Finnish name

Last updated

In Finland, a person must have a surname and at least one given name with up to three given names permitted. Surnames are inherited either patrilineally or matrilineally, while given names are usually chosen by a person's parents. Finnish names come from a variety of dissimilar traditions that were consolidated only in the early 20th century. The first national act on names came into force in 1921, and it made surnames mandatory. Between 1930 and 1985, the Western Finnish tradition whereby a married woman took her husband's surname was mandatory. Previously in Eastern Finland, this was not necessarily the case. On 1 January 2019, the reformed Act on Forenames and Surnames came into force. [1] [2]

Contents

Finnish given names are often of Christian origin (e.g., Jukka from Greek Johannes), but Finnish and Swedish origins are also common.

In Finnish, the letter "j" denotes the approximant [j] , as in English you. For example, the two different names Maria and Marja are pronounced nearly identically. The letter "y" denotes the vowel [y] , not found in English, but similar to German "ü" and French "u". "R" is rolled. The stress is always on the first syllable in Finnish. For example, Yrjö Kääriäinen is pronounced [ˈyrjøˈkæːriæi̯nen] . Double letters always stand for a geminate or longer sound (e.g., Marjaana has a stressed short [ɑ] followed by an unstressed long [ɑː] and then another unstressed short [ɑ] ). As per Finnish phonotactics, both Finnish first names and surnames usually end in vowels, and always in either a vowel or a coronal consonant. This occurs regardless of gender, and surnames are no longer marked by gender.

Pronunciation of Swedish names is similar, but long vowels are not doubled and the stress may be on any syllable. Finland has a long bilingual history and it is not unusual for Finnish speakers to have Swedish surnames or given names. Such names may be pronounced according to Finland–Swedish phonology or, depending on the person named, the person speaking and the language used, a Fennicized variant.

When writing Finnish names without the Finnish alphabet available (such as in e-mail addresses), the letters "ä" and "ö" are usually replaced with "a" and "o", respectively (e.g., Pääkkönen as Paakkonen). This is not the same, but visually recognizable.

Surnames

A set of graves in Tampere, showing the Swedish surname Kyander as well as the Finnicized Kiianmies. Kiianmies Kyander graves Tampere 20090818.JPG
A set of graves in Tampere, showing the Swedish surname Kyander as well as the Finnicized Kiianmies.

Finland has three predominant surname traditions: the West Finnish, the East Finnish and that of the Swedish nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie and military. Until the early 20th century, Finland was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of West Finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm, or homestead (e.g. Jaakko Jussila 'Jaakko from the place of Jussi'). Farm names typically had the suffix -la, -lä, i.e. "(place) of", and could refer to the husband (like Jussila) or describe the location (e.g. Isoaho 'large clearing'). This name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. Multiple names could be recorded in documents, such that for example Pentti Jussila l. Penttilä would be a person named Pentti who had moved from Jussila farm to Penttilä farm. Also, even if one had a surname, one would still be better known by the farm name. Farm names, patronyms and village names could be used to disambiguate between different people, but they were not true inherited surnames. For example, in Aleksis Kivi's novel Seven Brothers (1870) the character Juhani was officially summoned as Juhani Juhanin-poika Jukola, Toukolan kylästä, in English 'Juhani, son of Juhani, from Jukola farm, Toukola village'.

On the other hand, the East Finnish surname tradition dates back to the 13th century. There, the Savonians pursued slash-and-burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person's lifetime. This in turn required the families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as the 13th century. By the mid-16th century, the East Finnish surnames had become hereditary. Typically, the oldest East Finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families (e.g. Ikävalko, Termonen, Pentikäinen). In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding the place name of the former or current place of residence (e.g., Puumalainen < "of Puumala"). In the East Finnish tradition, women carried the family name of their fathers in feminine form indicated by the -tar suffix (e.g. Puumalatar < Puumalainen). By the 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of Western European surname tradition. Also, women did not change their surnames with marriage.

