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Guadeloupe is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of four inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the two inhabited Îles des Saintes—as well as many uninhabited islands and outcroppings. It is south of Antigua and Barbuda and Montserrat, north of the Commonwealth of Dominica. The region's capital city is Basse-Terre, located on the southern west coast of Basse-Terre Island; however, the most populous city is Les Abymes and the main centre of business is neighbouring Pointe-à-Pitre, both located on Grande-Terre Island. It had a population of 384,239 in 2019.
Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic. To its south-west lies the small Navassa Island, which is claimed by Haiti but is disputed as a United States territory under federal administration. Haiti is 27,750 km2 (10,714 sq mi) in size, the third largest country in the Caribbean by area, and has an estimated population of 11.4 million, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean. The capital is Port-au-Prince.
Hispaniola is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies, and the region's second largest in area, after the island of Cuba.
Lwa, also called loa or loi, are spirits in the African diasporic religion of Haitian Vodou. They have also been incorporated into some revivalist forms of Louisiana Voodoo. Many of the lwa derive their identities in part from deities venerated in the traditional religions of West Africa, especially those of the Fon and Yoruba.
Martinique is an island which is a single territorial collectivity of the French Republic. It is also part of the European Union as an Outermost Region within the Special territories of members of the European Economic Area, but is not part of the Schengen Area and the European Union Customs Union. As part of the French (Antilles) West Indies, Martinique is located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It has a land area of 1,128 km2 (436 sq mi) and a population of 364,508 inhabitants as of January 2019. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Martinique is an Outermost Region and a special territory of the European Union; the currency in use is the euro. Virtually the entire population speaks both French and Martinican Creole.
François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician of French Martiniquan descent who served as the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic. An undercover government death squad, the Tonton Macoute, indiscriminately killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.
The Gede are the family of lwa that represent the powers of death and fertility. Gede spirits include Gede Doub, Guede-Linto, Guede L'Orage, Guede Nibo and Guede Ti Malice. All are known for the drum rhythm and dance called the "banda". In possession, they will drink or rub themselves with a mixture of clairin and twenty-one scotch bonnet or goat peppers. Fèt Gede is celebrated on 2 November, All Souls' Day. Boons granted by the Gede not repaid by this date will be avenged afterwards.
Haitian Creole, commonly referred to as simply Creole, or Kreyòl in the Creole language, is a French-based creole language spoken by 10–12 million people worldwide, and is one of the two official languages of Haiti, where it is the native language of a majority of the population.
The Haiti national football team represents Haiti in international football. Haiti is administered by the Fédération Haïtienne de Football (FHF), the governing body for football in Haiti. They have been a member of FIFA since 1934, a member of CONCACAF since 1961 and a member of the Caribbean Football Union (CFU) since 1978. Haiti's home ground is Stade Sylvio Cator in Port-au-Prince and the team's manager is Jean-Jacques Pierre.
Victor Schœlcher was a French abolitionist, writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the abolition of slavery in France in 1848, during the Second Republic.
Afro-Caribbean music is a broad term for music styles originating in the Caribbean from the African diaspora. These types of music usually have West African/Central African influence because of the presence and history of African people and their descendants living in the Caribbean, as a result of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. These distinctive musical art forms came about from the cultural mingling of African, Indigenous, and European inhabitants. Characteristically, Afro-Caribbean music incorporates components, instruments and influences from a variety of African cultures, as well as Indigenous and European cultures.
Les Cayes, often referred to as Aux Cayes, is a commune and seaport in the Les Cayes Arrondissement, in the Sud department of Haiti, with a population of 71,236. Due to its isolation from the political turmoil of the capital, Port-au-Prince, it is one of Haiti's major ports, with export trade concentrating on mostly coffee and sugarcane. As the world's largest supplier of vetiver, it exports 250 tons annually of this ingredient of perfume and fragrance manufacturing. Minor exports include bananas and timber.
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of Haiti's bicameral legislature, the Haitian Parliament. The upper house of the Haitian Parliament is the Senate of Haiti. The Chamber has 119 members who are elected by popular vote to four-year terms. There are no term limits for Deputies; they may be re-elected indefinitely.
