Universal design

Last updated
A curb cut is an example of universal design, making the curb accessible to those with and without wheelchairs Center Blvd 48th Av td (2019-04-14) 06.jpg
A curb cut is an example of universal design, making the curb accessible to those with and without wheelchairs

Universal design is the design of buildings, products or environments to make them accessible to people, regardless of age, disability, or other factors. It emerged as a rights-based, anti-discrimination measure, which seeks to create design for all abilities. Evaluating material and structures that can be utilized by all. [1] It addresses common barriers to participation by creating things that can be used by the maximum number of people possible. [2] “When disabling mechanisms are to be replaced with mechanisms for inclusion, different kinds of knowledge are relevant for different purposes. As a practical strategy for inclusion, Universal Design involves dilemmas and often difficult priorities.” [1] Curb cuts or sidewalk ramps, which are essential for people in wheelchairs but also used by all, are a common example of universal design.

Contents

History

The term universal design was coined by the architect Ronald Mace to describe the concept of designing all products and the built environment to be aesthetic and usable to the greatest extent possible by everyone, regardless of their age, ability, or status in life. [3] However, due to some people having unusual or conflicting access needs, such as a person with low vision needing bright light and a person with photophobia needing dim light, universal design does not address absolutely every need for every person in every situation. [2]

Universal design emerged from slightly earlier barrier-free concepts, the broader accessibility movement, and adaptive and assistive technology and also seeks to blend aesthetics into these core considerations. As life expectancy rises and modern medicine increases the survival rate of those with significant injuries, illnesses, and birth defects, there is a growing interest in universal design. There are many industries in which universal design is having strong market penetration but there are many others in which it has not yet been adopted to any great extent. Universal design is also being applied to the design of technology, instruction, services, and other products and environments. Several different fields, such as engineering, architecture, and medicine collaborate in order to effectively create accessible environments that can lend to inclusion for a variety of disabilities. [4] It can change the socio-material relationships people have with spaces and environments and create positive experiences for all kinds of abilities. Which allows for meaningful participation across multiple demographics experiencing disability. [5]

Barrier-free design

In 1960, specifications for barrier-free design were published as a compendium of over 11 years of disability ergonomic research. In 1961, the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) A1171.1 specifications were published as the first Barrier Free Design standard. It presented criteria for designing facilities and programs for use by individuals with disabilities. The research started in 1949 at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and continues to this day. The principal investigator, Dr. Timothy Nugent, who is credited in the 1961, 1971, and 1980 standards, also started the National Wheelchair Basketball Association.

The ANSI A117.1 standard was adopted by the US federal government General Services Administration under the Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS) in 1984, then in 1990 for American with Disabilities Act (ADA). The archived research documents are at the International Code Council (ICC) - ANSI A117.1 division. Dr. Nugent made presentations around the globe in the late 1950s and 1960s presenting the concept of independent functional participation for individuals with disabilities through program options and architectural design.

Another comprehensive publication by the Royal Institute of British Architects published three editions 1963, 1967, 1976 and 1997 of Designing for the Disabled by Selwyn Goldsmith UK. These publications contain valuable empirical data and studies of individuals with disabilities. Both standards are excellent resources for the designer and builder.

Disability ergonomics should be taught to designers, engineers, non-profits executives to further the understanding of what makes an environment wholly tenable and functional for individuals with disabilities.

In October 2003, representatives from China, Japan, and South Korea met in Beijing and agreed to set up a committee to define common design standards for a wide range of products and services that are easy to understand and use. Their goal is to publish a standard in 2004 which covers, among other areas, standards on containers and wrappings of household goods (based on a proposal from experts in Japan), and standardization of signs for public facilities, a subject which was of particular interest to China as it prepared to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Design for All

Selwyn Goldsmith, author of Designing for the Disabled (1963), pioneered the concept of free access for people with disabilities. His most significant achievement was the creation of the dropped curb – now a standard feature of the built environment.

The term Design for All (DfA) is used to describe a design philosophy targeting the use of products, services and systems by as many people as possible without the need for adaptation. "Design for All is design for human diversity, social inclusion and equality" (EIDD Stockholm Declaration, 2004). According to the European Commission, it "encourages manufacturers and service providers to produce new technologies for everyone: technologies that are suitable for the elderly and people with disabilities, as much as the teenage techno wizard." [6] The origin of Design for All [7] lies in the field of barrier-free accessibility for people with disabilities and the broader notion of universal design.

