Verbs
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Copula
In Dzongkha, there are 5 copular verbs that can be translated as "to be" in English: ཨིན་'ing, ཨིན་པས་'immä, ཡོད་yö, འདུག་du and སྨོ་'mo.
Dzongkha grammar describes the morphology and syntax of Dzongkha, a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Bhutan. This article uses Roman Dzongkha to indicate pronunciation.
Dzongkha nouns distinguish between singular (unmarked) and plural, with the plural either unmarked or suffixed with ཚུ་-tshu. The use of the plural suffix is not obligatory and is used mainly for emphasis. [1] [2]
Dzongkha nouns are marked for 5 cases: genitive, locative, ablative, dative and ergative. [3]
As in other Tibetic languages, compounding is the most common method for deriving new nouns in Dzongkha. A compound usually consists of two (or, less commonly, more) monossyllabic roots, which can be either free or bound. [4]
| Root 1 | Root 2 | Compound noun | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| བསྟོད་tö (praise) | ར་ra | བསྟོད་ར་töra (praise) | ར་ra is a bound morpheme with no meaning of its own. |
| ཁབ་khap (cover) | ཏོག་to (top) | ཁབ་ཏོག་khapto (lid) | ཏོག་to is a bound morpheme and means something like "top" in most (though not all) compounds. |
| རྡོ་do (stone) | གནག་nak (black) | རྡོ་གནག་donak (graphite) | |
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | ང༌nga (I) | ང་བཅས༌ngace (we) |
| 2nd | ཁྱོད༌chö (you) | ཁྱེད༌chä (you all) |
| 3rd (m) | ཁོ༌kho (he) | ཁོང་khong (they) |
| 3rd (f) | མོ༌mo (she) | |
| honorific | ནཱ༌nâ (he; she; you) | ནཱ་བུ་nâb°u (they; you all) |
| | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2024) |
In Dzongkha, there are 5 copular verbs that can be translated as "to be" in English: ཨིན་'ing, ཨིན་པས་'immä, ཡོད་yö, འདུག་du and སྨོ་'mo.
The comparative is indicated by the suffix བ་-wa ("than") while the superlative is indicated by the suffix ཤོས་-sho ("the most", "-est"). [5]
| Hindu-Arabic numerals | Dzongkha numerals | Spelling | Roman Dzongkha |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ༡ | གཅིག་ | ci |
| 2 | ༢ | གཉིས་ | ’nyî |
| 3 | ༣ | གསུམ་ | sum |
| 4 | ༤ | བཞི་ | zhi |
| 5 | ༥ | ལྔ་ | 'nga |
| 6 | ༦ | དྲུག་ | dr°u |
| 7 | ༧ | བདུན་ | dün |
| 8 | ༨ | བརྒྱད་ | gä |
| 9 | ༩ | དགུ་ | gu |
| 10 | ༡༠ | བཅུ་ཐམ | cuthâm |
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