This article possibly contains original research .(March 2019) |
Interior architecture is the design of a building or shelter from inside out, or the design of a new interior for a type of home that can be fixed. It can refer to the initial design and plan used for a building's interior, to that interior's later redesign made to accommodate a changed purpose, or to the significant revision of an original design for the adaptive reuse of the shell of the building concerned. [2] The latter is often part of sustainable architecture practices, whereby resources are conserved by "recycling" a structure through adaptive redesign.
Generally referred to as the spatial art of environmental design, interior architecture also refers to the process by which the interiors of buildings are designed to address all aspects of the human use of their structural spaces. Put simply, interior architecture is the design of an interior in architectural terms.
Interior architecture may refer to:
Although the original spatial hierarchy of a building is always established by its first architect, subsequent iterations of the interior may not be, and for obvious reasons, older structures are often modified by designers of a different generation according to society’s changing needs as our cities evolve. This process often re-semanticizes the building as a consequence, and is predicated on the notion that buildings can never really be complete and unalterable.
An altered building may look the same on the exterior, but its interior may be completely different spatially. The interior architect must therefore be sensitive not only to the place of the building in its physical and socio-political context, but to the temporal requirements of changing owners and users. In this sense, if the building has “good bones” the original architectural idea is therefore the first iteration of an internal spatial hierarchy for that structure, after which others are bound to follow
Cities are now dense with such buildings, perhaps originally built as banks that are now restaurants, perhaps industrial mills that are now loft apartments, or even railway stations that have become art galleries. In each case the collective memory of the shape and character of the city is generally held to be more desirable than the possibility of a new building on the same site, although clearly economic forces apply. It is also possible to speculate that there might well be further new interiors for these structures in future years, but for each alteration the technical and technological expertise of the era will determine the extent to which the building is modified in its building life cycle.
Certain structure's interiors remain unaltered over time due to historic preservation, unchanged use, or financial limitations. Nevertheless, most buildings have only three possible long-range internal futures: First, designated significantly important to maintain visually unchanged, only accommodating unseen modern utilities, access, and structural stabilization, and restoration needs. Second, demolished to make way for a new building on the same site, or abandoned, becoming ruins. Finally, redesigned and altered to accommodate new uses.
There are many different degrees of alteration – a minor one to enable the building to conform to new legal codes is likely to prolong the first (or indeed later) iteration of interior space, but a major alteration, such as the retention of only the facade, is to all intents and purposes a new building. All possibilities within and between the two extremes are the domain of the interior architect.
If the practice of architecture is concerned with the art and science of new building, then the practice of Interior architecture is concerned with the alteration of existing buildings for new uses. [2]
A critical part in the evolution of interior architecture and design is the central theme of sustainability and consciously thinking of the environment and the materials being sourced- energy use, site selection, water usage, and material selection (Leigh Bacon [6] ). This sub-category of Interior Architecture focuses on finding creative and holistic ways of building new or retro fitting existing structures that have little to no impact on the environment. The eco-friendly movement became an important issue around the 1970s when the major energy crisis struck, making individuals aware of their contributions and what can be done to help lighten the impacts (BStone [7] ). Sustainability in Interior Architecture has really taken off in the last few decades with the help and advancements of technology, discovering new materials and efficient concepts that still lend the aesthetically pleasing aspect of a design. In past years, when it came to eco-design it had a stale and lack of luxury, elegance, and overall design; which inevitably received the reputation of being a "hippies" style or way of living. This is far from the case today with the overall known importance of being environmentally responsible, having an abundant amount of material options, and wanting to withhold an aesthetic design. Sustainable design is now a preferred and desired way of thinking and building that has and will be an ever-expanding and growing field. Some people confuse interior architecture with interior design. Because interior renovation will touch the change of the internal structure of the house, ceiling construction, circuit configuration and partition walls, etc., such work related to the structure of the house, of course, also includes renovation of wallpaper posting, furniture settings, lighting, etc. It is worth noting The thing is, the decoration construction team must be approved by the established interior design company to guarantee. [8]
In the United States, median annual wages of wage-and-salary architects were $70,320 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $53,480 and $91,870. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $41,320, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $119,220. Those just starting their internships can expect to earn considerably less.
Earnings of partners in established architectural firms may fluctuate because of changing business conditions. Some architects may have difficulty establishing their own practices and may go through a period when their expenses are greater than their income, requiring substantial financial resources.
