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Jaakko Loukko (25 February 1870, Ylistaro - 17 September 1946) was a Finnish farmer and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland, representing the Finnish Party from May to November 1918 and the Agrarian League from November 1918 to April 1924.
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The Finnish Civil War was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of Finland between White Finland and Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic during the country's transition from a Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state. The clashes took place in the context of the national, political, and social turmoil caused by World War I in Europe. The war was fought between the Reds, led by a section of the Social Democratic Party, and the Whites, conducted by the conservative-based Senate and the German Imperial Army. The paramilitary Red Guards, composed of industrial and agrarian workers, controlled the cities and industrial centres of southern Finland. The paramilitary White Guards, composed of farmers, along with middle-class and upper-class social strata, controlled rural central and northern Finland led by General C. G. E. Mannerheim.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg was a Finnish jurist and academic, which was one of the most important pioneers of republicanism in the country. He was the first President of Finland (1919–1925) and a liberal nationalist.
The president of the Republic of Finland is the head of state of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the president and the Finnish Government, with the former possessing only residual powers. The president is directly elected by universal suffrage for a term of six years. Since 1994, no president may be elected for more than two consecutive terms. The president must be a Finnish citizen by birth. The presidential office was established in the Constitution— Act of 1919. The current president is Sauli Niinistö. He was elected for the first time in 2012 and was re-elected in 2018.
The Parliament of Finland is the unicameral supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The Parliament consists of 200 members, 199 of whom are elected every four years from 13 multi-member districts electing 7-36 using the proportional D'Hondt method. In addition, there is one member from Åland.
The National Coalition Party is a centre-right political party in Finland considered liberal, conservative, and liberal-conservative. Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the "big three" parties that have dominated Finnish national politics for several decades, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring" and supports multiculturalism and LGBT rights. It is pro-NATO and pro-European as well as a member of the European People's Party (EPP).
The prime minister of Finland is the leader of the Finnish Government. The Prime Minister is Finland's head of government and is formally appointed by the President of Finland. Finland's first Prime Minister was Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, who was appointed to the post on 27 November 1917.
The Finnish Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Parliament of Finland on 6 December 1917. It declared Finland an independent nation, ending its autonomy within Russia as the Grand Principality of Finland, with reference to a bill simultaneously delivered to the Parliament to make Finland an independent republic instead.
The Bank of Finland is the central bank of Finland. It is the fourth oldest central bank in the world.
This article gives an overview of liberalism and centrism in Finland. It is limited to liberal and centrist parties with substantial support, mainly proved by having had a representation in parliament. The sign ⇒ means a reference to another party in that scheme. For inclusion in this scheme it is not necessary so that parties labeled themselves as a liberal party.
The Red Guards were the paramilitary units of the Finnish labour movement in the early 1900s. The first Red Guards were established during the 1905 general strike, but disbanded a year later. After the Russian 1917 February revolution the Red Guards were re-established and in the 1918 Finnish Civil War they formed the army of Red Finland. The combined strength of the Red Guard was about 30,000 at the beginning of the Civil War, peaking at between 90,000 and 120,000 during the course of the conflict. The number included more than 2,000 members of the Women's Guards. In May 1918, up to 80,000 Reds were captured by the victorious Whites, 12,000 to 14,000 of them died in the prison camps due to execution, disease and malnutrition. A majority of the Reds were finally pardoned in late 1918.
Finland declared its independence on 6 December 1917. The formal Declaration of Independence was only part of the long process leading to the independence of Finland.
The Kingdom of Finland was an abortive attempt to establish a monarchy in Finland in the aftermath of the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in December 1917 and the Finnish Civil War from January–May 1918. The victorious Whites in the Parliament of Finland began the process of turning Finland into a kingdom and creating a monarchy. Although the country was legally a kingdom for over a year that was headed by a regent, the king-elect never reigned nor came to Finland following Germany's defeat in World War I, and republican victories in subsequent elections resulted in the country becoming a republic.
Real union is a union of two or more states, which share some state institutions in contrast to personal unions; however, they are not as unified as states in a political union. It is a development from personal union and has historically been limited to monarchies.
The Finnish People's Delegation was a governmental body, created by a group of members in the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP), to serve as the Government of the Red Guards during the Finnish Civil War. The chair of the Delegation was the former Speaker of the Parliament Kullervo Manner.
Juho Kusti Paasikivi's first senate was the second Senate and de facto Government of independent Finland. Its time period was May 27, 1918 – November 27, 1918.
The Social Democratic Party of Finland, founded as the Finnish Labour Party, shortened to the Social Democrats and commonly known in Finnish as Demarit, is a social-democratic political party in Finland. The party is currently the largest party in Finland's parliament with 40 seats.
Leonard Typpö was a Finnish farmer and lay preacher, born in Rautio. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1911 until his death in 1922, representing the Finnish Party from 1911 to 1918 and the National Coalition Party from 1918 to 1922.