Carver Mead

Last updated

Carver Mead
Carver Mead S66626 F27 300pixels.png
Mead in 2002
Born
Carver Andress Mead

(1934-05-01) May 1, 1934 (age 90)
Bakersfield, California, U.S.
Awards Kyoto Prize (2022)
National Medal of Technology
2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
Computer History Museum Fellow (2002)
Scientific career
Thesis Transistor Switching Analysis  (1960)
Doctoral advisor R. D. Middlebrook
Robert V. Langmuir
Doctoral students Kwabena Boahen
External videos
VLSI VL82C486 Single Chip 486 System Controller V.jpg
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Carver Mead, Winner of 1999 Lemelson-MIT Prize, Lemelson Foundation
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Carver Mead – Semiconductors, April 17, 2014, The Official ACM
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Carver Mead presents The Universe and Us: An Integrated Theory of Electromagnetics and Gravitation, TTI/Vanguard

Carver Andress Mead (born 1 May 1934) is an American scientist and engineer. He currently holds the position of Gordon and Betty Moore Professor Emeritus of Engineering and Applied Science at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), having taught there for over 40 years. [1]

Contents

A pioneer of modern microelectronics, Mead has made contributions to the development and design of semiconductors, digital chips, and silicon compilers, technologies which form the foundations of modern very-large-scale integration chip design. Mead has also been involved in the founding of more than 20 companies. [2]

In the 1980s, Mead focused on electronic modeling of human neurology and biology, creating "neuromorphic electronic systems." [3] [4] [5] Most recently, he has called for the reconceptualization of modern physics, revisiting the theoretical debates of Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein and others in light of later experiments and developments in instrumentation. [6]

Mead's contributions as a teacher include the classic textbook Introduction to VLSI Systems (1980), which he coauthored with Lynn Conway. He also taught Deborah Chung, the first female engineering graduate of Caltech, [7] and advised Louise Kirkbride, the school's first female electrical engineering student. [8] [9]

Early life and education

Carver Andress Mead was born in Bakersfield, California, and grew up in Kernville, California. His father worked in a power plant at the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, owned by Southern California Edison Company. [6] Carver attended a tiny local school for some years, then moved to Fresno, California to live with his grandmother so that he could attend a larger high school. [8] He became interested in electricity and electronics while very young, seeing the work at the power plant, experimenting with electrical equipment, qualifying for an amateur radio license and in high school working at local radio stations. [10]

Mead studied electrical engineering at Caltech, getting his BS in 1956, his MS in 1957, and his PhD degree in 1960. [11] [12]

Microelectronics

Mead's contributions have arisen from the application of basic physics to the development of electronic devices, often in novel ways. During the 1960s, he carried out systematic investigations into the energy behavior of electrons in insulators and semiconductors, developing a deep understanding of electron tunneling, barrier behavior and hot electron transport. [13] In 1960, he was the first person to describe and demonstrate a three-terminal solid-state device based on the operating principles of electron tunneling and hot-electron transport. [14] In 1962 he demonstrated that using tunnel emission, hot electrons retained energy when traveling nanometer distances in gold. [15] His studies of III-V compounds (with W. G. Spitzer) established the importance of interface states, laying the groundwork for band-gap engineering and the development of heterojunction devices. [13] [16] [17] [18]

GaAs MESFET

In 1966, Mead designed the first gallium arsenide gate field-effect transistor using a Schottky barrier diode to isolate the gate from the channel. [19] As a material, GaAs offers much higher electron mobility and higher saturation velocity than silicon. [20] The GaAs MESFET became the dominant microwave semiconductor device, used in a variety of high-frequency wireless electronics, including microwave communication systems in radio telescopes, satellite dishes and cellular phones. Carver's work on MESFETs also became the basis for the later development of HEMTs by Fujitsu in 1980. HEMTs, like MESFETs, are accumulation-mode devices used in microwave receivers and telecommunication systems. [20]

Moore's law

Mead is credited by Gordon Moore with coining the term Moore's law, [21] to denote the prediction Moore made in 1965 about the growth rate of the component count, "a component being a transistor, resistor, diode or capacitor," [22] fitting on a single integrated circuit. Moore and Mead began collaborating around 1959 when Moore gave Mead "cosmetic reject" transistors from Fairchild Semiconductor for his students to use in his classes. During the 1960s Mead made weekly visits to Fairchild, visiting the research and development labs and discussing their work with Moore. During one of their discussions, Moore asked Mead whether electron tunneling might limit the size of a workable transistor. When told that it would, he asked what the limit would be. [23]

