Electronic design automation

"ECAD" redirects here. For the Brazilian organization, see ECAD (Brazil). For other uses, see ECAD (disambiguation).

"Electronic design" redirects here. For the magazine, see Electronic Design (magazine).

Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), ^[1] is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design; this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits (ICs).

History

Early days

The earliest electronic design automation is attributed to IBM with the documentation of its 700 series computers in the 1950s. ^[2]

IBM has developed one of the earliest computer-aided design (CAD) systems, known as Automated Logic Diagram (ALD), which was originally executed on the IBM 704 and 705 mainframe computers. The design process started with engineers manually drafting logic schematics, which were later transcribed onto standardized templates and converted into punch cards for digital processing. ^{[2] [3]}

Although focused on mechanical geometry, General Motors’ DAC-1, built jointly with IBM, was among the earliest interactive, graphics-driven CAD systems and proved the practicality of screen-based editing for complex engineering data, an idea adopted by IC layout tools. ^[4]

Prior to the development of EDA, integrated circuits were designed by hand and manually laid out. ^[5] Some advanced shops used geometric software to generate tapes for a Gerber photoplotter, responsible for generating a monochromatic exposure image, but even those copied digital recordings of mechanically drawn components. The process was fundamentally graphic, with the translation from electronics to graphics done manually; the best-known company from this era was Calma, whose GDSII format is still in use today. ^[6] By the mid-1970s, developers started to automate circuit design in addition to drafting and the first placement and routing tools were developed; as this occurred, the proceedings of the Design Automation Conference catalogued the large majority of the developments of the time. ^[5]

Calma’s Graphic Design System (GDS, 1971) and its 32-bit successor GDSII (1978) let engineers digitise and edit full-chip layouts on minicomputers; the accompanying GDSII Stream file became the de-facto mask exchange standard and is still recognised in modern design flows. ^[7]

The next era began following the publication of "Introduction to VLSI Systems" by Carver Mead and Lynn Conway in 1980, ^[8] and is considered the standard textbook for chip design. ^[9] The result was an increase in the complexity of the chips that could be designed, with improved access to design verification tools that used logic simulation. The chips were easier to lay out and more likely to function correctly, since their designs could be simulated more thoroughly prior to construction. Although the languages and tools have evolved, this general approach of specifying the desired behavior in a textual programming language and letting the tools derive the detailed physical design remains the basis of digital IC design today.

The earliest EDA tools were produced academically. One of the most famous was the "Berkeley VLSI Tools Tarball", a set of UNIX utilities used to design early VLSI systems. Widely used were the Espresso heuristic logic minimizer, ^[10] responsible for circuit complexity reductions and Magic, ^[11] a computer-aided design platform. Another crucial development was the formation of MOSIS, ^[12] a consortium of universities and fabricators that developed an inexpensive way to train student chip designers by producing real integrated circuits. The basic concept was to use reliable, low-cost, relatively low-technology IC processes and pack a large number of projects per wafer, with several copies of chips from each project remaining preserved. Cooperating fabricators either donated the processed wafers or sold them at cost, as they saw the program as helpful to their own long-term growth.

Commercial birth

See also: Productivity-improving technologies § Semiconductor device fabrication

1981 marked the beginning of EDA as an industry. For many years, the larger electronic companies, such as Hewlett-Packard, Tektronix and Intel, had pursued EDA internally, with managers and developers beginning to spin out of these companies to concentrate on EDA as a business. Daisy Systems, Mentor Graphics and Valid Logic Systems were all founded around this time and collectively referred to as DMV. In 1981, the U.S. Department of Defense additionally began funding of VHDL as a hardware description language. Within a few years, there were many companies specializing in EDA, each with a slightly different emphasis.

The first trade show for EDA was held at the Design Automation Conference in 1984 and in 1986, Verilog, another popular high-level design language, was first introduced as a hardware description language by Gateway Design Automation. Simulators quickly followed these introductions, permitting direct simulation of chip designs and executable specifications. Within several years, back-ends were developed to perform logic synthesis.

Modern day

Main articles: Integrated circuit design, Design closure, and Design flow (EDA)

Current digital flows are extremely modular, with front ends producing standardized design descriptions that compile into invocations of units similar to cells without regard to their individual technology. Cells implement logic or other electronic functions via the utilisation of a particular integrated circuit technology. Fabricators generally provide libraries of components for their production processes, with simulation models that fit standard simulation tools.

