1236) registered the naming culture of the South Slavs in Byzantine lands. In the 11th and 12th century, family names became more common and stable in Byzantium, adapted by the majority of people in Byzantine Macedonia, Epirus and other regions (including women, sometimes even monks), not only aristocrats. The South Slavs, however, maintained the tradition of only giving a personal name, sometimes with a Patronymic. There are only 2 cases of family names used by South Slavs during this time; Bogdanopoulos and Serbopoulos, both Serbian names with the Greek suffix -opoulos (όπουλος, originating in Peloponnese in the 10th century). [3] Patronymics ending on -ić, on the other hand, seem to have been the norm by late 14th and early 15th century because nearly all letters of correspondence between Dubrovnik and Serbia and Bosnia from that period contain them. In that same period proper family names of Slavic origin, not just patronymics, appear in Dubrovnik and soon in Hum and then in Serbia and Bosnia where during 15th-century nobles start using proper surnames. However this never became common among ordinary people and since nobility of Serbia and Bosnia was mostly wiped out by 16th century, only their remnants in Venice, Hungary and later Habsburg monarchy as well as some members of high clergy used standard surnames during following centuries. Due to general lack of safety clans started to form in regions of Montenegro and Herzegovina from 15th century onwards. These clans were territorially based but each was subdivided into fraternities so some people used names of these fraternities as a surname in those regions but only when speaking to outsiders and more as a toponymic rather than proper surname.
In older naming convention which was common in Serbia up until the mid 19th century a person's name would consist of three distinct parts: the person's given name, the patronymic derived from father's personal name, and the family or fraternity name, as seen in for example in the name of language reformer Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. However, use of this convention depended on a person's education and interest in his ancestry. Most ordinary people were still referred to mostly by their given name and sometimes with a patronymic, profession or toponymic. Serbian surnames as used today were first standardized in Principality of Serbia during 1851 and on the census of 1854, the population was recorded by their fixed surnames for the first time. Surnames were mostly formed as patronymics (or in some cases matronymics) derived from names of at the time eldest living heads of households rather than distant ancestors, though there were exceptions. In most cases, such patronymics were already in use so they were simply "frozen" and turned into surnames that carried on into future generations. This swift introduction of surnames is one of the reasons why, in comparison to other regions where Serbs live, there is less variation in forms of surnames within central Serbia, where vast majority of surnames ends with suffixes -ović (in patronymic surnames) and -ić (can be used both for patronymic and for matronymic surnames).
Among Serbs that lived across the rivers Drina, Sava and Danube, in addition to surnames with these most common suffixes there were many surnames based on professions, nicknames, toponymics, traits, etc. In case of what was then Southern Hungary, Serb suffixes were often intentionally changed by Austro-Hungarian administrators from -ović, -ević and -ić into -ov, -ev, -in and -ski which in their mind sounded less typically Serbian. This process started around 1817 but was particularly intensified after 1860/61 when Duchy of Serbia and Tamiš Banate was abolished and 1867 when Habsburg monarchy was reformed into Austro-Hungary. By 1900s it had only moderate success and it never achieved its true goal of culturally separating Vojvodina Serbs from their brethren to the south. In some regions with Serbian majority which were only liberated during wars of 1912–1918, standardized surnames were finally introduced with the creation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and recorded for the first time during population census of 1921.
Many Serbs, particularly from the late 18th century onwards and working in many different fields, have been known by three names - their given name, their surname, and an additional sobriquet (distinct from a second surname and specifically used with, as opposed to instead of, their surname or full name).
Some of these are:
Surname conventions and laws vary around the world. This article gives an overview of surnames around the world.
A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather, or an earlier male ancestor. It is the male equivalent of a matronymic.
Serbian epic poetry is a form of epic poetry created by Serbs originating in today's Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and North Macedonia. The main cycles were composed by unknown Serb authors between the 14th and 19th centuries. They are largely concerned with historical events and personages. The instrument accompanying the epic poetry is the gusle.