Many firms pay tuition and fees toward continuing education requirements for their employees. [9]
Education in interior architecture should include the study of historic architectural and interior decoration styles, building codes and safety, preserving and restoring old buildings, drawing plans of original designs, and building physical and virtual (computer-based) models. The field of interior architecture has a lot in common with interior design and decorating; [10] however, it typically focuses on architecture and construction. Students of both fields learn to design comfortable, safe, and useful indoor spaces, from downtown penthouses to high school classrooms. A student of interior architecture will learn about much more than artistic concerns, such as choosing which style of furnishings works well in an open, loft-like apartment. Study will also include information on technical issues, such as seismic retrofitting (making old buildings safe from earthquakes). [11]
Interior architecture stands at the intersection of architecture, design of the built environment, and conservation. Interior architecture programs address the design issues intrinsic to the re-use and transformation of existing structures through both an innovative and progressive approach.
The National Center for Education Statistics states that the definition of a degree program in interior architecture is: "A program that prepares individuals to apply architectural principles in the design of structural interiors for living, recreational, and business purposes and to function as professional interior architects. Study includes instruction in architecture, occupational and safety standards, structural systems design, heating and cooling systems design, interior design, specific end-use applications, and professional responsibilities and standards." [12]
In addition to earning a degree in interior architecture, general licensure is required to work within the United States and some states have further licensing requirements. [13] In many European countries and in Australia the use of the title "Interior Architect" is legally regulated. This means that a practicing professional cannot use the title of "Interior Architect" unless they complete the requirements for becoming a registered or licensed architect as well as completing a degree program. [14]
Degree programs in Interior Architecture include:
Interior architects focus on building interiors, space planning, and exteriors. This included planning a space to be functional, accessible, and aesthetically pleasing. They notate the appearance of the building, safety, and usability of the users in the building. They will create site plans, building sections, energy calculations, exterior elevations, window & door schedules, and more. [34]
An Interior designer focuses more on the furnishings that will be included in the space and the decorations associated with the interior. This is not to be confused with an Interior decorator who purely focuses on design aesthetics and furnishings. They will select furniture, soft goods, drapery & window coverings, and wall coverings. They focus on the harmony felt in a space which relates to room placement, size, and layout.
Both professions have a middle gray area where both perform the same tasks. This includes the selection of interior finishes, creating drawings of interior elevations/details, and space planning around furniture placement. [35]
Experienced and trained Interior architecture and Interior design professionals are often represented by national, [36] European or international professional organizations and federations. These associations represent and advocate on behalf of its members to ensure that the expertise of the built environment professionals is recognized and respected.
European Council of Interior Architects (ECIA) is the representative body for the European professional organisations in Interior Architecture and Design. Founded in 1992, ECIA currently represents 22 members-national organisations, with approximately 18000 professionals Interior Architects/Designers. [37]
Gothic Architecture was introduced at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used to bring heaven to Earth essentially. According to Abbot Suger, earthly light contained divine light, and the church was responsible for making this concept concrete through the church's architecture. The design concept combined Byzantine, Romanesque, and Islamic architecture styles, making the style so eccentric and internationally spread. Popular colors such as ruby, gold, forest green, and plum were used in this period. [38]
The famous paintings used as decoration were Unicorn paintings. These paintings represented the importance of marriage and happiness within the union. They were also stated to promote fertility for women and the marriage's overall success. The most recognized sculpture of the gothic era is gargoyles. These carved/formed grotesques were used to lead water off roofs away from the sides of buildings. They removed the problem of rainwater damaging and eroding the mortar. They also were prominent in religion at the time. Gargoyles were used as a defense on buildings against demons.
The favored architectural features were pointed gothic arches, stained glass windows, and tracery. Pointed Gothic arches served a purpose for both decoration and structural purposes. For decorative reasoning, it is theorized that this idea was inspired by Islamic architecture. Structurally, it relieved stress from other elements in the building and directed most of the weight downwards. This helped support taller and thinner walls hence the immense structures present in this time. Stained glass windows were associated with High Gothic cathedrals. They reflected many colors of light and signified the Holy Spirit. For some, the artwork displayed was the only way they learned stories in the Bible as they could not read. Lastly, tracery is seen as bar or ribs used around openings such as windows.
This era was named after Queen Victoria. Victorian architecture featured gothic features such as spires, buttresses, and pointed arches. The era began in the 1830s as design went through the Gothic Revival and transitioned into the Victorian era, which ended around 1901 with Queen Victoria's death.
Buildings were changed due to the creation of the architect profession and the now easier access to materials. Railways introduced access to materials, and the building production time decreased. Other notable progressions during this time were iron-framed construction, plate glass, terracotta, and polished granite. [39]
Victorian architecture seems to be the opposite of today's popular minimalistic design style. Victorian design is referred to as maximalist, overwhelming, and eccentric. Wealth became a cultural value that was demonstrated through design. This ostentatious display of ornamentation and detailing in furniture was to display class. Not only was this seen within the architecture and furniture, but it also appeared through graphic design and clothing. A bare room was equivalent to a lack of taste and wealth. The unique features that showcase the Victorian era are layered drapery, patterned wallpaper, and carved furniture. This era was during the Industrial Revolution, and these new materials were used in the interior designs.
