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Elena Raffalovich (1842-1918) was a Russian educator. A noted figure within the pioneers of the Kindergarten , she was foremost active in Italy.
Elena Raffalovich was born on 22 May 1842 in Odessa. She was the third daughter of Leon and Rosette Lowensohn; her sisters were Marie and Nadine. In 1861, her family settled in Western Europe.
In 1872, Raffalovich went to Florence, where she met Bertha von Marenholtz-Bülow. Marenholtz-Bülow was an adherent of Froebelism and introduced the philosophy to Raffalovich. Raffalovich attempted to found a kindergarten in Florence, to limited success. In 1873, Raffalovich founded the first Froebelian kindergarten in Venice.
Raffalovich died on 29 November 1918.
She married the scholar Domenico Comparetti on 13 August 1863. They had one daughter, Laura. Raffalovich and Comparetti separated in January 1872, possibly after she attempted suicide.
She was the paternal great-grandmother of Lorenzo Milani.
Odesa is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. As of January 2021, Odesa's population was approximately 1,010,537. On 25 January 2023, its historic city centre was declared a World Heritage Site and added to the List of World Heritage in Danger by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in recognition of its multiculturality and 19th-century urban planning. The declaration was made in response to the bombing of Odesa during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has damaged or destroyed buildings across the city.
Fanny Efimovna Kaplan was a Russian Socialist-Revolutionary who attempted to assassinate Vladimir Lenin. She was arrested and executed by the Cheka in 1918.
Francesca Gaetana Cosima Wagner was the daughter of the Hungarian composer and pianist Franz Liszt and Franco-German romantic author Marie d'Agoult. She became the second wife of the German composer Richard Wagner, and with him founded the Bayreuth Festival as a showcase for his stage works; after his death she devoted the rest of her life to the promotion of his music and philosophy. Commentators have recognised Cosima as the principal inspiration for Wagner's later works, particularly Parsifal.
Yelena Georgiyevna Bonner was a human rights activist in the former Soviet Union and wife of the physicist Andrei Sakharov. During her decades as a dissident, Bonner was noted for her characteristic blunt honesty and courage.
Domenico Comparetti was an Italian scholar. He was born in Rome and died in Florence.
Dora d'Istria, pen name of Duchess Helena Koltsova-Massalskaya, born Elena Ghica (Gjika) (22 January 1828 in Bucharest – 17 November 1888 in Florence), was a Romanian Romantic writer and feminist. She was an advocate for the Albanian national cause of the 19th century, and promoted the Albanian struggle for independence in Western Europe, despite not knowing the Albanian language herself. Her writings and efforts gained recognition among Albanian nationalist circles, and her name was used to garner support for the cause.
Anna Kuliscioff was a Russian-born Italian revolutionary, a prominent feminist, an anarchist influenced by Mikhail Bakunin, and eventually a Marxist socialist militant. She was mainly active in Italy, where she was one of the first women to graduate in medicine.
Count Pavel Pavlovich Demidov, 2nd Prince of San Donato was a Russian industrialist, jurist, philanthropist and nobleman of the House of Demidov. He was the only child of Finnish philanthropist Aurora Karamzin and Prince Pavel Nikolaievich Demidov.
Bertha Ronge was an activist in the causes of childhood education, women's education and religious freedom. She established the kindergarten movement in England, where she founded the first three kindergartens in London, Manchester (1859) and Leeds (1860). She followed the precepts of Friedrich Fröbel, who advocated the use of structured play activities to promote learning. Bertha Ronge was largely responsible for Fröbel's kindergarten concept gaining a foothold in England.
Isabelle Yakovlevna Kremer was a soprano of Russian Jewish descent who at various times of her life held citizenship in Russia, the United States, and Argentina. She first drew notice as a teenager for her revolutionary poetry which was published in an Odessa newspaper. She began her professional singing career as an opera singer in Europe during the second decade of the 20th century. By the time of her relocation to the United States in 1924, she had abandoned her opera career in favor of performing as a concert soloist and recitalist.
Arthur Germanovich Raffalovich was a Russian financier and economist.
Baroness Bertha von Marenholtz-Bülow was a German noblewoman and educator noted for her work in spreading the kindergarten concept through Europe.
The House of Bülow is the name of an old German noble family with a Danish branch. Of Mecklenburg origin, its members have borne the title of Baron (Freiherr), Count (Graf) or Prince (Fürst).
Henriette Goldschmidt (1825–1920) was a German Jewish feminist, pedagogist and social worker. She was one of the founders of the German Women's Association and worked to improve women's rights to access education and employment. As part of that effort, she founded the Society for Family Education and for People's Welfare and the first school offering higher education to women in Germany.
Raffalovich is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Tina Lerner was a Russian-American concert pianist born in Odessa.
Prince Alexei Borisovich Kurakin was a Russian statesman, Active Privy Councillor of the 1st class (1826), who held a number of top positions in the reign of Paul I and Alexander I. The direct ancestor of all subsequent Kurakin princes.
Sophie Raffalovich O'Brien (1860–1960), was a writer and Irish nationalist.
Emilie Louise Michaelis (1834–1904) was a German-born pioneer of the kindergarten system in England, and a translator, editor, and promoter of Froebel's writings. In 1875, she started one of the first English kindergartens in Croydon, London, and later a training college for teachers, which became Froebel College. She was described as the 'chief exponent of Froebelianism in England' and coined the phrase 'nursery school' in translation from Froebel.
Ernestina Paper was the first female university graduate in modern Italy. She graduated in 1877 in medicine and surgery from the University of Florence.