Design for All has been highlighted in Europe by the European Commission in seeking a more user-friendly society in Europe. [6] Design for All is about ensuring that environments, products, services and interfaces work for people of all ages and abilities in different situations and under various circumstances.

Design for All has become a mainstream issue because of the aging of the population and its increasingly multi-ethnic composition. It follows a market approach and can reach out to a broader market. Easy-to-use, accessible, affordable products and services improve the quality of life of all citizens. Design for All permits access to the built environment, access to services and user-friendly products which are not just a quality factor but a necessity for many aging or disabled persons. Including Design for All early in the design process is more cost-effective than making alterations after solutions are already in the market. This is best achieved by identifying and involving users ("stakeholders") in the decision-making processes that lead to drawing up the design brief and educating public and private sector decision-makers about the benefits to be gained from making coherent use of Design (for All) in a wide range of socio-economic situations

In information and communication technology (ICT)

Design for All criteria are aimed at ensuring that everyone can participate in the Information society. The European Union refers to this under the terms eInclusion and eAccessibility. A three-way approach is proposed: goods which can be accessed by nearly all potential users without modification or, failing that, products being easy to adapt according to different needs, or using standardized interfaces that can be accessed simply by using assistive technology. To this end, manufacturers and service providers, especially, but not exclusively, in the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), produce new technologies, products, services and applications for everyone. [6]

European organizational networks

In Europe, people have joined in networks to promote and develop Design for All:

  • The European Design for All eAccessibility Network (EDeAN) [8] was launched under the lead of the European Commission and the European Member States in 2002. It fosters Design for All for eInclusion, that is, creating an information society for all. It has national contact centres (NCCs) in almost all EU countries and more than 160 network members in national networks.
  • EIDD - Design for All Europe is a NGO and a 100% self-financed European organization that covers the entire area of theory and practice of Design for All, from the built environment and tangible products to communication, service and system design. Originally set up in 1993 as the European Institute for Design and Disability (EIDD), to enhance the quality of life through Design for All, it changed its name in 2006 to bring it into line with its core business. EIDD - Design for All Europe disseminates the application of Design for All to business and administration communities previously unaware of its benefits and currently (2016) has 31 member organizations in 20 European countries. [9]
  • EuCAN - The European Concept for Accessibility Network started in 1984 as an open network of experts and advocates from all over Europe in order to promote and support the Design for All approach. [10] The coordination work of EuCAN and the functioning of the network are mainly voluntary work. In 1999 the Luxembourg Disability Information and Meeting Centre (better known by its acronym “Info-Handicap”) took over the coordination of the steering group, together with the implicit responsibility for the follow-up of the European Concept for Accessibility (ECA). The EuCAN publications - like ECA - aim to provide practical guidance. They are neither academic nor policy documents.

Principles and goals

The Center for Universal Design at North Carolina State University expounded the following principles: [11]

  1. Equitable use
  2. Flexibility in use
  3. Simple and intuitive
  4. Perceptible information
  5. Tolerance for error
  6. Low physical effort
  7. Size and space for approach and use

Each principle is broader than those of accessible design or barrier-free design contains and few brief guidelines that can be applied to design processes in any realm: physical or digital. [11]

Goals

In 2012, the Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access [12] at the University at Buffalo expanded the definition of the principles of universal design to include social participation and health and wellness. Rooted in evidence based design, the 8 goals of universal design were also developed. [13]

  1. Body Fit
  2. Comfort
  3. Awareness
  4. Understanding
  5. Wellness
  6. Social Integration
  7. Personalization
  8. Cultural Appropriateness

The first four goals are oriented to human performance: anthropometry, biomechanics, perception, cognition. Wellness bridges human performance and social participation. The last three goals addresses social participation outcomes. The definition and the goals are expanded upon in the textbook "Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments." [14]

The "barrier-free" concept

Barrier-free (バリアフリー, bariafurii) building modification consists of modifying buildings or facilities so that they can be used by people who are disabled or have physical impairments. The term is used primarily in Japan and other non-English speaking countries (e.g. German: Barrierefreiheit; Finnish: esteettömyys), while in English-speaking countries, terms such as "accessibility" and "accessible" dominate in everyday use. An example of barrier-free design would be installing a ramp for wheelchair users alongside steps. In the late 1990s, any element which could make the use of the environment inconvenient was considered a barrier[ clarification needed ], for example poor public street lighting. [15] In the case of new buildings, however, the idea of barrier-free modification has largely been superseded by the concept of universal design, which seeks to design things from the outset to support easy access.

