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| Fall of the Gaya confederacy | ||||||||
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The Gaya Confederacy originated, as legend tells it, from a collection of folktales and accounts from Korean history (Provok, 2020). The legend explains that Gaya came from heaven by way of six eggs and hatched human men who would become Kings to the Gaya Kingdoms. All six Kings became rulers of the six different Gayas called Geumgwan Gaya, Daegaya, Seongsan Gaya, Ara Gaya, Goryeong Gaya, and Sogaya (Provok, 2020). Each of the Gaya states had their own unique culture and life. However, Geumgwan Gaya was the center of them all. Geumgwan Gaya consisted of nine villages and was integrated by King Suro of Gaya. [ citation needed ]
During the period of the Three Kingdoms, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, Gaya was absorbed by the Silla Kingdom. The history of Gaya was not recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms because of the Goryeo Dynasty perspective. However, the defeat of Gaya by Silla was not recorded due to the fact that Silla considered Gaya their territory (Kim, 2006).
“Gaya,” Kaya or Garak, is known as a confederacy that originated in South Korea. The Gaya Confederacy has many different names because of the transcription of Chinese characters from Korean (Provok, 2020). The confederacy was made up of multiple alliances, growing from the Byeonhan confederacy. The Byeonhan confederacy was one part of the three han groups. The Gaya confederacy lasted until it was included into the Silla confederacy. The confederacy was located near the Nakdong River valley in the east of South Korea. Silla was one of the Three Kingdoms in Korea in the Korean peninsula. While in the Silla dynasty, the Gaya confederacy was important to the character of the dynasty (Provok, 2020).
The economy of the Gaya Confederacy depended on the Nakdong River, where it was positioned around. This river was infused with riches that benefited the Kingdom with an entry to the sea, iron deposits and abundant plains. The economy was based around this river with fishing, agriculture and trade of ironworks with weaponry (Kim, 2006). The Gaya–Silla War were a series of conflicts between the ancient Korean Kingdom of Silla and the Gaya confederacy. The Gaya confederacy was split in two directions: northwestern states fell under the influence of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms, and southeastern states fell under that of Silla (Provok, 2020). Silla began as one of the six ruling clans of Saro. Around 80 AD, the leadership of Saro was seized and consolidated by Talhae of Silla. The state of Saro began forming a confederation with neighboring walled-town states, and gradually gained strength. Saro ultimately became the Kingdom of Silla.
In 88 AD, Silla built two forts named Gaso (가소성, 加召城), and Madu (마두성, 馬頭城), to guard against the encroachment of the Kingdom of Baekje and the Gaya confederacy, respectively. This led to the start of tensions with Gaya.
It was not until 94 AD that Gaya initiated hostilities against Silla. Subsequently, the two powers went to war again in 97 AD. Both of these campaigns were unsuccessful.
In the twenty-third year of the reign of King Pasa, Silla gained control over the previously independent states of Siljikgok (present-day Samcheok), Eumjipbeol (present-day northern Gyeongju), and Apdok (present-day Gyeongsan). Six years later, Silla took over the states of Biji (present-day Hapcheon), Dabeol (present-day Pohang), and Chopal (present-day Changwon) as well. These, together with U-si and Kueo-ch’il, which has been added the year before Pasa's accession, constituted a considerable increase in the territory of the Kingdom of Silla.
Under King Jima, relations with the neighboring Gaya confederacy became peaceful, following unsuccessful invasion attempts in 115 AD and 116 AD.
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Baekje or Paekche was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BC to 660 AD. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, together with Goguryeo and Silla. While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people, which was much larger than that of Silla and similar to that of Goguryeo.
The Three Kingdoms of Korea or Samhan competed for hegemony over the Korean Peninsula during the ancient period of Korean history. During the Three Kingdoms period (Korean: 삼국시대), many states and statelets consolidated until, after Buyeo was annexed in 494 and Gaya was annexed in 562, only three remained on the Korean Peninsula: Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla. The "Korean Three Kingdoms" contributed to what would become Korea; and the Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla peoples became the Korean people.