In 1921, surnames became compulsory for all Finns. At this point, if there was no surname, the homestead names were usually adopted as surnames. Because the inhabitants often included farmhands and other non-family member, holders of the same surname are not necessarily genetically related. A typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes Ala- or Ali- ('Lower') and Ylä- or Yli- ('Upper'), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation to the main holding (e.g. Yli-Ojanperä, Ala-Verronen). In Pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes Rinta- and Latva- ('downstream' and 'upstream' respectively).

Common suffixes are -nen (in oblique form -se-; e.g., Miettinen : Miettisen "Miettinen's"), a diminutive suffix usually meaning "small", and -la / -lä , a locative suffix usually meaning "(place) of". The -nen suffix was freely interchanged with -son or -poika as late as the 16th century, but its meaning was ambiguous as it could refer not only to a "son", but any member of a patriarch's family, a farm or even a place. For example, the surname Tuomonen could mean "Son of Tuomo" or "Farm of Tuomo" or something else belonging to Tuomo.

A third tradition of surnames was introduced into Finland by the Swedish-speaking upper and middle classes which used typical German and Swedish surnames. By custom, all Finnish-speaking people who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their Finnish name, adopting a Swedish, German or (in case of clergy) a Latin surname. [3] In the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual. The oldest noble surnames of Swedish origin were not original, but were derived from the charges in the coat of arms, sigil and flag of the family, for example with Svärd (Swedish: "sword"), Kurki/Kurck (Finnish: "crane") and Kirves (Finnish: "axe"). [4] Families of German origin would use the von suffix (e.g., von Wright ).

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of Fennicization brought forth a movement towards the adoption of Finnish surnames. At that time, many people with a Swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a Finnish one. The features of nature with endings -o/ö, -nen (Meriö < meri "sea", Nieminen < niemi "peninsula") are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of Swedish names (Helleranta < Hällstrand). [5] Fennicizing one's name also concealed non-Finnish origin. [6] For example, Martti Ahtisaari's grandfather was Adolfsen from Norway. Nevertheless, Fennicization was not mandatory and thus it is common to find entirely Finnish-speaking families with Swedish surnames; having a Swedish name does not imply one is a Swedish speaker.

An effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. Missing an inherited surname, they invented theirs. Initially, these were in Swedish, and they were not very stable; people called them "superfluous names" (liikanimi), and a person could change one's surname several times during their career. Later, Finnish became the preferred language, and themes were taken from nature. Some of the most common examples of this type are Laine "wave", Vainio "cultivated field", Nurmi "grassland", and Salo "grove". [7] When applicable, -nen or -la/-lä could be suffixed, such as in Koskinen "rapids + nen".

Sharing a surname does not imply that the two people are related. Regulation of surnames to prevent two families from sharing the same name only began with the 1921 act. Before this, multiple families could have had Fennicized or otherwise changed their surnames to the same name. For example, the Finnish name Rautavaara was adopted by persons with the former Swedish names Sirius, Rosenqvist, Backman, Järnberg, Granlund and Mattson. [8] Similarly, the adoption of farm names as surnames by unrelated persons living on the same farm contributed to the number of these shared names.

Current use

The 10 most common surnames in Finland (March 2012) [9]
#SurnameEtymologyBearers
1 Korhonen korho "deaf" or "proud"23,509
2 Virtanen virta "stream"23,374
3 Mäkinen mäki "hill"21,263
4 Nieminen niemi "cape"21,253
5 Mäkelä mäki "hill"19,575
6 Hämäläinen Häme "Tavastia"19,242
7 Laine laine "little wave"18,881
8 Heikkinen Heikki < Henrik 17,935
9 Koskinen koski "rapids"17,924
10 Järvinen järvi "lake"17,040

In 21st century Finland, the use of surnames follows the German model. Every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. A maximum of four first names are allowed (three prior to January 1, 2019). [10] When marrying, a Finnish couple may adopt a shared surname, either one partner's surname or a combination of their surnames. They may also retain their surnames, either can take one of their spouse's surnames and either can combine their surname with that of their spouse. If they take a shared surname, that will be the surname of their children, otherwise their children can get either parent's surname or a double surname combining those of their parents. Grandparents' names can be used, based on a family's foreign name tradition. When combining double surnames, only one part of each can be used; the double surname can consist of the two individual surnames as such, or combined with a hyphen. [11] Between 1986 and 2018, a spouse could keep their surname, take their spouse's name as a shared surname, or take their spouse's surname as a shared surname but use it in combination with their own as a hyphenated double surname, while their spouse used their original surname. If they had a shared surname, their children got that name, otherwise the surname of either parent would be chosen. [12] (From 1929 to 1985, a wife had to take the husband's surname or a double name.) [10] Regardless, siblings normally get the same surname.

