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The Institute on the Constitution is a think-tank and educational organization based in Pasadena, Maryland. The institute is a project of the American College of Cultural Studies. The institute's aim "is intended to reconnect Americans to the history of the American Republic and to their heritage of freedom under the law." The institute educates students about American history and constitutional government from a "constitutional conservative" perspective.
The institute also offers a course on jury duty, stating that: "The duty of the jury is to judge the law and the facts in order to defend our Constitutional Republic, yet Americans have been taught that the jury serves a radically different purpose. Most modern Americans believe that the jury’s duty is to follow the particular instructions of a judge and evaluate “justice” for a plaintiff or defendant in light of the manipulated presentation of evidence in the courtroom. This erroneous view is actually destructive to the very justice for which the role of the jury was established."
Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803), was a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States, meaning that American courts have the power to strike down laws and statutes that they find to violate the Constitution of the United States. Decided in 1803, Marbury is regarded as the single most important decision in American constitutional law. The Court's landmark decision established that the U.S. Constitution is actual law, not just a statement of political principles and ideals, and helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the federal government.
The politics of Turkey take place in the framework of a constitutional republic and presidential system, with various levels and branches of power.
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles embody the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress ; the executive, consisting of the president and subordinate officers ; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Article IV, Article V and Article VI embody concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments, the states in relationship to the federal government, and the shared process of constitutional amendment. Article VII establishes the procedure subsequently used by the 13 States to ratify it. It is regarded as the oldest written and codified national constitution in force.
The Government of Italy is in the form of a democratic republic, and was established by a constitution in 1948. It consists of legislative, executive, and judicial subdivisions, as well as a Head of State, or President.
Samuel Chase was a Founding Father of the United States, a signatory to the Continental Association and United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of Maryland, and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. He was impeached by the House of Representatives on grounds of letting his partisan leanings affect his court decisions but was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office.
The judiciary of Germany is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in Germany.
The president of Burundi, officially the President of the Republic, is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Burundi. The president is also commander-in-chief of the National Defence Force. The office of the presidency was established when Michel Micombero declared Burundi a republic on 28 November 1966. The first constitution to specify the powers and duties of the president was the constitution of 1974 adopted in 1976. The constitution, written by Micombero, affirmed Micombero's position as the first president of Burundi. The powers of the president currently derive from the 2005 constitution implemented as a result of the 2000 Arusha Accords after the Burundian Civil War. The current president since 18 June 2020 is Évariste Ndayishimiye.
Luther Martin was a politician and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, who left the Constitutional Convention early because he felt the Constitution violated states' rights. He was a leading Anti-Federalist, along with Patrick Henry and George Mason, whose actions helped passage of the Bill of Rights.
The Midnight Judges Act represented an effort to solve an issue in the U.S. Supreme Court during the early 19th century. There was concern, beginning in 1789, about the system that required the Justices of the Supreme Court to "ride circuit" and reiterate decisions made in the appellate level courts. The Supreme Court Justices had often expressed concern and suggested that the judges of the Supreme and circuit courts be divided. The Act was repealed by Congress on January 22, 1802.
The Supreme Court of Florida is the highest court in the U.S. state of Florida. It consists of seven members: the chief justice and six justices. Five members are chosen from five districts around the state to foster geographic diversity, and two are selected at large.
The judicial system of Turkey is defined by Articles 138 to 160 of the Constitution of Turkey.
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea is the supreme law of South Korea. It was promulgated on July 17, 1948 and last revised on October 29, 1987.
The Constitutional Court of Korea is highest constitutional court in judicial branch of South Korea, seated in Jongno, Seoul. Established under Chapter 6 of the Constitution of South Korea, the Court has ultimate jurisdiction over Judicial review on constitutionality of statute, review of all Impeachments, decision on Prohibition and Dissolution of political parties, competence dispute about demacation of power among central government agencies and local governments, and adjudication of constitutional complaint. It is composed of nine Justices, and one of them is President of the Constitutional Court of Korea. The Constitutional Court of Korea has equivalent status as one of two highest courts in South Korea. Another is Supreme Court of Korea.
The legal system of South Korea is a civil law system that has its basis in the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. The Court Organization Act, which was passed into law on 26 September 1949, officially created a three-tiered, independent judicial system. The revised Constitution of 1987 codified judicial independence in Article 103, which states that, "Judges rule independently according to their conscience and in conformity with the Constitution and the law." The 1987 rewrite also established the Constitutional Court, the first time that South Korea had an active body for constitutional review.
The Constitution of Ghana is the supreme law of the Republic of Ghana. It was approved on 28 April 1992 through a national referendum after 92% support. It defines the fundamental political principles, establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties of the government, structure of the judiciary and legislature, and spells out the fundamental rights and duties of citizens. It is made up of 26 chapters, not including the preamble.
William Cassius Goodloe III was an American lawyer, politician and judge, who served as Chief Justice of the Washington Supreme Court from 1985 to 1988.
The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Albania is the highest authority in Albania’s legal system that defends and assures the respect of the Constitution of Albania.
The Supreme Court of the Republic of Albania is the highest court of Albania and is the final court of appeals in the country's judicial system. It is composed of seventeen judges: the Chief Justice and sixteen Members.
The judiciary of South Korea is judicial branch of South Korean central government, established by Chapter 5 and 6 of the Constitution of South Korea.
Rapporteur Judge or Rapporteur-Judge is a term for number of judicial officials similar to judicial assistant at highest court, usually functioning as rapporteur while having status equivalent to lower ordinary court judges.
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