Modern Architecture, also known as modernist architecture, is created off the invention of new technologies within construction. This would include reinforced concrete, steel frames, curtain walls, and ribbon window. Some of its most notable features are the elimination of ornamentation and the minimalist aspects of the design. This style of architecture focuses on improving buildings' functionality, using new materials, and moving away from common structural shapes such as square or rectangular buildings. [40]
During World War II, research created new products and applications between 1940 and 1960. There were heavy influences of Scandinavian design inspired by Arne Jacobsen Scandinavia. Other notable pioneers of this movement were Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier. This transformed modern furniture from feeling cold and austere to warm and inviting. This was done using many textures such as wood, hemp, and leather and soft hues of popular colors. Also, within the design itself, Scandinavian design focused on the functionality and simplicity of furniture. This includes mid-century modernism, modernism, and contemporary. Most attraction to these styles would be to those born during this period, but since the recent reinvention of these design styles, it has become more widespread in current architecture and interior design.
As of current, modern architecture is taking a turn toward a more abstract-looking design, but this showcases how it was before this progression. These design styles have influenced modern architects and designers by providing alternatives to modern design's common problem of feeling cold, too simple, and uninviting. Introducing more textures, warmer colors, and curvilinear lines have transformed modern architecture into a more usable style. It also influences incorporating sustainable materials into design in the 21st century. We have reinvented the style with sustainable materials and finishes without altering the original basis.
These styles have influenced the design process by emphasizing art usage to highlight a room rather than many embellishments. This includes but is not limited to paintings, sculptures, and wallpapers in almost every room to capture your eye. It also captures the importance of craftsmanship by highlighting how things are made and leaving it shown in rooms. This includes wood beams, room framework, and tiling, for example.
An architect is a person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings that have human occupancy or use as their principal purpose. Etymologically, the term architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, i.e., chief builder.
Ludwig Mies van derRohe was a German-American architect, academic, and interior designer. He was commonly referred to as Mies, his surname. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of modern architecture.
Alfred Waterhouse was an English architect, particularly associated with Gothic Revival architecture, although he designed using other architectural styles as well. He is perhaps best known for his designs for Manchester Town Hall and the Natural History Museum in London. He designed other town halls, the Manchester Assize buildings—bombed in World War II—and the adjacent Strangeways Prison. He also designed several hospitals, the most architecturally interesting being the Royal Infirmary Liverpool and University College Hospital London. He was particularly active in designing buildings for universities, including both Oxford and Cambridge but also what became Liverpool, Manchester and Leeds universities. He designed many country houses, the most important being Eaton Hall in Cheshire. He designed several bank buildings and offices for insurance companies, most notably the Prudential Assurance Company. Although not a major church designer he produced several notable churches and chapels.
Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using the space. With a keen eye for detail and a creative flair, an interior designer is someone who plans, researches, coordinates, and manages such enhancement projects. Interior design is a multifaceted profession that includes conceptual development, space planning, site inspections, programming, research, communicating with the stakeholders of a project, construction management, and execution of the design.
Environmental design is the process of addressing surrounding environmental parameters when devising plans, programs, policies, buildings, or products. It seeks to create spaces that will enhance the natural, social, cultural and physical environment of particular areas. Classical prudent design may have always considered environmental factors; however, the environmental movement beginning in the 1940s has made the concept more explicit.
Florence Marguerite Knoll Bassett was an American architect, interior designer, furniture designer, and entrepreneur who has been credited with revolutionizing office design and bringing modernist design to office interiors. Knoll and her husband, Hans Knoll, built Knoll Associates into a leader in the fields of furniture and interior design. She worked to professionalize the field of interior design, fighting against gendered stereotypes of the decorator. She is known for her open office designs, populated with modernist furniture and organized rationally for the needs of office workers. Her modernist aesthetic was known for clean lines and clear geometries that were humanized with textures, organic shapes, and colour.
The International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts was a specialized exhibition held in Paris, France, from April to October 1925. It was designed by the French government to highlight the new modern style of architecture, interior decoration, furniture, glass, jewelry and other decorative arts in Europe and throughout the world. Many ideas of the international avant-garde in the fields of architecture and applied arts were presented for the first time at the exposition. The event took place between the esplanade of Les Invalides and the entrances of the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, and on both banks of the Seine. There were 15,000 exhibitors from twenty different countries, and it was visited by sixteen million people during its seven-month run. The modern style presented at the exposition later became known as "Art Deco", after the exposition's name.