All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. A surname that is un-Finnish, contrary to the usages of the Swedish or Finnish languages, or in use by any person resident in Finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. However, persons may change their surname to any surname that has been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such a claim. [13]

Surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. Thus, for example, the genitive of surname Mäki is Mäen, just like the regular word mäki ("hill") becomes mäen in the genitive. For given names, this is not always the case even if the name were a common word; for example, Suvi ("summer") becomes Suvin in the genitive, not Suven.

In 1985, 38% of Finns had a -nen name, 8.9% -la, 7.4% with some other derivative suffix (e.g., -io/-iö, as in Meriö, or -sto/-stö, as in Niinistö), 17.5% were other Finnish-language names, 14.8% non-Finnish (chiefly Swedish), 13.1% were compound names (e.g., Kivimäki "stone hill", Rautakoski "iron rapids"). Only 0.3% had a double-barreled name (e.g., marriage of a Forsius to Harkimo giving Forsius-Harkimo). [14]

Patronymics

Patronymics were used in official documents until the late 19th century. Finns did not address each other by patronymics in colloquial speech. The natural Finnish way of referring to someone's parentage is the genitive: Matin Olli ("Matthew's Olaf") instead of the solemn Olli Matinpoika ("Olaf Matthew's son"). [15] When patronymics were no longer required in documents, they quickly fell out of use. [16] They are still perfectly legal, but very rare, often representing a deliberate archaism. Unlike in Swedish, Finnish patronymics were not transferred into hereditary family names. Thus, the Finnish situation differs considerably from, for instance, Sweden, which has hundreds of thousands of Johanssons and Anderssons. The Swedish patronymic-like surnames are treated like any other surnames. Real patronymics are handled like additional first names, i.e., one must still have a surname. [17] An exception is made for the Icelandic citizens resident in Finland, who are allowed to follow the Icelandic name tradition.

First names

The native Finnish tradition of first names was lost during the early Christian period, and by the 16th century, only Christian first names were accepted. The popular names were usually the names of saints whose cult was widespread. This resulted in some differences between the Western and Eastern Finnish first names, as the names in Eastern Finland might have had forms derived from Russian or Church Slavonic, instead of Swedish and Latin. [18] For example, there are two Finnish cognates of George, Yrjö < Swedish Örjan and Jyri < Russian Юрий (Yuri). The most important source for researching the name forms actually used by the Finns themselves in the 15th to 18th centuries are the surnames preserved in written sources, as these were often formed on the basis of a first name. The first names themselves are usually given in Swedish or Latin forms, as these are the languages used in the records. The name actually used was a Fennicized form of the name, which might have changed as the person became older. [19] For example, a person given the Swedish name Gustaf in the parish register might be called Kustu as a child, Kusti as an adolescent, Kyösti or Köpi as an adult and Kustaa as an old man. [20]

In the early 19th century, almost all Finnish first names were taken from the official almanac, published by the Royal Academy of Turku, later by the University of Helsinki. The names were mostly names of the saints whose cults had been popular before the Reformation, but the almanac also incorporated a number of names from the Old Testament and Swedish royalty, which were added to certain days during the 17th and 18th centuries. [21] During the 19th century, the Finnish forms were gradually added to the Finnish almanac, while the Swedish and Latin forms were removed (the Swedish forms were retained in a separate Swedish almanac). At the same time, the vicars gradually started to use Finnish name forms in parish registers. This, in turn, cemented the Finnish name forms that were used.