Freeing a building of barriers means:

Barrier-free is also a term that applies to accessibility in situations where legal codes such as the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 applies. The process of adapting barrier-free public policies started when the Veterans Administration and US President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped noticed a large amount of US citizens coming back from the Vietnam War injured and unable to navigate public spaces. [16] The ADA is a law focusing on all building aspects, products and design that is based on the concept of respecting human rights. [15] It doesn't contain design specifications directly.

An example of a country that has sought to implement barrier-free accessibility in housing estates is Singapore. Within five years, all public housing estates in the country, all 7,800 blocks of apartments, have benefited from the program. [17]

Barrier-free design examples

The types of Universal Design elements vary dependent on the targeted population and the space. For example, in public spaces, universal design elements are often broad areas of accessibility while in private spaces, design elements address the specific requirements of the resident. [16] Examples of these design elements are varied and leverage different approaches for different effects. Some examples include:

Communication

Access and mobility

Ease of use

Design for All example

The following examples of Designs for All were presented in the book Diseños para todos/Designs for All published in 2008 by Optimastudio with the support of Spain's Ministry of Education, Social Affairs and Sports (IMSERSO) and CEAPAT: [19]

Other useful items for those with mobility limitations:

National legislation

Funding agencies

The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center (RERC) [36] on universal design in the Built Environment funded by what is now the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research completed its activities on September 29, 2021. [37] Twenty RERCs are currently funded. [38] The Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access at the University at Buffalo is a current recipient. [12]

Common shortcomings

Aswan case study

One study conducted in Aswan, Egypt published in the Journal of Engineering and Applied Science aimed to explore the accessibility in three administrative buildings in the area. [39] They were looking for universal design in entrances and exits, circulation of traffic within the building, and wayfinding within the building's services. [39] They decided to focus their case study on administrative buildings in order to exemplify universal design that granted access for all citizens to all locations. [39] Among the buildings, there were some shared issues. The researchers found that vertical movement was difficult for disabled patrons, given that there were no elevators. [39] There was also no dropped curb, no Braille system, and the handles of doors were difficult to open, and there were no sensory indicators such as sounds or visual signs. [39]

This case highlights the importance if demographics when considering needs for universal design. Over 60% of the citizens who use this building on a daily basis are elderly, but there aren't accommodations that are helpful to their capabilities. [39] Along with the lack of tactile features to guide the visually impaired, the space within the building is very congested, especially for one who may not have full physical capabilities and must use a wheelchair. [39] The circulation suffers as a result, as well as the wayfinding in the structure. [39]

Latin America

Guadalajara

Although there have been attempts to create more accessible public and outdoor spaces, the restorations made have ultimately failed to meet the needs of the disabled and elderly. [32]

Bibliography

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Accessibility</span> Modes of usability for people with disabilities

Accessibility is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with disabilities. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible developments ensures both "direct access" and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's assistive technology.

The disability rights movement is a global social movement that seeks to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for all people with disabilities.

Web accessibility, or eAccessibility, is the inclusive practice of ensuring there are no barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, websites on the World Wide Web by people with physical disabilities, situational disabilities, and socio-economic restrictions on bandwidth and speed. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, more users have equal access to information and functionality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheelchair ramp</span> Incline allowing wheelchair users to move between areas of different height

A wheelchair ramp is an inclined plane installed in addition to or instead of stairs. Ramps permit wheelchair users, as well as people pushing strollers, carts, or other wheeled objects, to more easily access a building, or navigate between areas of different height. Ramps for accessibility may predate the wheelchair and are found in ancient Greece.