Silla, was a Korean kingdom that existed between 57 BCE – 935 CE and was located on the southern and central parts of the Korean Peninsula. Silla, along with Baekje and Goguryeo, formed the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Silla had the lowest population of the three, approximately 850,000 people, significantly smaller than those of Baekje and Goguryeo.
Sabi (Korean: 사비) was the third and final capital of the Korean kingdom of Baekje, from 538 until Baekje’s fall in 660 CE. The site of Sabi is located in modern-day Buyeo County, South Chungcheong Province, in South Korea.
Gaya was a Korean confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period.
Daegaya was a city-state in the Gaya confederacy during the Korean Three Kingdoms period. Daegaya was located in present-day Goryeong County, in North Gyeongsang Province of South Korea.
Geumgwan Gaya (43–532), also known as Bon-Gaya or Garakguk, was the ruling city-state of the Gaya confederacy during the Three Kingdoms period in Korea. It is believed to have been located around the modern-day city of Gimhae, Southern Gyeongsang province, near the mouth of the Nakdong River. Due to its geographic location, this kingdom played a dominant role in the regional affairs from the Byeonhan period onward to the end of the Gaya confederacy.
Ara Gaya, also known as Ana Gaya, Asiryangguk, and Anra, Alla, was a city-state kingdom in the part of Gaya confederacy, in modern-day Haman County of South Korea in the 6th century.
Mahan was a loose confederacy of statelets that existed from around the 1st century BC to 6th century AD in the southern Korean peninsula in the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces. Arising out of the confluence of Gojoseon migration and the Jin state federation, Mahan was one of the Samhan, along with Byeonhan and Jinhan. Baekje began as a member statelet, but later overtook all of Mahan and became one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Geunchogo of Baekje, Chogo II of Baekje was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is claimed as the King reigned over the apex of Baekje's powers.
Jinhan was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the 1st century BC to the 4th century AD in the southern Korean Peninsula, to the east of the Nakdong River valley, Gyeongsang Province. Jinhan was one of the Samhan, along with Byeonhan and Mahan. Apparently descending from the Jin state of southern Korea, Jinhan was absorbed by the later Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Samhan, or Three Han, is the collective name of the Byeonhan, Jinhan, and Mahan confederacies that emerged in the first century BC during the Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea, or Samhan, period. Located in the central and southern regions of the Korean Peninsula, the Samhan confederacies eventually merged and developed into the Baekje, Gaya, and Silla kingdoms. The name "Samhan" also refers to the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
Suro (Korean: 수로), posthumous name Sureung, commonly called Kim Suro, was the legendary founder and Hero King of Geumgwan Gaya (43–532), in southeastern Korea.
Naehae of Silla was the tenth king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is commonly called Naehae Isageum, isageum being the royal title in early Silla. As a descendant of Silla's 4th king Talhae, his surname was Seok.
The Proto–Three Kingdoms period refers to the proto-historical period in the Korean Peninsula, after the fall of Gojoseon and before the maturation of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla into full-fledged kingdoms. It is a subdivision of what is traditionally called Korea's Three Kingdoms period and covers the first three centuries of the Common Era, corresponding to the later phase of the Korean Iron Age.
Yuri of Silla was the third king of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is commonly called Yuri Isageum.
Pasa the Great was the fifth ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is commonly called Pasa Isageum, isageum being the royal title in early Silla. As a descendant of Silla's founder Hyeokgeose, his surname was Bak.
Jima of Silla was the sixth ruler of Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He is commonly called Jima Isageum, isageum being the royal title in early Silla. As a descendant of Silla's founder Hyeokgeose, his surname was Bak.
Gaya, also rendered Kaya, Kara or Karak, is the presumed language of the Gaya confederacy in ancient southern Korea. Only one word survives that is directly identified as being from the language of Gaya. Other evidence consists of place names, whose interpretation is uncertain.