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Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by decreasing glucose levels in the blood. With the exception of insulin, most GLP-1 receptor agonists, and pramlintide, all diabetes medications are administered orally and are thus called oral hypoglycemic agents or oral antihyperglycemic agents. There are different classes of hypoglycemic drugs, and selection of the appropriate agent depends on the nature of diabetes, age, and situation of the person, as well as other patient factors.
Insulin glargine sold under the brand name Lantus among others is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin, used in the management of type I and type II diabetes. It is injected just under the skin. Effects generally begin an hour after use.
Exenatide, sold under the brand name Byetta among others, is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is used together with diet, exercise, and potentially other antidiabetic medication. It is a treatment option after metformin and sulfonylureas. It is given by injection under the skin.
Insulin detemir, sold under the brand name Levemir among others, is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin used to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is used by injection under the skin. It is effective for up to 24 hours.
Insulin aspart, sold under the brand name NovoLog, among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is generally used by injection under the skin but may also be used by injection into a vein. Maximum effect occurs after about 1–3 hours and lasts for 3–5 hours. Generally a longer-acting insulin like insulin NPH is also needed.
Liraglutide, sold under the brand names Victoza and Saxenda among others, is an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, and chronic obesity. It is a second-line therapy for diabetes following first-line therapy with metformin. Its effects on long-term health outcomes like heart disease and life expectancy are unclear. It is given by injection under the skin.
Linagliptin, sold under the brand name Tradjenta among others, is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes in conjunction with exercise and diet. It is generally less preferred than metformin and sulfonylureas as an initial treatment. It is taken by mouth.
Canagliflozin, sold under the brand name Invokana among others, is a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is used together with exercise and diet. It is not recommended in type 1 diabetes. It is taken by mouth.
Lixisenatide is a once-daily injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Insulin degludec (INN/USAN) is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue that was developed by Novo Nordisk under the brand name Tresiba. It is administered via subcutaneous injection to help control the blood sugar level of those with diabetes. It has a duration of action that lasts up to 42 hours, making it a once-daily basal insulin, that is one that provides a base insulin level, as opposed to the fast- and short-acting bolus insulins.
Empagliflozin, sold under the brand name Jardiance, among others, is an antidiabetic medication used to improve glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. It is not recommended for type 1 diabetes. It is taken by mouth.
Dulaglutide, sold under the brand name Trulicity among others, is a medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in combination with diet and exercise. It is also approved in the United States for the reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes who have established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. It is a once-weekly injection.
Empagliflozin/linagliptin, sold under the brand name Glyxambi, is a fixed-dose combination anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is a combination of empagliflozin and linagliptin. It is taken by mouth.
Semaglutide is an antidiabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and an anti-obesity medication used for long-term weight management. It is a peptide similar to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a side chain. It can be administered by subcutaneous injection or taken orally. It is sold under the brand names Ozempic and Rybelsus for diabetes, and under the brand name Wegovy for weight loss.
Burosumab, sold under the brand name Crysvita, is a human monoclonal antibody medication approved 2018 for the treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia and tumor-induced osteomalacia.
Insulin glargine/lixisenatide, sold under the brand name Soliqua among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication that combines insulin glargine and lixisenatide and is used to treat diabetes.
Empagliflozin/metformin, sold under the brand name Synjardy among others, is a fixed-dose combination anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It contains empagliflozin and metformin hydrochloride. It is taken by mouth.
Ferric derisomaltose (FDI), sold under the brand name Monoferric among others, is a medication for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adults who have intolerance to oral iron or have had unsatisfactory response to oral iron or who have non-hemodialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD). It was approved for use in the United States in January 2020. It is given intravenously.
Insulin degludec/insulin aspart, sold under the brand name Ryzodeg, is a fixed-dose combination medication for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. It contains insulin degludec and insulin aspart. It is given as an injection under the skin in the abdominal wall, upper arm or thigh.
Tirzepatide, sold under the brand name Mounjaro among others, is an antidiabetic medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and for weight loss. Tirzepatide is administered via subcutaneous injections.
References
- ↑ "Australian Public Assessment Report for insulin degludec/liraglutide" (PDF). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Australian Government. March 2021.
- ↑ "Summary for ARTG Entry: 328580 XULTOPHY insulin degludec 100 units/mL liraglutide 3.6 mg/mL solution for injection pre-filled pen 3 mL". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Australian Government.
- ↑ "Regulatory Decision Summary - Xultophy". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ↑ "Drug and medical device highlights 2018: Helping you maintain and improve your health". Health Canada . 14 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ↑ "Xultophy 100 units/ml insulin degludec + 3.6 mg/mL liraglutide solution for injection in a pre-filled pen - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 8 October 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ↑ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA . Retrieved 22 October 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 "Xultophy 100/3.6 (- insulin degludec and liraglutide injection, solution". DailyMed. 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Xultophy EPAR". European Medicines Agency (EMA). Retrieved 15 May 2020. Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
- ↑ "Xultophy 100/3.6 (insulin degludec and liraglutide) Injection". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 27 November 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ↑ "Xultophy: FDA-Approved Drugs". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 23 March 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
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