Inclusive design is a design process in which a product, service, or environment is designed to be usable for as many people as possible, particularly groups who are traditionally excluded from being able to use an interface or navigate an environment. Its focus is on fulfilling as many user needs as possible, not just as many users as possible. Historically, inclusive design has been linked to designing for people with physical disabilities, and accessibility is one of the key outcomes of inclusive design. However, rather than focusing on designing for disabilities, inclusive design is a methodology that considers many aspects of human diversity that could affect a person's ability to use a product, service, or environment, such as ability, language, culture, gender, and age. The Inclusive Design Research Center reframes disability as a mismatch between the needs of a user and the design of a product or system, emphasizing that disability can be experienced by any user. With this framing, it becomes clear that inclusive design is not limited to interfaces or technologies, but may also be applied to the design of policies and infrastructure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inclusion (education)</span> Where disabled students spend most of their time with non-disabled students

Inclusion in education refers to including all students to equal access to equal opportunities of education and learning, and is distinct from educational equality or educational equity. It arose in the context of special education with an individualized education program or 504 plan, and is built on the notion that it is more effective for students with special needs to have the said mixed experience for them to be more successful in social interactions leading to further success in life. The philosophy behind the implementation of the inclusion model does not prioritize, but still provides for the utilization of special classrooms and special schools for the education of students with disabilities. Inclusive education models are brought into force by educational administrators with the intention of moving away from seclusion models of special education to the fullest extent practical, the idea being that it is to the social benefit of general education students and special education students alike, with the more able students serving as peer models and those less able serving as motivation for general education students to learn empathy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations' International Day of Persons with Disabilities</span> World day

International Day of Persons with Disabilities is an international observance promoted by the United Nations since 1992. It has been observed with varying degrees of success around the planet. The observance of the Day aims to promote an understanding of disability issues and mobilize support for the dignity, rights and well-being of persons with disabilities. It also seeks to increase awareness of gains to be derived from the integration of persons with disabilities in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural life. It was originally called "International Day of Disabled Persons" until 2007. Each year the day focuses on a different issue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inclusion (disability rights)</span> The fair incorporation of persons with disabilities in society

Inclusion, in relation to persons with disabilities, is defined as including individuals with disabilities in everyday activities and ensuring they have access to resources and opportunities in ways that are similar to their non-disabled peers. Disability rights advocates define true inclusion as results-oriented, rather than focused merely on encouragement. To this end, communities, businesses, and other groups and organizations are considered inclusive if people with disabilities do not face barriers to participation and have equal access to opportunities and resources.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Accessible tourism</span> Accessibility of tourism for disabled people

Accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavor to ensure tourist destinations, products, and services are accessible to all people, regardless of their physical or intellectual limitations, disabilities or age. It encompasses publicly and privately owned and operated tourist locations. The goal of accessible tourism is to create inclusivity of all including those traveling with children, people with disabilities, as well as seniors. This allows those with access requirements to be able to function as an independent using products following the universal design principle, a variety of services, and different environments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</span> Treaty of the United Nations

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Parties to the convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy full equality under the law. The Convention serves as a major catalyst in the global disability rights movement enabling a shift from viewing persons with disabilities as objects of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing them as full and equal members of society, with human rights. The convention was the first U.N. human rights treaty of the twenty-first century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Symbol of Access</span> Symbol denoting the removal of environmental barriers

The International Symbol of Access (ISA), also known as the International Wheelchair Symbol, denotes areas where access has been improved, mostly for those with disabilities. It consists of a usually blue square overlaid in white with a stylized image of a person in a wheelchair. It is maintained as the international standard ISO 7001, image of the International Commission on Technology and Accessibility (ICTA), a committee of Rehabilitation International (RI).

Design for All in the context of information and communications technology (ICT) is the conscious and systematic effort to proactively apply principles, methods and tools to promote universal design in computer-related technologies, including Internet-based technologies, thus avoiding the need for a posteriori adaptations, or specialised design.

The Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005 (AODA) is a statute enacted in 2005 by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in Canada. Its purpose is to improve accessibility standards for Ontarians with physical and mental disabilities to all public establishments by 2025.