Names with originally Finnish etymologies were revived in the 19th century. In the absence of reliable information about ancient names, parents chose names of mythical characters from folklore ( Aino , Tapio ), and many new names were created from Finnish words (Seppo "smith" or "skilled person", Ritva "birch twig"). Some clergymen initially refused to christen babies with such "pagan" names. [22] The first given name of Finnish origin, Aino, was accepted in the almanac in 1890, followed by numerous others in 1908. About 30% of Finns born in 1910–1939 received a name with Finnish etymology. [23]

By the 1930s, the use of Finnish names and name variants was stabilized, and most of the popular names were noted in the almanac. Since then, the almanac has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. [19] At present, all names which have at least 1,000 bearers are incorporated into the almanac of the University of Helsinki and given a "name day" (Finnish : nimipäivä). [24] In 2010, 792 of the 35,000 first names used in Finland were listed in the Finnish almanac. [25] The name day calendar follows the Medieval Catholic saints' calendar when applicable.

First names are subject to changing fashions, while second or third given names are more traditional and typically trisyllabic. In the table below, both first and given names are counted. Since the digitalization of the Finnish national population database in the 1970s, the most popular names in Finland (of all Finnish residents or citizens who have lived after that point) have been listed by [26] [27]

Men's namesOriginMen namedWomen's namesOriginWomen named
Juhani Saint John 332,172 Maria Virgin Mary 355,087
Johannes Saint John 236,343 Helena Saint Helen 166,254
Olavi Saint Olaf 217,861 Anneli new variant of Anna143,411
Antero Saint Andrew 180,783 Johanna Joanna, also < Johannes142,891
Tapani Saint Stephen 152,220 Kaarina Saint Catherine via Swedish Karin129,888
Kalevi Finnish mythology141,428 Marjatta Finnish mythology122,602
Tapio Finnish mythology134,185 Anna Saint Anna 111,180
Matti Saint Matthew 126,720 Liisa Saint Elisabeth 100,555
Ilmari Finnish mythology109,727 Annikki Finnish mythology96,836
Mikael Archangel Michael 109,315 Hannele new loan from German <Johanna91,516

Of the names listed, Annikki and Marjatta are etymologically related to Anna and Maria, but they are characters in the Kalevala , not used as given names before the 19th century.

The Act on Forenames and Surnames (Finnish : Etu- ja sukunimilaki; Swedish : Lag om för- och efternamn) of 2017, in force since 1 January 2019, requires that all Finnish citizens and residents have at least one and at the most four given names. Persons who do not have a given name are obligated to adopt one when they are entered into the Finnish national population database. Parents of new-born children must name their child and inform the population registry within three months of the child's birth. [1] The name may be chosen freely, but it must

Exceptions may be made if 5 of more people of the same gender in the population register already have the name, on grounds of a connection to a foreign state where the name conforms to the established practice of that state, due to religious custom, or if another specific reason is deemed to apply. [1]

Usage

As in general in European culture, the surname is seen as more formal and the first names as less formal. Strangers are expected to refer to each other by their surnames and using grammar in formal plural. The use of first names indicates familiarity, and children often refer to each other by first names only. However, in many workplaces familiarity between individuals working on the same site is assumed.

In contrast to European tradition, the use of titles such as tohtori ("Doctor") with surnames is not very common and is found only in highly formal contexts, or it is considered old-fashioned. The titles equivalent to Mr., Mrs. and Miss are herra , rouva and neiti, respectively. Thus, for example, in formal contexts, Matti Johannes Virtanen can be referred to as herra Virtanen or herra Matti Virtanen, if several Virtanens are present. In most other contexts, simply one name, surname or first name, is used. As in Swedish culture, politeness is often expressed by indirect address, such that the use of names may even be deliberately avoided. [28] [29] In spite of this, formal Finnish features various titles, particularly honorifics such as vuorineuvos or ministeri.

Related Research Articles

Surname conventions and laws vary around the world. This article gives an overview of surnames around the world.

