Re-education through labor, abbreviated laojiao was a system of administrative detention in Mainland China. The system was active from 1957 to 2013, and was used to detain persons accused of minor crimes such as petty theft, prostitution, and trafficking illegal drugs, as well as political dissidents, petitioners, and Falun Gong adherents. It was separate from the much larger laogai system of prison labor camps.
The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) is a United States federal law enforcement agency, under the Department of Justice responsible for the custody, control, and care of individuals incarcerated in the federal prison system of the United States. It is also responsible for carrying out all judicially ordered federal civilian executions. US federal prisons hold 183,000 inmates, as of 2018. They have been officially declared overcrowded, with clear implications for safety and security.
A military prison is a prison operated by the military. Military prisons are used variously to house prisoners of war, unlawful combatants, those whose freedom is deemed a national security risk by the military or national authorities, and members of the military found guilty of a serious crime. Thus, military prisons are of two types: penal, for punishing and attempting to reform members of the military who have committed an offense, and confinement-oriented, where captured enemy combatants are confined for military reasons until hostilities cease.
The Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) oversees prisons and the parole and probation population in the state of Michigan, United States. It has 31 prison facilities, and a Special Alternative Incarceration program, together composing approximately 41,000 prisoners. Another 71,000 probationers and parolees are under its supervision. The agency has its headquarters in Grandview Plaza in Lansing.
Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs) are federal detention facilities (prisons) operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and located throughout the United States. These facilities are considered to be administrative facilities, defined by bop.gov as:
Administrative facilities are institutions with special missions, such as the detention of pretrial offenders; the treatment of inmates with serious or chronic medical problems; or the containment of extremely dangerous, violent, or escape-prone inmates. Administrative facilities include Metropolitan Correctional Centers (MCCs), Metropolitan Detention Centers (MDCs), Federal Detention Centers (FDCs), and Federal Medical Centers (FMCs), as well as the Federal Transfer Center (FTC), the Medical Center for Federal Prisoners (MCFP), and the Administrative-Maximum (ADX) U.S. Penitentiary. Administrative facilities are capable of holding inmates in all security categories.1
CoreCivic, formerly the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), is a company that owns and manages private prisons and detention centers and operates others on a concession basis. Co-founded in 1983 in Nashville, Tennessee by Thomas W. Beasley, a Republican Party chairman, Robert Crants, and T. Don Hutto, it received initial investments from the Tennessee Valley Authority, Vanderbilt University, and Jack C. Massey, the founder of Hospital Corporation of America.
The Israel Prison Service, commonly known in Israel by its acronym Shabas or IPS in English, is the state agency responsible for overseeing prisons in Israel. It is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security. In 2014, the IPS employed 8,800 workers.
The GEO Group, Inc. (GEO) is a Florida-based company specializing in privatized corrections, detention, and mental health treatment, stress control. It maintains facilities in North America, Australia, South Africa, and the United Kingdom. In 2015, the GEO Group's contracts with the U.S. federal government for operating prisons generated about 45% of its revenues. GEO Group facilities include prisons of all three security levels, immigration detention centers, minimum-security detention centers, and mental-health and residential-treatment facilities. It owns numerous facilities and, in other cases, operates state or federal facilities under contract.
The Federal Detention Center, Honolulu is a United States federal prison facility in Hawaii which holds male and female prisoners of all security levels prior to or during court proceedings in Hawaii Federal District Court, as well as inmates serving brief sentences. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice.
Immigration detention in the United States began in the 1890s at Ellis Island. It was used a permanent holding facility for foreign nationals throughout the second world war, but fell into disuse in the 1950s. In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan reacted to the mass migration of asylum seekers arriving in boats from Haiti by establishing a program to interdict. As the number of undocumented immigrants who were fleeing economic and political conditions increased, President Bush Sr attempted to find a regional location to handle the influx. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees arranged for several countries in the region—Belize, Honduras, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela—to temporarily provide a safe haven for Haitians, however the Coast Guard was quickly overwhelmed, and by November 18 1991, the United States forcibly returned 538 Haitians to Haiti. These options also proved inadequate for the sheer numbers of Haitians fleeing their country, and the Coast Guard took them to the U.S. naval base in Guantanamo, Cuba, where they were pre-screened for asylum in the United States.
The United States Virgin Islands Department of Justice is a department of the United States Virgin Islands government.
The Federal Correctional Complex, Oakdale is a United States federal prison complex for male inmates in Louisiana. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, and consists of two main facilities:
Federal Penitentiary Service - is the official name of the Russian federal prison authority responsible for security and maintenance of prisons in Russia. The organization was founded in 2004 as the successor to the Main Directorate of the Penitentiary of the MVD, which has been transferred to the Ministry of Justice.
Prisons, and their administration, is a state subject covered by item 4 under the State List in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. The management and administration of prisons falls exclusively in the domain of the State governments, and is governed by the Prisons Act, 1894 and the Prison manuals of the respective state governments. Thus, the states have the primary role, responsibility and authority to change the current prison laws, rules and regulations. The Central Government provides assistance to the states to improve security in prisons, for the repair and renovation of old prisons, medical facilities, development of borstal schools, facilities to women offenders, vocational training, modernization of prison industries, training to prison personnel, and for the creation of high security enclosures.
The Leavenworth Detention Center is a privately run maximum-security federal prison located in Leavenworth, Kansas. The facility is owned and operated by CoreCivic formerly named Corrections Corporation of America under contract with the United States Marshals Service.
Reeves County Detention Complex is a privately operated immigration detention facility, located about 3 miles southwest of Pecos in Reeves County, Texas. It was opened in 1986 to relieve overcrowding of contract federal inmates within the county jails, and housed federal inmates from 1988 through 2006 through intergovernmental agreements with the Federal Bureau of Prisons.
Cibola County Correctional Center is a privately owned minimum-security prison for men, located at 2000 Cibola Loop in Milan, Cibola County, New Mexico. The facility first opened in 1993 as a county prison with capacity to house state prisoners, and was then acquired and expanded by the Corrections Corporation of America in 1998. It has a capacity of 1129 inmates, and houses federal minimum-security prisoners under a contract with the United States Federal Bureau of Prisons and the United States Marshal Service.
Eden Detention Center is a privately owned and operated prison for men located in Eden, Concho County, Texas, run by the Corrections Corporation of America under contract with the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The facility was opened in 1985, and holds 1558 detainees at a low security level.
