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Mange is a type of skin disease caused by parasitic mites. Because various species of mites also infect plants, birds and reptiles, the term "mange", or colloquially "the mange", suggesting poor condition of the skin and fur due to the infection, is sometimes reserved for pathological mite-infestation of nonhuman mammals. Thus, mange includes mite-associated skin disease in domestic mammals, in livestock, and in wild mammals. Severe mange caused by mites has been observed in wild bears. Since mites belong to the arachnid subclass Acari, another term for mite infestation is acariasis.
Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug. After its discovery in 1975, its first uses were in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat heartworm and acariasis. Approved for human use in 1987, it is used to treat infestations including head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis and lymphatic filariasis. It works through many mechanisms to kill the targeted parasites, and can be taken by mouth, or applied to the skin for external infestations. It belongs to the avermectin family of medications.
Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm or dog heartworm, is a parasitic roundworm that is a type of filarial worm, a small thread-like worm, and which causes dirofilariasis. It is spread from host to host through the bites of mosquitoes. Four genera of mosquitoes transmit dirofilariasis, Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, and Mansonia. The definitive host is the dog, but it can also infect cats, wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes, ferrets, bears, seals, sea lions and, under rare circumstances, humans.
Selamectin, sold under the brand name Revolution, among others, is a topical parasiticide and anthelminthic used on dogs and cats. It treats and prevents infections of heartworms, fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and certain types of ticks in dogs, and prevents heartworms, fleas, ear mites, hookworms, and roundworms in cats. It is structurally related to ivermectin and milbemycin. Selamectin is not approved for human use.
Moxidectin is an anthelmintic drug used in animals to prevent or control parasitic worms (helminths), such as heartworm and intestinal worms, in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and wombats. Moxidectin kills some of the most common internal and external parasites by selectively binding to a parasite's glutamate-gated chloride ion channels. These channels are vital to the function of invertebrate nerve and muscle cells; when moxidectin binds to the channels, it disrupts neurotransmission, resulting in paralysis and death of the parasite.
The health of dogs is a well studied area in veterinary medicine.
Toxocara cati, also known as the feline roundworm, is a parasite of cats and other felids. It is one of the most common nematodes of cats, infecting both wild and domestic felids worldwide. Adult worms are localised in the gut of the host. In adult cats, the infection – which is called toxocariasis – is usually asymptomatic. However, massive infection in juvenile cats can be fatal.
Toxascaris leonina is a common parasitic roundworm found in dogs, cats, foxes, and related host species. T. leonina is an ascarid nematode, a worldwide distributed helminth parasite which is in a division of eukaryotic parasites that, unlike external parasites such as lice and fleas, live inside their host. The definitive hosts of T. leonina include canids and felines (cats), while the intermediate hosts are usually rodents, such as mice or rats. Infection occurs in the definitive host when the animal eats an infected rodent. While T. leonina can occur in either dogs or cats, it is far more frequent in cats.
The combination milbemycin oxime/lufenuron is a parasite control drug in which the active ingredient, milbemycin oxime, eliminates worms, while a second active ingredient, lufenuron, arrests the development of eggs and larvae, preventing them from maturing and continuing the infestation of an animal. This combination is registered for animal use only. To achieve efficacy, the treatment is administered once monthly, together with food, in a dosage suitable for the weight of the affected animal. The usual ratio is 500 μg milbemycin oxime and 10 mg lufenuron/kg body weight. Novartis indicates the proper dosage by color-coding the packages.
Melarsomine (melaminylthioarsenate) is an arsenic-based anthelmintic. In the U.S., it is marketed under the trade names Immiticide (Merial) and Diroban (Zoetis), and is approved by the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine for the treatment of adult heartworm infection in dogs. It is not approved for treatment in cats, or dogs in late-stage infection.
Pyriprole is for veterinary use on dogs against external parasites such as fleas and ticks.
Imidacloprid/permethrin/pyriproxyfen, sold under the trade name K9 Advantix II, is a combination insecticide product for dogs, used for the treatment and prevention of an array of common external parasites. It is effective against fleas, ticks, chewing lice and mosquitoes. The active ingredients are imidacloprid, permethrin, and pyriproxyfen. This product is toxic to cats, and it is not recommended to use it on dogs which share an environment with cats. The product is applied onto the skin; administration of the product into the mouth can cause adverse effects.