Most analog circuits are still designed in a manual fashion, requiring specialist knowledge that is unique to analog design (such as matching concepts). ^[13] Hence, analog EDA tools are far less modular, since many more functions are required, they interact more strongly and the components are, in general, less ideal.

EDA for electronics has rapidly increased in importance with the continuous scaling of semiconductor technology. ^[14] Some users are foundry operators, who operate the semiconductor fabrication facilities ("fabs") and additional individuals responsible for utilising the technology design-service companies who use EDA software to evaluate an incoming design for manufacturing readiness. EDA tools are also used for programming design functionality into FPGAs or field-programmable gate arrays, customisable integrated circuit designs.

Software focuses

Design

Schematic capture program

Main article: Design flow (EDA)

Design flow primarily remains characterised via several primary components; these include:

• High-level synthesis (additionally known as behavioral synthesis or algorithmic synthesis) – The high-level design description (e.g. in C/C++) is converted into RTL or the register transfer level, responsible for representing circuitry via the utilisation of interactions between registers.
• Logic synthesis – The translation of RTL design description (e.g. written in Verilog or VHDL) into a discrete netlist or representation of logic gates.
• Schematic capture – For standard cell digital, analog, RF-like Capture CIS in Orcad by Cadence and ISIS in Proteus.^{[ clarification needed ]}
• Layout – usually schematic-driven layout, like Layout in Orcad by Cadence, ARES in Proteus

Simulation

Main article: Electronic circuit simulation

Simulated lithographic and other fabrication defects visible in small standard-cell metal interconnects

• Transistor simulation – low-level transistor-simulation of a schematic/layout's behavior, accurate at device-level.
• Logic simulation – digital-simulation of an RTL or gate-netlist's digital (Boolean 0/1) behavior, accurate at Boolean-level.
• Behavioral simulation – high-level simulation of a design's architectural operation, accurate at cycle-level or interface-level.
• Hardware emulation – Use of special purpose hardware to emulate the logic of a proposed design. Can sometimes be plugged into a system in place of a yet-to-be-built chip; this is called in-circuit emulation .
• Technology CAD simulate and analyze the underlying process technology. Electrical properties of devices are derived directly from device physics

Analysis and verification

• Functional verification: ensures logic design matches specifications and executes tasks correctly. Includes dynamic functional verification via simulation, emulation, and prototypes. ^[15]
• RTL Linting for adherence to coding rules such as syntax, semantics, and style. ^[16]
• Clock domain crossing verification (CDC check): similar to linting, but these checks/tools specialize in detecting and reporting potential issues like data loss, meta-stability due to use of multiple clock domains in the design.
• Formal verification, also model checking: attempts to prove, by mathematical methods, that the system has certain desired properties, and that some undesired effects (such as deadlock) cannot occur.
• Equivalence checking: algorithmic comparison between a chip's RTL-description and synthesized gate-netlist, to ensure functional equivalence at the logical level.
• Static timing analysis: analysis of the timing of a circuit in an input-independent manner, hence finding a worst case over all possible inputs.
• Layout extraction: starting with a proposed layout, compute the (approximate) electrical characteristics of every wire and device. Often used in conjunction with static timing analysis above to estimate the performance of the completed chip.
• Electromagnetic field solvers, or just field solvers, solve Maxwell's equations directly for cases of interest in IC and PCB design. They are known for being slower but more accurate than the layout extraction above.
• Physical verification, PV: checking if a design is physically manufacturable, and that the resulting chips will not have any function-preventing physical defects, and will meet original specifications.
• Yield analysis: estimating the yield (and hence the cost) of the manufactured chip, and identifying yield bottlenecks to suggest beneficial changes.

Manufacturing preparation

• Mask data preparation or MDP - The generation of actual lithography photomasks, utilised to physically manufacture the chip.
  • Chip finishing which includes custom designations and structures to improve manufacturability of the layout. Examples of the latter are a seal ring and filler structures. ^[17]
  • Producing a reticle layout with test patterns and alignment marks.
  • Layout-to-mask preparation that enhances layout data with graphics operations, such as resolution enhancement techniques (RET) – methods for increasing the quality of the final photomask. This also includes optical proximity correction (OPC) or inverse lithography technology (ILT) – the up-front compensation for diffraction and interference effects occurring later when chip is manufactured using this mask.
  • Mask generation – The generation of flat mask image from hierarchical design.
  • Automatic test pattern generation or ATPG – The generation of pattern data systematically to exercise as many logic-gates and other components as possible.
  • Built-in self-test or BIST – The installation of self-contained test-controllers to automatically test a logic or memory structure in the design