A patronymic, or patronym, is a component of a personal name based on the given name of one's father, grandfather (avonymic), or an earlier male ancestor. It is the male equivalent of a matronymic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Surname</span> Hereditary portion of a personal name

A surname, family name, or last name is the mostly hereditary portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family. It is typically combined with a given name to form the full name of a person.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personal name</span> Set of names by which an individual is known

A personal name, full name or prosoponym is the set of names by which an individual person is known, and that can be recited as a word-group, with the understanding that, taken together, they all relate to that one individual. In many cultures, the term is synonymous with the birth name or legal name of the individual. In linguistic classification, personal names are studied within a specific onomastic discipline, called anthroponymy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle name</span> Additional portion of a personal name

In various cultures, a middlename is a portion of a personal name that is written between the person's first given name and their surname. A middle name is often abbreviated and is then called middle initial or just initial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Icelandic name</span> Name system using patronymics (occasionally matronymics)

Icelandic names are names used by people from Iceland. Icelandic surnames are different from most other naming systems in the modern Western world in that they are patronymic or occasionally matronymic: they indicate the father of the child and not the historic family lineage. Iceland shares a common cultural heritage with the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Unlike these countries, Icelanders have continued to use their traditional name system, which was formerly used in most of Northern Europe. The Icelandic system is thus not based on family names. Generally, with few exceptions, a person's last name indicates the first name of their father (patronymic) or in some cases mother (matronymic) in the genitive, followed by -son ("son") or -dóttir ("daughter").

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Slavic naming customs</span> Human naming system in Russia and environs

Eastern Slavic naming customs are the traditional way of identifying a person's family name, given name, and patronymic name in East Slavic cultures in Russia and some countries formerly part of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union.

Spanish names are the traditional way of identifying, and the official way of registering, a person in Spain. They are composed of a given name and two surnames. Traditionally, the first surname is the father's first surname, and the second is the mother's first surname. Since 1999, the order of the surnames in a family in Spain is decided when registering the first child, but the traditional order is nearly universally chosen.

A matronymic is a personal name or a parental name based on the given name of one's mother, grandmother, or any female ancestor. It is the female equivalent of a patronymic. Around the world, matronymic surnames are far less common than patronymic surnames. In some cultures in the past, matronymic last names were often given to children of unwed mothers. Or if a woman was especially well known or powerful, her descendants might adopt a matronym based on her name. A matronymic is a derived name, as compared to a matriname, which is an inherited name from a mother's side of the family, and which is unchanged.

Mongolian names have undergone a number of changes in the history of Mongolia, both with regard to their meaning and their source languages. In Inner Mongolia, naming customs are now similar to Mongolia but with some differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulgarian name</span> Name system

The Bulgarian name system has considerable similarities with most other European name systems, and with those of other Slavic peoples such as the Russian name system, although it has certain unique features.

A Lithuanian personal name, as in most European cultures, consists of two main elements: the given name followed by the family name. The usage of personal names in Lithuania is generally governed by three major factors: civil law, canon law, and tradition. Lithuanian names always follow the rules of the Lithuanian language. Lithuanian male names have preserved the Indo-European masculine endings. These gendered endings are preserved even for foreign names.

This article features the naming culture of personal names of ethnic Serbs and the Serbian language. Serbian names are rendered in the "Western name order" with the surname placed after the given name. "Eastern name order" may be used when multiple names appear in a sorted list, particularly in official notes and legal documents when the last name is capitalized.

Heritable family names were generally adopted rather late within Scandinavia. Nobility were the first to take names that would be passed on from one generation to the next. Later, clergy, artisans and merchants in cities took heritable names. Family names (surnames) were still used together with primary patronyms, which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter' or by occupation like Møller - naming tradition remained commonly used throughout the Scandinavian countries during the time of surname formation. Forms of the patronymic suffixes include: -son, -sen, -fen, -søn, -ler, -zen, -zon/zoon, and -sson,'datter'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Georgian name</span> Given name and surname used by ethnic Georgians

A Georgian name consists of a given name and a surname used by ethnic Georgians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basque surnames</span> Surname with a Basque-language origin or a long, identifiable tradition in the Basque Country

Basque surnames are surnames with Basque-language origins or a long, identifiable tradition in the Basque Country. They can be divided into two main types, patronymic and non-patronymic.

Onomastics is an important source of information on the early Celts, as Greco-Roman historiography recorded Celtic names before substantial written information becomes available in any Celtic language.