Joseph Auguste Anténor Firmin, better known as Anténor Firmin, was a Haitian barrister and philosopher, pioneering anthropologist, journalist, and politician. Firmin is best known for his book De l'égalité des races humaines, which was published in 1885 as a rebuttal to French writer Count Arthur de Gobineau's work Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines. Gobineau's book asserted the superiority of the Aryan race and the inferiority of Blacks and other people of color. Firmin's book argued the opposite, that "all men are endowed with the same qualities and the same faults, without distinction of color or anatomical form. The races are equal". He was marginalized at the time for his beliefs that all human races were equal.
Marie Vieux-Chauvet, was a Haitian novelist, poet and playwright. Born and educated in Port-au-Prince, she is most famous for the novels Fille d'Haïti (1954), La Danse sur le volcan (1957), Fonds des nègres (1960), and Amour, colère et folie (1968). During her lifetime, she published under the name Marie Chauvet.
Gede Nibo is a lwa who is leader of the spirits of the dead in Haitian Vodou. Formerly human, Gede Nibo was a handsome young man who was killed violently. After death, he was adopted as a lwa by Baron Samedi and Maman Brigitte. He is envisioned as an effeminate, nasal dandy. Nibo wears a black riding coat or drag. When he inhabits humans they are inspired to lascivious sexuality of all kinds.
Gede Doub is a lwa in Haitian Vodou who can endow people with the gift of "second sight" (clairvoyance).
Baron Criminel is a much feared spirit or loa in the Haitian Vodou religion. He is envisioned as the first murderer who has been condemned to death, and is invoked to pronounce swift judgment. Baron Criminel is syncretized with Saint Martin de Porres, perhaps because his feast day is November 3, the day after Fête Guede or Fête Ghede. His colors are black, purple, white and deep blood red.
Haitians are the citizens of Haiti and the descendants in the diaspora through direct parentage. An ethnonational group, Haitians generally comprise the modern descendants of self-liberated Africans in the Caribbean territory historically referred to as Saint-Domingue. This includes the mulatto minority who denote corresponding European ancestry, notably from French settlers. By virtue of historical distinction, the vast majority of Haitians share and identify with this common African lineage, though a small number are descendants of contemporary immigrants from the Levant who sought refuge in the island nation during World War I and World War II.
Sergine Andre (‘Djinn’), born in the Artibonite region of Haiti, is an artist who has lived and worked in Brussels since 2010. Her work draws from the magical tradition of her home region and is situated within the country's abstract expressionist avant-garde.
References
- ↑ Hartlove, Jay, ed. (2019). "Goddess Chosen". Paper Angel Press. p. 245. ISBN 9781949139549 . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Brathwaite, Edward Kamau, ed. (1984). "Helen & The Tempest-Negre: Rene Depestre's A Rainbow For The Christian West". Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1 via JSTOR. p. 33–47. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- 1 2 Rigaud, Milo; Cross, Robert B., eds. (1985). "Secrets of Voodoo". City Lights Publishers. pp. 54, 67. ISBN 9780872861718 . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Jean-Louis, Thibeaud Hervé, ed. (11 May 2019). "Réflexions ethno-philosophiques sur le mythe des guédés dans la théogonie haïtienne". Le Nouvelliste (Haiti) . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Cuhulain, Kerr, ed. (2010). "Lexicon of Occult Terminology". p. 36. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Bandia, Paul F., ed. (1 January 2014). "Writing and Translating Francophone Discourse: "Africa, The Caribbean, Diaspora"". BRILL. p. 97. ISBN 9789401211765 . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ "La fête des morts, un jour à ne pas râter !!!!". Caraïbe Express. 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ "Guede-Ibo kita, Guede lorage". American Folklife Center, Library of Congress. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Namphy, Elizabeth Abbott, ed. (1986). "Tropical Obsession A Universal Tragedy in Four Acts Set in Haiti". Editions H. Deschamps. p. 15. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Malbrough, Ray T., ed. (2003). "Hoodoo Mysteries Folk Magic, Mysticism & Rituals". Llewellyn Publications. p. 149. ISBN 9780738703503 . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Rose, Carol, ed. (1996). "Spirits, Fairies, Gnomes, and Goblins An Encyclopedia of the Little People". ABC-CLIO. p. 125. ISBN 9780874368116 . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Tsebo, Khanye, ed. (10 March 2019). "From Africa To America To The World". Lulu.com. p. 270. ISBN 9780359496570 . Retrieved 15 April 2021.
- ↑ Neil Philip; Philip Wilkinson (1 Apr 2008). Mythology (Google eBook). Dorling Kindersley Ltd. p. 342. ISBN 9781405334754 . Retrieved 14 May 2015.
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