Council for Canadians with Disabilities (CCD), formerly known as the Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped (COPOH), was created by people with disabilities in 1976 to provide support for all people with disabilities who seek the opportunity to go to school, work, volunteer, have a family, and participate in recreational, sport and cultural activities. The CCD is a national human rights organization of people with disabilities working for an accessible and inclusive Canada. In the 1970s, the CCD became a permanent part of the disability rights movement and it became a fluid entity that includes people with a range of different disabilities. To manage the work that will lead to the achievement of this goal, CCD established the following Committees to guide their activities in key areas:

  1. Human Rights Committee: Identifies Human Rights Committee issues of concern to persons with disabilities that could be addressed through law reform initiatives.
  2. Social Policy Committee: Identifies Social Policy Committee issues of national concern to persons with disabilities.
  3. Transportation Committee
  4. International Development Committee: Provides advice to CCD National Council on reforms that would improve the effect of Canada's foreign aid and policy on persons with disabilities.
  5. Access to Technology Committee.

Transgenerational design is the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living. The term transgenerational design was coined in 1986, by Syracuse University industrial design professor James J. Pirkl to describe and identify products and environments that accommodate, and appeal to, the widest spectrum of those who would use them—the young, the old, the able, the disabled—without penalty to any group. The transgenerational design concept emerged from his federally funded design-for-aging research project, Industrial design Accommodations: A Transgenerational Perspective. The project's two seminal 1988 publications provided detailed information about the aging process; informed and sensitized industrial design professionals and design students about the realities of human aging; and offered a useful set of guidelines and strategies for designing products that accommodate the changing needs of people of all ages and abilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jutta Treviranus</span> Canadian academic

Jutta Treviranus is a full Professor at the Ontario College of Art and Design University (OCADU) in Toronto, Canada. She is the director and founder of the Inclusive Design Research Centre (IDRC) and the Inclusive Design Institute (IDI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Accessible India Campaign</span>

Accessible India Campaign or Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan is a program which is set to be launched to serve the differently-able community of the country. The program comes with an index to measure the design of disabled-friendly buildings and human resource policies. The flagship program has been launched by the Prime Minister on 3 December 2015, the International Day of people with Disabilities. The initiative also in line with the Article 9 of the to which India is a signatory since 2007. The scheme also comes under Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995 under section 44, 45, 46 for equal Opportunities and protection of rights which provides non-discrimination in Transport to Persons with Disabilities.

Disability rights are not specifically addressed by legislation in New Zealand. Instead, disability rights are addressed through human rights legislation. Human rights in New Zealand are protected by the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and the Human Rights Act 1993. New Zealand also signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2008.

The Accessible Canada Act is a Canada-wide accessibility act that applies to the federal public sector, Crown corporations, and all federally-regulated organizations, building on the Canadian Human Rights Act and focuses on the prohibition of discrimination based on disability.

Under Italian Law 104/1992, "disability" is defined as a loss of the ability of the person to perform basic daily activities unaided."

