A head is one of the end caps on a cylindrically shaped pressure vessel.
A head is one of the end caps on a cylindrically shaped pressure vessel.
Vessel dished ends are mostly used in storage or pressure vessels in industry. These ends, which in upright vessels are the bottom and the top, use less space than a hemisphere (which is the ideal form for pressure containments) while requiring only a slightly thicker wall.
The manufacturing of such an end is easier than that of a hemisphere. The starting material is first pressed to a radius r1 and then curled at the edge creating the second radius r2. Vessel dished ends can also be welded together from smaller pieces.
The shape of the heads used can vary. The most common [1] [2] head shapes are:
A sphere is the ideal shape for a head, because the stresses are distributed evenly through the material of the head. The radius (r) of the head equals the radius of the cylindrical part of the vessel.
This is also called an elliptical head. The shape of this head is more economical, because the height of the head is just a fraction of the diameter. Its radius varies between the major and minor axis; usually the ratio is 2:1.
These heads have a dish with a fixed radius (r1), the size of which depends on the type of torispherical head. [3] The transition between the cylinder and the dish is called the knuckle. The knuckle has a toroidal shape. The most common types of torispherical heads are:
Commonly used for ASME pressure vessels, these torispherical heads have a crown radius equal to the outside diameter of the head (), and a knuckle radius equal to 6% of the outside diameter (). The ASME design code does not allow the knuckle radius to be any less than 6% of the outside diameter. [4]
This is a torispherical head. The dish has a radius that equals the diameter of the cylinder it is attached to (). The knuckle has a radius that equals a tenth of the diameter of the cylinder (), hence its alternative designation "decimal head".
This is a torispherical head also named Semi ellipsoidal head (According to DIN 28013). The radius of the dish is 80% of the diameter of the cylinder (). The radius of the knuckle is ().
These heads have a crown radius of 80% of outside diameter, and a knuckle radius of 10% of outside diameter.
This is a head consisting of a toroidal knuckle connecting to a flat plate. This type of head is typically used for the bottom of cookware.
This type of head is often found on the bottom of aerosol spray cans. It is an inverted torispherical head.
This is a cone-shaped head.
Heat treatment may be required after cold forming, but not for heads formed by hot forming. [7]
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A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space that is the surface of a completely round ball.
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