Fluralaner, (INN) sold under the brand name Bravecto among others, is a systemic insecticide and acaricide that is administered orally or topically. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved it for flea treatment in dogs in May 2014, and approved the combination fluralaner/moxidectin as a topical treatment for cats in November 2019. The EU approved fluralaner in March 2014. Australia approved it for the treatment and prevention of ticks and fleas on dogs in January 2015. For treating mites in chickens, a solution for use in drinking water is available under the brand name Exzolt and was approved for use in the EU in 2017.
Lotilaner, sold under the brand name Xdemvy, is an ectoparasiticide (anti-parasitic) medication used for the treatment of blepharitis caused by infestation by Demodex. It is used as an eye drop.
Notoedric mange, also referred to as Feline scabies, is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by an ectoparasitic and skin burrowing mite Notoedres cati. N. cati is primarily a parasite of felids, but it can also infest rodents, lagomorphs, and occasionally also dogs and foxes. This skin disease also has zoonotic potential. Infestation is also called acariasis, which refers to a rash that is caused by mites.
Sarolaner, sold under the brand name Simparica, is an ectoparasiticide veterinary medication for the treatment of flea and tick infestations in dogs. It is also used off-label to control sarcoptic mange and demodectic mange.
Cat worm infections, the infection of cats (Felidae) with parasitic worms, occur frequently. Most worm species occur worldwide in both domestic and other cats, but there are regional, species and lifestyle differences in the frequency of infestation. According to the classification of the corresponding parasites in the zoological system, infections can be divided into those caused by nematode and flatworms - in the case of the latter, mainly cestoda and trematoda - while other strains are of no veterinary significance. While threadworms usually do not require an intermediate host for their reproduction, the development cycle of flatworms always proceeds via alternate hosts.
Nematode infection in dogs - the infection of dogs with parasitic nemamotodes - are, along with tapeworm infections and infections with protozoa, frequent parasitoses in veterinary practice. Nematodes, as so-called endoparasites, colonize various internal organs - most of them the digestive tract - and the skin. To date, about 30 different species of nematode have been identified in domestic dogs; they are essentially also found in wild dog species. However, the majority of them often cause no or only minor symptoms of disease in adult animals. The infection therefore does not necessarily have to manifest itself in a worm disease (helminthosis). For most nematodes, an infection can be detected by examining the feces for eggs or larvae. Roundworm infection in dogs and the hookworm in dogs is of particular health significance in Central Europe, as they can also be transmitted to humans (zoonosis). Regular deworming can significantly reduce the frequency of infection and thus the risk of infection for humans and dogs.
Esafoxolaner/eprinomectin/praziquantel, sold under the brand name Nexgard Combo, is a fixed-dose combination medication used for the treatment and control of flea infestations, ticks, ear mites, and infections caused by tapeworms and Toxocara cati in cats. It is also used for the prevention of heartworm disease Dirofilaria immitis. It contains esafoxolaner, an aryl isoxazoline; eprinomectin, an avermectin anthelmintic; and praziquantel, a pyrazinoisoquinoline anthelmintic.
References
- ↑ "Health product highlights 2021: Annexes of products approved in 2021". Health Canada . 3 August 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ↑ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA . Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- 1 2 3 "Advantage Multi for Dogs- imidacloprid moxidectin solution". DailyMed. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Advantage Multi for Cats- imidacloprid and moxidectin solution". DailyMed. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ↑ "Advocate EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). 28 July 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
- ↑ "Advantage Multi for Dogs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- ↑ "Advantage Multi for Cats". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 May 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Imoxi Topical Solution for Dogs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 May 2020.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain . - 1 2 "Imoxi Topical Solution for Cats". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Imoxi Topical Solution for Dogs FOIA Drug Summary". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
- 1 2 3 "Imoxi Topical Solution for Cats FOIA Drug Summary". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Retrieved 28 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
- ↑ "FDA Approves Generic Animal Drug for Parasite Protection in Cats". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 28 May 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
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