High-tech architecture, also known as structural expressionism, is a type of late modernist architecture that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high tech industry and technology into building design. High-tech architecture grew from the modernist style, utilizing new advances in technology and building materials. It emphasizes transparency in design and construction, seeking to communicate the underlying structure and function of a building throughout its interior and exterior. High-tech architecture makes extensive use of aluminium, steel, glass, and to a lesser extent concrete, as these materials were becoming more advanced and available in a wider variety of forms at the time the style was developing – generally, advancements in a trend towards lightness of weight.
Iuav University of Venice is a university in Venice, Italy. It was founded in 1926 as the Istituto Universitario di Architettura di Venezia as one of the first architecture schools in Italy. The university offers several undergraduate, graduate and higher education courses in architecture, urban planning, fashion, arts, and design.
The Boston Architectural College (BAC) is a private college in Boston. It is New England's largest private college of spatial design. The college's main building is at 320 Newbury Street in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood.
Architecture – the process and the product of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural works with a certain indefinable combination of design quality and external circumstances may become cultural symbols and / or be considered works of art.
The MIT School of Architecture and Planning is one of the five schools of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1865 by William Robert Ware, the school offered the first architecture curriculum in the United States and was the first architecture program established within a university. MIT's Department of Architecture has consistently ranked among the top architecture/built environment schools in the world.
Eclecticism in architecture is a 19th and 20th century architectural style in which a single piece of work incorporates eclecticism, a mixture of elements from previous historical styles to create something that is new and original. In architecture and interior design, these elements may include structural features, furniture, decorative motives, distinct historical ornament, traditional cultural motifs or styles from other countries, with the mixture usually chosen based on its suitability to the project and overall aesthetic value.
Architectural design values make up an important part of what influences architects and designers when they make their design decisions. However, architects and designers are not always influenced by the same values and intentions. Value and intentions differ between different architectural movements. It also differs between different schools of architecture and schools of design as well as among individual architects and designers.
Architectural engineering or architecture engineering, also known as building engineering, is a discipline that deals with the engineering and construction of buildings, such as environmental, structural, mechanical, electrical, computational, embeddable, and other research domains. It is related to Architecture, Mechatronics Engineering, Computer Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, and Civil Engineering, but distinguished from Interior Design and Architectural Design as an art and science of designing infrastructure through these various engineering disciplines, from which properly align with many related surrounding engineering advancements.
Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. The term comes from Latin architectura; from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων (arkhitéktōn) 'architect'; from ἀρχι- (arkhi-) 'chief' and τέκτων (téktōn) 'creator'. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilisations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
David Ellis is a Canadian architect, based in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He is perhaps best known for his winning entry for the World Bank's Malaysian Health Development Project Design Competition along with his countless architectural designs built in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario. "Design is not a product, but a process", David Ellis stated this phrase to explain his view of architectural philosophy through his commitment to architecture, planning and interior design. This philosophy led into his design specialty for buildings that have complex academic innovation as well as attention to the human condition. His vision included revitalizing Northern communities and bringing technology and detail to the human condition. Many of David Ellis' design choices come from a relationship between building and environment, "Everyone needs to have a relationship with their environment".
University House is a heritage-listed building in Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia. Located on the corner of King Street and Auckland Street, it was designed by architect Emil Sodersten in association with local architectural practice Pitt and Merewether. An example of Art Deco style, the design was inspired by the streamlined functionalism of contemporary architecture in Europe.
Parametric design is a design method in which features, such as building elements and engineering components, are shaped based on algorithmic processes rather than direct manipulation. In this approach, parameters and rules establish the relationship between design intent and design response. The term parametric refers to the input parameters that are fed into the algorithms.
Elora Hardy is a Canadian designer, who founded the company IBUKU. She is most well known for designing a community of bamboo homes near Denpasar in Bali. She was born in Canada, grew up in Bali and moved to the United States at the age of 14 to go to boarding school. She then got a degree in fine arts and worked in the fashion industry where she most notably designed prints for Donna Karan. In 2010 Hardy moved back to Bali and founded Ibuku, a design firm that uses bamboo and other natural materials to build homes and structures. Since that time Ibuku has built more than 90 bamboo structures in Southeast Asia and Africa, including the Green School Bali campus. Hardy created a yoga pavilion and riverside cooking classroom at the Four Seasons in Bali, the interior design of Tri restaurant in Hong Kong, furniture for the Como Marketplace in Singapore and tree-house suites at Bambu Indah.