Functional safety

• Functional safety analysis, systematic computation of failure in time (FIT) rates and diagnostic coverage metrics for designs in order to meet the compliance requirements for the desired safety integrity levels.
• Functional safety synthesis, add reliability enhancements to structured elements (modules, RAMs, ROMs, register files, FIFOs) to improve fault detection / fault tolerance. This includes (not limited to) addition of error detection and / or correction codes (Hamming), redundant logic for fault detection and fault tolerance (duplicate / triplicate) and protocol checks (interface parity, address alignment, beat count)
• Functional safety verification, running of a fault campaign, including insertion of faults into the design and verification that the safety mechanism reacts in an appropriate manner for the faults that are deemed covered.

PCB layout and schematic for connector design

Companies

Further information: List of EDA companies

Current

Market capitalization and company name as of June 2025:

• $75.4 billion ^[18] – Synopsys
• $81.1 billion ^[19] – Cadence Design Systems
• $29.4 billion ^[20] – Ansys
• AU$9.01 billion ^[21] – Altium
• € 170.7 billion ^[22] - Siemens
• ¥112.9 billion ^[23] – Zuken

Synopsys announced a planned acquisition of Ansys in 2024, but Ansys remains an independent, publicly traded company until the deal closes (expected H1 2025). ^[24]

Defunct

Market capitalization and company name as of December 2011 ^[update] : ^[25]

• $2.33 billion – Mentor Graphics; Siemens acquired Mentor in 2017 and renamed as Siemens EDA in 2021 ^{[26] [27]}
• $507 million – Magma Design Automation; Synopsys acquired Magma in February 2012 ^{[28] [29]}
• NT$6.44 billion – SpringSoft; Synopsys acquired SpringSoft in August 2012

Acquisitions

Many EDA companies acquire small companies with software or other technology that can be adapted to their core business. ^[30] Most of the market leaders are amalgamations of many smaller companies and this trend is helped by the tendency of software companies to design tools as accessories that fit naturally into a larger vendor's suite of programs on digital circuitry; many new tools incorporate analog design and mixed systems. ^[31] This is happening due to a trend to place entire electronic systems on a single chip.

Machine learning and artificial-intelligence techniques

Main article: AI-driven design automation

Machine-learning methods are now applied at every major stage of the integrated-circuit design flow, from high-level synthesis through sign-off. Machine-learning shortens turnaround times and improves power, performance and area (PPA). ^[32] EDA vendors have since integrated similar optimization engines into production toolchains. ^[33]

Growth of the open-source EDA ecosystem

The OpenROAD Project (Foundations and Realisation of Open, Accessible Design), launched under DARPA’s IDEA program, released a no-human-in-the-loop RTL-to-GDS flow that has successfully taped-out designs. ^{[34] [35]} Conferences such as ORConf and the annual FOSSi Foundation roadmap sessions now dedicate substantial tracks to open-source EDA progress. ^{[36] [37]}

Technical conferences

• Design Automation Conference
• International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
• Design Automation and Test in Europe
• Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference
• Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits

See also

• Electronics portal

• Computer-aided design (CAD)
• Circuit design
• EDA database
• Foundations and Trends in Electronic Design Automation
• Signoff (electronic design automation)
• Comparison of EDA software
• Platform-based design
• Silicon compiler