Stimulated by Moore's question, Mead and his students began a physics-based analysis of possible materials, trying to determine a lower bound for Moore's Law. In 1968, Mead demonstrated, contrary to common assumptions, that as transistors decreased in size, they would not become more fragile or hotter or more expensive or slower. Rather, he argued that transistors would get faster, better, cooler and cheaper as they were miniaturized. [24] His results were initially met with considerable skepticism, but as designers experimented, results supported his assertion. [23] In 1972, Mead and graduate student Bruce Hoeneisen predicted that transistors could be made as small as 0.15 microns. This lower limit to transistor size was considerably smaller than had been generally expected. [24] Despite initial doubts, Mead's prediction influenced the computer industry's development of submicron technology. [23] When Mead's predicted target was achieved in actual transistor development in 2000, the transistor was highly similar to the one Mead had originally described. [25]

Mead–Conway VLSI design

Mead was the first to predict the possibility of creating millions of transistors on a chip. His prediction implied that substantial changes in technology would have to occur to achieve such scalability. Mead was one of the first researchers to investigate techniques for very-large-scale integration, designing and creating high-complexity microchips. [26]

He taught the world's first LSI design course, at Caltech in 1970. Throughout the 1970s, with involvement and feedback from a succession of classes, Mead developed his ideas of integrated circuit and system design. He worked with Ivan Sutherland and Frederick B. Thompson to establish computer science as a department at Caltech, which formally occurred in 1976. [27] [28] Also in 1976, Mead co-authored a DARPA report with Ivan Sutherland and Thomas Eugene Everhart, assessing the limitations of current microelectronics fabrication and recommending research into the system design implications of "very-large-scale integrated circuits". [29]

Beginning in 1975, Carver Mead collaborated with Lynn Conway from Xerox PARC. [26] They developed the landmark text Introduction to VLSI systems, published in 1979, an important spearhead of the Mead and Conway revolution. [30] A pioneering textbook, it has been used in VLSI integrated circuit education all over the world for decades. [31] The circulation of early preprint chapters in classes and among other researchers attracted widespread interest and created a community of people interested in the approach. [32] They also demonstrated the feasibility of multi-project shared-wafer methodology, creating chips for students in their classes. [33] [34] [35] [36]

Their work caused a paradigm shift, [36] a "fundamental reassessment" of the development of integrated circuits, [26] and "revolutionized the world of computers". [37] In 1981, Mead and Conway received the Award for Achievement from Electronics Magazine in recognition of their contributions. [26] More than 30 years later, the impact of their work is still being assessed. [38]

Building on the ideas of VLSI design, Mead and his PhD student David L. Johannsen created the first silicon compiler, capable of taking a user's specifications and automatically generating an integrated circuit. [39] [40] Mead, Johannsen, Edmund K. Cheng and others formed Silicon Compilers Inc. (SCI) in 1981. SCI designed one of the key chips for Digital Equipment Corporation's MicroVAX minicomputer. [40] [41]

Mead and Conway laid the groundwork for the development of the MOSIS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Implementation Service) and the fabrication of the first CMOS chip. [38] Mead advocated for the idea of fabless manufacturing in which customers specify their design needs to fabless semiconductor companies. The companies then design special-purpose chips and outsource the chip fabrication to less expensive overseas semiconductor foundries. [42]

Neural models of computing

Next Mead began to explore the potential for modelling biological systems of computation: animal and human brains. His interest in biological models dated back at least to 1967, when he met biophysicist Max Delbrück. Delbrück had stimulated Mead's interest in transducer physiology, the transformations that occur between the physical input initiating a perceptual process and eventual perceptual phenomena. [43]

Observing graded synaptic transmission in the retina, Mead became interested in the potential to treat transistors as analog devices rather than digital switches. [44] He noted parallels between charges moving in MOS transistors operated in weak inversion and charges flowing across the membranes of neurons. [45] He worked with John Hopfield and Nobelist Richard Feynman, helping to create three new fields: neural networks, neuromorphic engineering, and the physics of computation. [12] Mead, considered a founder of neuromorphic engineering, is credited with coining the term "neuromorphic processors". [3] [5] [46]

Mead was then successful in finding venture capital funding to support the start of a number of companies, in part due to an early connection with Arnold Beckman, chairman of the Caltech Board of Trustees. [12] Mead has said that his preferred approach to development is "technology push", exploring something interesting and then developing useful applications for it. [47]