References

  1. 1 2 Mualla. "CONCEPTUAL CHALLENGES BETWEEN UNIVERSAL DESIGN AND DISABILITY IN RELATION TO THE BODY, IMPAIRMENT, AND THE ENVIRONMENT". Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi.
  2. 1 2 "How to deal with competing access needs". Independence Australia. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  3. ↑ "Ronald L. Mace". College of Design. The Center for Universal Design. Raleigh: NC State University. 2008. Archived from the original (Remembrance) on October 4, 2017. Retrieved June 16, 2022. The Center for Universal Design is currently not active due to funding challenges.
  4. ↑ Di Bucchianico, Giuseppe; Kercher, Pete F., eds. (2018). Advances in design for inclusion: proceedings of the AHFE 2017 International Conference on Design for Inclusion, July 17-21, 2017, the Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles, California, USA. Advances in intelligent systems and computing. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN   978-3-319-60597-5.
  5. ↑ Barton, Len (1996), "Sociology and disability: some emerging issues", Disability and Society, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315841984-2, ISBN   978-1-315-84198-4 , retrieved 2024-04-11
  6. 1 2 3 European Commission: Design for All (DfA).
  7. ↑ "The UK Council for Museums, Archives and Libraries" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  8. ↑ "None". Archived from the original on December 11, 2003.
  9. ↑ "Design for All Europe". EIDD - DfA Europe. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "European concept for accessibility". www.eca.lu. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  11. 1 2 "The Principles of Universal Design Version 2.0" (PDF). Design.ncsu.edu. 1997-04-01. Retrieved 2024-09-12.
  12. 1 2 "Who we are? What is universal design?". Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. School of Architecture and Planning: University at Buffalo. 2020. Archived from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  13. ↑ "The Goals of Universal Design". Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. April 10, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
  14. ↑ Steinfeld, Edward; Maisel, Jordana, eds. (April 10, 2012). Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments. Hoboken: Wiley. pp. 408 pages. ISBN   9781118168455. OCLC   787849904.
  15. 1 2 Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 4.
  16. 1 2 3 Persson, Hans; Åhman, Henrik; Yngling, Alexander Arvei; Gulliksen, Jan (November 2015). "Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts—one goal? On the concept of accessibility—historical, methodological and philosophical aspects". Universal Access in the Information Society. 14 (4): 505–526. doi:10.1007/s10209-014-0358-z. ISSN   1615-5289. S2CID   7411507.
  17. ↑ "Making HDB Towns User Friendly". wordpress.com. Singapore. 19 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  18. ↑ Nasar, Jack L; Evans-Cowley, Jennifer, eds. (2007). Universal design and visitability : from accessability [sic] to zoning. Columbus OH. p. 53. ISBN   978-1427618955. OCLC   173818638.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ↑ Feo, Roberto & Hurtado, Rosario & Optimastudio Diseños para Todos/Designs for All Madrid 2008 ISBN   978-84-691-3870-0 Downloadable free version of Designs for All
  20. ↑ "Q-Drums". Qdrum.co.za. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  21. ↑ "Ley Chile - Ley 20422 - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". www.bcn.cl. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  22. ↑ "Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - United States Access Board". www.access-board.gov. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Guide to Disability Rights Laws". ADA.gov. 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  24. ↑ "Disability Discrimination Act 1992". Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  25. ↑ "Disability and the Equality Act 2010". Direct.gov.uk. 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  26. ↑ "DISABILITY ACT 2005". Irishstatutebook.ie. 2005-07-08. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  27. ↑ "Loi n°2005-102 du 11 février 2005 pour l'égalité des droits et des chances, la participation et la citoyenneté des personnes handicapées" (in French). Legifrance.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  28. ↑ "(Translated)장애인차별금지 및 권리구제 등에 관한 법률(장애인 차별 금지법) Act on the Prohibition of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities, Remedy Against Infringement of Their Rights, etc".
  29. ↑ "Act relating to a prohibition against discrimination on the basis of disability (the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act)" (PDF). app.uio.no. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  30. ↑ "THE LAW ON PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES". www.drdvietnam.org. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  31. ↑ "Accessible Canada Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Garcia-Checua, Eva (2022). Advancing urban Rights: Equality and Diversity in the City. Black Rose Books.
  33. ↑ "ISO 21542:2021". ISO. June 16, 2021.
  34. ↑ "ISO 20282-1:2006". ISO. Archived from the original on May 26, 2005.
  35. ↑ Usability of consumer products and products for public use -- Part 2: Summative test method accessed 14 November 2016
  36. ↑ Reinkensmeyer, David J.; Blackstone, Sarah; Bodine, Cathy; Brabyn, John; Brienza, David; Caves, Kevin; DeRuyter, Frank (December 2017). "How a diverse research ecosystem has generated new rehabilitation technologies: Review of NIDILRR's Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers". Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 14 (1). BIoMed Central: 109. doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0321-3 . ISSN   1743-0003. OCLC   909885328. PMC   5674748 . PMID   29110728. S2CID   19368471.
  37. ↑ "RERC-UD 2015-2020". Center for Inclusive Design and Environmental Access. School of Architecture and Planning: University at Buffalo. 2020. Archived from the original on 2021-04-14.
  38. ↑ "United States: Grant Helps Carnegie Mellon, University at Buffalo Improve Transit Access". Mena Report. Al Bawaba. 11 December 2018. OCLC   926165117. Gale   A565298465. Found through Gale Academic OneFile
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Khalil, M. E.; Mohamed, N. A.; Morghany, E. A. (December 2021). "Towards inclusion and diversity in the light of Universal Design: three administrative buildings in Aswan city as case studies". Journal of Engineering and Applied Science. 68 (1). doi: 10.1186/s44147-021-00020-0 . ISSN   1110-1903.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.