References

1. "About the EDA Industry". Electronic Design Automation Consortium. Archived from the original on August 2, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
2. "1966: Computer Aided Design Tools Developed for ICs". Computer History Museum. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
3. Emerson, Roger (2015). "The Legendary IBM 1401 Data Processing System". Proceedings of the IEEE. 103 (12): 2250–2254. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2015.2480703.
4. Krull, F. N. (1994). "The Origin of Computer Graphics within General Motors". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 16 (3). doi:10.1109/MAHC.1994.298419. S2CID   17776315.
5. "EDA (Electronic Design Automation) - Where Electronics Begins". Embed Journal. May 25, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
6. "TSMC Unveils Industry's First Integrated System-on-Wafer (TSMC-SoW™)". TSMC Newsroom. April 26, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
7. "GDS II User's Operating Manual" (PDF). Bitsavers. Calma Company. November 1978. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
8. Meade, Carver; Conway, Lynn. Introduction to VLSI Design. Addison-Wesley.
9. "Carver Mead Awarded Kyoto Prize by Inamori Foundation". Caltech. June 17, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2023.
10. Brayton, Robert K., Gary D. Hachtel, Curt McMullen, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli (1984). Logic minimization algorithms for VLSI synthesis. Vol. 2. Springer Science & Business Media.
11. Ousterhout, John K., Gordon T. Hamachi, Robert N. Mayo, Walter S. Scott, and George S. Taylor (1985). "The magic VLSI layout system". IEEE Design & Test of Computers. 2 (1): 19–30. doi:10.1109/MDT.1985.294681.
12. Tomovich, Christine (1988). "MOSIS-A gateway to silicon". IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine. 4 (2): 22–23. doi:10.1109/101.936.
13. J. Lienig, J. Scheible (2020). "Chap. 6: Special Layout Techniques for Analog IC Design". Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits. Springer. pp. 213–256. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39284-0. ISBN   978-3-030-39284-0. S2CID   215840278.
14. Lavagno, Martin, and Scheffer (2006). Electronic Design Automation For Integrated Circuits Handbook. Taylor and Francis. ISBN   0849330963.
15. "Functional Verification". Semiconductor Engineering. March 17, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2023.
16. BTV RTL Linting. Retrieved January 2, 2023
17. J. Lienig, J. Scheible (2020). "Chap. 3.3: Mask Data: Layout Post Processing". Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits. Springer. pp. 102–110. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39284-0. ISBN   978-3-030-39284-0. S2CID   215840278.
18. "Synopsys (SNPS) Market Capitalization". CompaniesMarketCap.com. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
19. "Cadence Design Systems (CDNS) Market Capitalization". CompaniesMarketCap.com. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
20. "ANSS Stock Price & Market Cap". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
21. "Altium (ALU) Overview". Market Index Australia. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
22. "Siemens AG Market Capitalization". StockAnalysis.com. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
23. "Zuken Inc. (6947.T) Stock Price & Market Cap". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
24. "Synopsys to Acquire Ansys, Creating a Leader in Silicon to Systems Design Solutions". Synopsys Newsroom. January 16, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
25. Company Comparison - Google Finance. Google.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-10.
26. "Siemens acquires Mentor Graphics for $4.5 billion, eyes connected device, building expansion". ZDNET. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
27. Dahad, Nitin (December 15, 2020). "Mentor Finally Becomes Siemens EDA From January 2021". EE Times. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
28. Dylan McGrath (November 30, 2011). "Synopsys to buy Magma for $507 million". EETimes. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
29. "Synopsys to Acquire Magma Design Automation".
30. Kirti Sikri Desai (2006). "EDA Innovation through Merger and Acquisitions". EDA Cafe. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
31. "Semi Wiki:EDA Mergers and Acquisitions Wiki". SemiWiki.com. January 16, 2011. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
32. Huang, Guyue; Hu, Jingbo; He, Yifan; Liu, Jialong; Ma, Mingyuan; Shen, Zhaoyang; Wu, Juejian; Xu, Yuanfan; Zhang, Hengrui; Zhong, Kai; Ning, Xuefei; Ma, Yuzhe; Yang, Haoyu; Yu, Bei; Yang, Huazhong; Wang, Yu (June 5, 2021). "Machine Learning for Electronic Design Automation: A Survey". ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems. 26 (5): 1–46. doi:10.1145/3451179.
33. "Synopsys, Cadence, Google And NVIDIA All Agree: Use AI To Help Design Chips".
34. "Open-Source Semiconductor Chip Design Tool Celebrates Success". UC San Diego News Center. February 24, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
35. "The OpenROAD Project". The OpenROAD Project. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
36. "ORConf 2024". FOSSi Foundation. Retrieved June 21, 2025.
37. "2024 Roadmap: Open Source Silicon". FOSSi Foundation Blog. August 16, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2025.

Notes

• http://www.staticfreesoft.com/documentsTextbook.html Computer Aids for VLSI Design by Steven M. Rubin
• Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits, by Lienig, Scheible, Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39284-0 ISBN   978-3-030-39284-0, 2020
• VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure, by Kahng, Lienig, Markov and Hu, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96415-3 ISBN   978-3-030-96414-6, 2022
• Electronic Design Automation For Integrated Circuits Handbook, by Lavagno, Martin, and Scheffer, ISBN   0-8493-3096-3, 2006
• The Electronic Design Automation Handbook, by Dirk Jansen et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN   1-4020-7502-2, 2003, available also in German ISBN   3-446-21288-4 (2005)
• Combinatorial Algorithms for Integrated Circuit Layout, by Thomas Lengauer, ISBN   3-519-02110-2, Teubner Verlag, 1997.