Touch

In 1986, Mead and Federico Faggin founded Synaptics Inc. to develop analog circuits based in neural networking theories, suitable for use in vision and speech recognition. The first product Synaptics brought to market was a pressure-sensitive computer touchpad, a form of sensing technology that rapidly replaced the trackball and mouse in laptop computers. [48] [49] The Synaptics touchpad was extremely successful, at one point capturing 70% of the touchpad market. [24]

Hearing

In 1988, Richard F. Lyon and Carver Mead described the creation of an analog cochlea, modelling the fluid-dynamic traveling-wave system of the auditory portion of the inner ear. [50] Lyon had previously described a computational model for the work of the cochlea. [51] Such technology had potential applications in hearing aids, cochlear implants, and a variety of speech-recognition devices. Their work has inspired ongoing research attempting to create a silicon analog that can emulate the signal processing capacities of a biological cochlea. [52] [53]

In 1991, Mead helped to form Sonix Technologies, Inc. (later Sonic Innovations Inc.). Mead designed the computer chip for their hearing aids. In addition to being small, the chip was said to be the most powerful used in a hearing aid. Release of the company's first product, the Natura hearing aid, took place in September 1998. [54]

Vision

In the late 1980s, Mead advised Misha Mahowald, a PhD student in computation and neural systems, to develop the silicon retina, using analog electrical circuits to mimic the biological functions of rod cells, cone cells, and other excitable cells in the retina of the eye. [55] Mahowald's 1992 thesis received Caltech's Milton and Francis Clauser Doctoral Prize for its originality and "potential for opening up new avenues of human thought and endeavor". [56] As of 2001 her work was considered "the best attempt to date" to develop a stereoscopic vision system. [57] Mead went on to describe an adaptive silicon retina, using a two-dimensional resistive network to model the first layer of visual processing in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. [58]

Around 1999, Mead and others established Foveon, Inc. in Santa Clara, California to develop new digital camera technology based on neurally-inspired CMOS image sensor/processing chips. [24] The image sensors in the Foveon X3 digital camera captured multiple colors for each pixel, detecting red, green and blue at different levels in the silicon sensor. This provided more complete information and better quality photos compared to standard cameras, which detect one color per pixel. [59] It has been hailed as revolutionary. [24] In 2005, Carver Mead, Richard B. Merrill and Richard Lyon of Foveon were awarded the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society, for the development of the Foveon X3 sensor. [60]

Synapses

Mead's work underlies the development of computer processors whose electronic components are connected in ways that resemble biological synapses. [46] In 1995 and 1996 Mead, Hasler, Diorio, and Minch presented single-transistor silicon synapses capable of analog learning applications [61] and long-term memory storage. [62] Mead pioneered the use of floating-gate transistors as a means of non-volatile storage for neuromorphic and other analog circuits. [63] [64] [65] [66]

Mead and Diorio went on to found the radio-frequency identification (RFID) provider Impinj, based on their work with floating-gate transistors (FGMOS)s. Using low-power methods of storing charges on FGMOSs, Impinj developed applications for flash memory storage and radio frequency identity tags. [47] [67]

Reconceptualizing physics

Carver Mead has developed an approach he calls Collective Electrodynamics , in which electromagnetic effects, including quantized energy transfer, are derived from the interactions of the wavefunctions of electrons behaving collectively. [68] In this formulation, the photon is a non-entity, and Planck's energy–frequency relationship comes from the interactions of electron eigenstates. The approach is related to John Cramer's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics, to the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and to Gilbert N. Lewis's early description of electromagnetic energy exchange at zero interval[ clarification needed ] in spacetime.

Although this reconceptualization does not pertain to gravitation, a gravitational extension of it makes predictions that differ from general relativity. [69] For instance, gravitational waves should have a different polarization under "G4v", the name given to this new theory of gravity. Moreover, this difference in polarization can be detected by advanced LIGO. [70]

Companies

Mead has been involved in the founding of at least 20 companies. The following list indicates some of the most significant, and their main contributions.

Awards

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electronics</span> Branch of physics and electrical engineering

Electronics is a scientific and engineering discipline that studies and applies the principles of physics to design, create, and operate devices that manipulate electrons and other electrically charged particles. Electronics is a subfield of physics and electrical engineering which uses active devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits to control and amplify the flow of electric current and to convert it from one form to another, such as from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) or from analog signals to digital signals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrated circuit</span> Electronic circuit formed on a small, flat piece of semiconductor material

An integrated circuit (IC), also known as a microchip, computer chip, or simply chip, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These components are etched onto a small piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. Integrated circuits are used in a wide range of electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and televisions, to perform various functions such as processing and storing information. They have greatly impacted the field of electronics by enabling device miniaturization and enhanced functionality.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Very-large-scale integration</span> Creating an integrated circuit by combining many transistors into a single chip