A matronymic is a personal name or a parental name based on the given name of one's mother, grandmother, or any female ancestor. It is the female equivalent of a patronymic. Around the world, matronymic surnames are far less common than patronymic surnames. In some cultures in the past, matronymic last names were often given to children of unwed mothers. Or if a woman was especially well known or powerful, her descendants might adopt a matronym based on her name. A matronymic is a derived name, as compared to a matriname, which is an inherited name from a mother's side of the family, and which is unchanged.
Petrović is a South Slavic language patronymic surname literally meaning Peter's son, equivalent to the English last name of Peterson. In Eastern Slavic naming customs its counterpart is "Petrovich".
The Bulgarian name system has considerable similarities with most other European name systems, and with those of other Slavic peoples such as the Russian name system, although it has certain unique features.
Pavlović (Serbo-Croatian) or Pavlovič is a surname of South Slavic origin stemming from the male given name Pavao, Pavle or Pavel, which are all Slavic variants of Paul. It was formed using the patronymic suffix -ović, meaning son of Pavao/Pavle/Pavel.
Vujičić is a Serbian surname, a patronymic derived from Vujič or Vujica, hypocoristics of the given name Vuk. It is borne by ethnic Serbs. It is one of numerous surnames derived from the root Vuk. It is present throughout former Yugoslavia. It may refer to:
A Slavic name suffix is a common way of forming patronymics, family names, and pet names in the Slavic languages. Many, if not most, Slavic last names are formed by adding possessive and other suffixes to given names and other words. Most Slavic surnames have suffixes which are found in varying degrees over the different nations. Some surnames are not formed in this way, including names of non-Slavic origin. They are also seen in North America, Argentina, and Australia.
Croatian names follow complex and unique lettering, structuring, composition, and naming customs that have considerable similarities with most other European name systems and with those of other Slavic peoples in particular.
Karanović is a Serbian surname, derived from the masculine given name Karan, either derived from Turkish kara (black) or a hypocoristic of Karanfil. The name Karan is present in Serbian society from the Late Middle Ages. It is found in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Dalmatia. The toponym Karanovići is found as hamlet in Ovčinja. It may refer to:
Predojević is a Serbo-Croatian surname, a patronymic derived from the Old Serbian name Predoje. It is traditionally found in Herzegovina, borne by ethnic Serbs. The surname is found in Serbs in Ervenik, Croatia. It may refer to:
Vranković is a mostly Croatian, and sometimes Serbian and Slovak surname, derived from the male given name Vranko. It is one of the more common Croatian surnames. About 470 individuals have it as their surname, chiefly Croats, and in lesser numbers Serbs and Slovaks.
By the 18th century, almost all Ukrainians had family names. Most Ukrainian surnames are formed by adding possessive and other suffixes to given names, place names, professions and other words.
Đonović is a Serbian language family name derived from the first name Gjon of Albanian origin. According to the legends of many Montenegrin highlander tribes, their ancestors came from Albania, so surnames like Đonović and Zogović point to Slavicization of Albanians. According to Mihajlo Petrović, some people with Đonović surname claimed that their ancestor was catholic. Đonović surname is mentioned in Dečani chrysobulls in early 14th century.
Toskić is a South-Slavic surname. It may be a matronymic derived from Toska, a diminutive of Teodosija and Teodora. According to Halil Bicaj, this surname is derived from Albanian ethnic subgroup of Tosks.
Vuksan is a Slavic masculine given name, derived from Slavic noun vuk, "wolf". It is a hypocoristic, possibly of the name Vukoslav. It is attested in the Middle Ages, and Serbian epic poetry. It is also used as a surname. The patronymic surname Vuksanović is derived from the name. It may refer to:
Jahić is a Bosnian patronymic surname formed by adding the Slavic diminutive suffix -ić to the Bosnian rendition Jahja of the common male Muslim name Yahya, the Arabic version of the name John. Notable people with the surname include:
Majić or Majic is a South Slavic matronymic surname formed by adding the Slavic diminutive suffix -ić to the feminine given name Maja. There is an alternative origin of the surname, that is almost exclusively tied to the Montenegrins bearing the name. It originated from the Maritime clan of “Maine", near Budva, Montenegro. The original bajraktari family of Maine used to be called like that because of their height.. Today the remnants of the family can only be traced to the Majić family in Zeta, Montenegro.