In Sweden, a person must have a surname and one or more given names. Two given names are common. Surnames are inherited from the parents, in the order of "same as elder sibling, if any; specified by parents; or mother's last name," while given names must be chosen by the parents at birth. The calling name by which the person is normally identified in conversation, is in Scandinavian countries one of the given names, not necessarily the first. In contexts where the full name is spelled out, the calling name is often indicated by an asterisk, by capital letters, or underlines or italics. For example, Märta Birgit* Nilsson is known as Birgit Nilsson, while Björn* Kristian Ulvaeus is known as Björn Ulvaeus.

By the 18th century almost all Ukrainians had family names. Most Ukrainian surnames are formed by adding possessive and other suffixes to given names, place names, professions and other words.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Etu- ja sukunimilaki (19.12.2017/946) Retrieved 2019-12-31. (in Finnish)
  2. "FINLEX ® - Translations of Finnish acts and decrees: 946/2017 English". finlex.fi.
  3. E.g. Hormia, Y. (1941) Säätyläisnimiä Pyhämaan ja Pyhärannan rahvaan keskuudessa. Genos 12:13-17. (in Finnish). Retrieved 2015-10-13. (in Finnish)
  4. Antti Matikkala. Vapatietomuksesta ikonografiseen heraldiikkaan - vaakunoista, heraldiikasta ja niiden tutkimuksesta, in Henkilö- ja sukuvaakunat Suomessa, ed. Antti Vitikkala and Wilhelm Brummer.
  5. The whole section is based on the article Paikkala, S. Sukunimet sukututkimuksessa Archived 2007-12-21 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 11-6-2007. (in Finnish)
  6. "Sukunimien muutokset". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
  7. "Nimiartikkelit". www.genealogia.fi. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
  8. "Suomalaisten sukunimet vaihdelleet suomesta ruotsiin – muuttaa voi hakemuksella". Studio55.fi. May 17, 2015.
  9. As of March 2012, "Most common surnames", Finnish Population Register Center (English version), verkkopalvelu.vrk.fi/Nimipalvelu
  10. 1 2 Uudistettu nimilaki sallii neljä etunimeä ja tuo myös sukunimiin kansainvälisiä kaikuja Anniina Wallius. Yle. 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
  11. "Lag om för- och efternamn 946/2017" (in Swedish).
  12. Nimilaki (694/1985) § 2, 7, 8a. Retrieved 8-3-2008. (in Finnish)
  13. The information here is taken from the Finnish FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Nimilaki (kumottu) 694/1985 Nimilaki (694/1985)] (Name Act). Retrieved 11-6-2007
  14. Mikkonen, Pirjo; Paikkala, Sirkka. Sukunimet. Published in Joka kodin suuri nimikirja, Suuri Suomalainen Kirjakerho, Otava, Keuruu 1990. ISBN   951-643-476-2
  15. Paikkala(2004), page 542
  16. Paikkala(2004), pages 422-426, 543-544
  17. Nimilaki (694/1985) § 26. Retrieved 3-11-2008. (in Finnish)
  18. Bilingual Male & Female Finnish Russian Names
  19. 1 2 Sarilo, M. Nimien alkuperä. Campus. University of Tampere. Retrieved 3-11-2008. (in Finnish)
  20. Vilkuna (1976) page 15.
  21. Yleisimmät nimet. Retrieved 3-11-2008. (in Finnish)
  22. Vilkuna (1976), pages 19-20
  23. Kiviniemi (2006) pages 274-275
  24. Almanakkatoimisto. Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia. Archived 2008-10-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3-11-2008. (in Finnish)
  25. Nimipäivän vietto Archived 2010-11-11 at the Wayback Machine . Research Institute for the Languages of Finland. Retrieved 3-11-2008. (in Finnish)
  26. Nimipalvelu. Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine the Population Registry, Väestörekisterikeskus. Retrieved 3-11-2008. (in Finnish)
  27. The origins of the names are taken from Vilkuna (1976).
  28. Meski, Arja. Miten viranomaiset puhuttelevat kansalaisia tiedotteissaan: ruotsin ja suomen viranomaistekstien vertailua. Stockholms universitet, 2008. http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:325726/FULLTEXT01 p. 37
  29. "Suomalaisia tapoja". Archived from the original on 2001-11-17. Retrieved 2011-07-25.

Bibliography