Very-large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit chips were developed and then widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies. The microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moore's law</span> Observation on the growth of integrated circuit capacity

Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years. Moore's law is an observation and projection of a historical trend. Rather than a law of physics, it is an empirical relationship linked to gains from experience in production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MOSFET</span> Type of field-effect transistor

In electronics, the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor is a type of field-effect transistor (FET), most commonly fabricated by the controlled oxidation of silicon. It has an insulated gate, the voltage of which determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. The term metal–insulator–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET) is almost synonymous with MOSFET. Another near-synonym is insulated-gate field-effect transistor (IGFET).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CMOS</span> Technology for constructing integrated circuits

Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) fabrication process that uses complementary and symmetrical pairs of p-type and n-type MOSFETs for logic functions. CMOS technology is used for constructing integrated circuit (IC) chips, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory chips, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used for analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, RF circuits, and highly integrated transceivers for many types of communication.

Electronic design automation (EDA), also referred to as electronic computer-aided design (ECAD), is a category of software tools for designing electronic systems such as integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. The tools work together in a design flow that chip designers use to design and analyze entire semiconductor chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design; this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to integrated circuits (ICs).

Neuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog, digital, mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI, and software systems that implement models of neural systems. Recent advances have even discovered ways to mimic the human nervous system through liquid solutions of chemical systems.

MOSIS is multi-project wafer service that provides metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) chip design tools and related services that enable universities, government agencies, research institutes and businesses to prototype chips efficiently and cost-effectively.

A silicon compiler is an electronic design automation software tool that is used for high-level synthesis of integrated circuits. Such tool takes a user's specification of an IC design as input and automatically generates an integrated circuit (IC) design files as output for further fabrication by the semiconductor fabrication plant or manually from discrete components. The process is sometimes referred to as hardware compilation. The silicon compiler may use vendor's Process Design Kit for the production.

The VLSI Project was a DARPA-program initiated by Robert Kahn in 1978 that provided research funding to a wide variety of university-based teams in an effort to improve the state of the art in microprocessor design, then known as Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard F. Lyon</span> American inventor

Richard "Dick" Francis Lyon is an American inventor, scientist, and engineer. He is one of the two people who independently invented the first optical mouse devices in 1980. He has worked in signal processing and was a co-founder of Foveon, Inc., a digital camera and image sensor company.

The floating-gate MOSFET (FGMOS), also known as a floating-gate MOS transistor or floating-gate transistor, is a type of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) where the gate is electrically isolated, creating a floating node in direct current, and a number of secondary gates or inputs are deposited above the floating gate (FG) and are electrically isolated from it. These inputs are only capacitively connected to the FG. Since the FG is surrounded by highly resistive material, the charge contained in it remains unchanged for long periods of time, typically longer than 10 years in modern devices. Usually Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and hot-carrier injection mechanisms are used to modify the amount of charge stored in the FG.

The Mead–Conway VLSI chip design revolution, or Mead and Conway revolution, was a very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design revolution starting in 1978 which resulted in a worldwide restructuring of academic materials in computer science and electrical engineering education, and was paramount for the development of industries based on the application of microelectronics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Misha Mahowald</span> American computational neuroscientist

Michelle Anne Mahowald was an American computational neuroscientist in the emerging field of neuromorphic engineering. In 1996 she was inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame for her development of the Silicon Eye and other computational systems. She died by suicide at age 33.

A physical neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron model. "Physical" neural network is used to emphasize the reliance on physical hardware used to emulate neurons as opposed to software-based approaches. More generally the term is applicable to other artificial neural networks in which a memristor or other electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate a neural synapse.

A vision chip is an integrated circuit having both image sensing circuitry and image processing circuitry on the same die. The image sensing circuitry may be implemented using charge-coupled devices, active pixel sensor circuits, or any other light sensing mechanism. The image processing circuitry may be implemented using analog, digital, or mixed signal circuitry. One area of research is the use of neuromorphic engineering techniques to implement processing circuits inspired by biological neural systems. The output of a vision chip is generally a partially processed image or a high-level information signal revealing something about the observed scene. Although there is no standard definition of a vision chip, the processing performed may comprise anything from processing individual pixel values to performing complex image processing functions and outputting a single value or yes/no signal based on the scene.

The Computation and Neural Systems (CNS) program was established at the California Institute of Technology in 1986 with the goal of training Ph.D. students interested in exploring the relationship between the structure of neuron-like circuits/networks and the computations performed in such systems, whether natural or synthetic. The program was designed to foster the exchange of ideas and collaboration among engineers, neuroscientists, and theoreticians.

Kwabena Adu Boahen is a Ghanaian-born Professor of Bioengineering and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. He previously taught at the University of Pennsylvania.

References

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  58. ↑ Mead, Carver A. (2011). "Adaptive Retina". In Mead, Carver M.; Ismail, M. (eds.). Analog VLSI Implementation of Neural Systems. The Kluwer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Vol. 80. Springer Verlag. pp. 239–246. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1639-8_10. ISBN   9781461289050.
  59. ↑ "Foveon X3 technology overview". Digital Photography Review. February 11, 2002.
  60. ↑ Peters, Mark (November 6, 2005). "Royal Photographic Society Award for Foveon sensor".
  61. ↑ Diorio, C.; Hasler, P.; Minch, A.; Mead, C.A. (1995). "A single-transistor silicon synapse". IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices. 43 (11): 1972–1980. Bibcode:1996ITED...43.1972D. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.45.9633 . doi:10.1109/16.543035.
  62. ↑ Hasler, P.; Diorio, C.; Minch, A.; Mead, C.A. (1999). "Single transistor learning synapse with long term storage". Proceedings of ISCAS'95 - International Symposium on Circuits and Systems. Vol. 3. pp. 1660–1663. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.27.1274 . doi:10.1109/ISCAS.1995.523729. ISBN   9780780325708. S2CID   11802148.
  63. ↑ Diorio, Chris; Hasler, Paul; Minch, Bradley A.; Mead, Carver (1998). "Floating-Gate MOS Synapse Transistors". In Lande, Tor Sverre (ed.). Neuromorphic Systems Engineering. The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science. Vol. 447. Kluwer Academic. pp. 315–337. doi:10.1007/978-0-585-28001-1_14. ISBN   9780792381587.
  64. ↑ Mead, Carver M.; Ismail, M., eds. (2011). Analog VLSI Implementation of Neural Systems. Springer Verlag. ISBN   9781461289050.
  65. ↑ Hasler, Paul; Minch, Bradley A.; Diorio, Chris (1999). "Floating-gate devices: They are not just for digital memories any more". ISCAS'99. Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems VLSI (Cat. No.99CH36349). Vol. 2. pp. 388–391. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.27.5483 . doi:10.1109/ISCAS.1999.780740. ISBN   9780780354715. S2CID   11230703.
  66. ↑ Cauwenberghs, Gert; Bayoumi, Magdy A. (1999). Learning on silicon : adaptive VLSI neural systems. Kluwer Academic. ISBN   9780792385554.
  67. ↑ "Veterans Affairs to Install RFID in Hospitals across America". Impinj. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014.
  68. ↑ Mead, Carver (2002). Collective Electrodynamics: Quantum Foundations of Electromagnetism. MIT Press. ISBN   9780262632607.
  69. ↑ Mead, Carver (2015). "Gravitational Waves in G4v". arXiv: 1503.04866 [gr-qc].
  70. ↑ Isi, M.; Weinstein, A. J.; Mead, C.; Pitkin, M. (April 20, 2015). "Detecting beyond-Einstein polarizations of continuous gravitational waves". Physical Review D. 91 (8): 082002. arXiv: 1502.00333 . Bibcode:2015PhRvD..91h2002I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.91.082002. S2CID   26952281.
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  72. ↑ "Impinj Adds New Piece of the RFID Puzzle" (PDF). Scan: The Data Capture Report. February 28, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  73. ↑ "Viewlogic Acquires Silerity". Business Wire. 1995. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  74. ↑ Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology 2022
  75. ↑ "BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award". Archived from the original on September 21, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  76. ↑ "Progress Medal". RPS. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  77. ↑ "President Bush Announces the Laureates of the 2002 National Medals of Science and Technology". The White House. October 22, 2003.
  78. ↑ Towey, Laine (March 8, 2002). "Microelectronics Pioneer Carver Mead Wins $47,000 Dickson Prize". Carnegie Mellon News. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  79. ↑ Center for Oral History. "Carver A. Mead". Science History Institute .
  80. ↑ Newton, A. Richard (November 12, 1996). "Presentation of the 1996 Phil Kaufman Award to Professor Carver A. Mead". Berkeley Engineering.
  81. ↑ "Franklin Institute Honors Eight Physicists". Physics Today. 38 (7): 84. 1985. Bibcode:1985PhT....38g..84.. doi:10.1063/1.2814644.
  82. ↑ "The Harold Pender Award". School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2011.
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