The politics of Russia take place in the framework of the federal semi-presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution of Russia,the President of Russia is head of state,and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government,headed by the Prime Minister,who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in the two houses of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation,while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991,Russia has seen serious challenges in its efforts to forge a political system to follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet governance. For instance,leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put forth opposing views of Russia's political direction and the governmental instruments that should be used to follow it. That conflict reached a climax in September and October 1993,when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dissolve the parliament and called for new legislative elections. This event marked the end of Russia's first constitutional period,which was defined by the much-amended constitution adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic in 1978. A new constitution,creating a strong presidency,was approved by referendum in December 1993.
Yitzhak Rabin was an Israeli politician,statesman and general. He was the fifth prime minister of Israel,serving two terms in office,1974–1977,and from 1992 until his assassination in 1995.
Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien is a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the 20th prime minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003.
Alain Madelin is a French politician.
Alain Marie Juppé is a French politician. A member of The Republicans,he was Prime Minister of France from 1995 to 1997 under President Jacques Chirac,during which period he faced major strikes that paralysed the country and became very unpopular. He left office after the victory of the left in the snap 1997 legislative elections. He had previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1993 to 1995,and as Minister of the Budget and Spokesman for the Government from 1986 to 1988. He was president of the political party Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) from 2002 to 2004 and mayor of Bordeaux from 2006 to 2019.
Édouard Balladur is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France under François Mitterrand from 29 March 1993 to 17 May 1995. He unsuccessfully ran for president in the 1995 French presidential election,coming in third place.
Presidential elections were held in France on 23 April,with a second round on 7 May.
Roland Dumas is a French lawyer and Socialist politician who served as Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993. He was also President of the Constitutional Council from 1995 to 1999.
Poul Holmskov Schlüter was a Danish politician who served as Prime Minister of Denmark from 1982 to 1993. He was the first member of the Conservative People's Party to become Prime Minister,as well as the first conservative to hold the office since 1901. Schlüter was a member of the Folketing for the Conservative People's Party from 1964 to 1994. He was also Chairman of the Conservative People's Party from 1974 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1993.
Volker Rühe is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as German Defence minister from 1 April 1992,succeeding Gerhard Stoltenberg during the first government of a reunified Germany in the fourth cabinet of Chancellor Kohl,to the end of the fifth Kohl Cabinet on 27 October 1998. During his time at the Defence Ministry Rühe played a central role in placing NATO enlargement on the German political agenda. He unsuccessfully ran for the office of minister-president of the German state Schleswig-Holstein in the year 2000,eventually losing against incumbent Heide Simonis.
Philippe Douste-Blazy is a French United Nations official and former centre-right politician. Over the course of his career,he served as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations,Special Adviser on Innovative Financing for Development in the UN and chairman of UNITAID.
Lamberto Dini is an Italian politician and economist. He was the Director General of Bank of Italy from 1979 to 1994,Minister of Treasury from 1994 to 1996,the 51st Prime Minister of Italy from 1995 to 1996,and Foreign Minister from 1996 to 2001.
Erdal İnönü was a Turkish theoretical physicist and politician who served as the interim prime minister of Turkey between 16 May and 25 June 1993. He also served as the deputy prime minister of Turkey from 1991 to 1993 and as the minister of foreign affairs from March to October 1995. He served as the leader of the Social Democracy Party (SODEP) from 1983 to 1985 and later the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) from 1986 to 1993. He was the son of the second president of Turkey,İsmet İnönü.
Michio Watanabe was a Japanese political figure. He was born in Ōtawara,Tochigi and graduated from the Tokyo College of Commerce in 1942. He worked as a reporter for the Yomiuri Shimbun,a certified tax accountant,and a member of Tochigi prefectural assembly before serving as a member of House of Representatives of Japan.
Legislative elections were held in France on 21 and 28 March 1993,to elect the tenth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.
Vilas Bhaurao Muttemwar is an Indian politician from Maharashtra belonging to the Indian National Congress who served as a member of the 7th,8th,10th,12th,13th,14th and 15th Lok Sabha representing the Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency.
Robert Eriksson is a Norwegian politician for the Progress Party. He served as Minister of Labour and Social Inclusion in Solberg's Cabinet from 2013 to 2015.
Gábor Fodor is a Hungarian jurist,liberal politician and a delegate to the Hungarian Round Table Talks. He was member of the Hungarian parliament from 1990 to 2019. Later he was the representative of the Hungarian parliament in the Council of Europe between 1991 and 1993. From 1994 to 1996 he was the Minister of Education in Hungary. Furthermore,he was the Minister of Environment and Water between 2008 and 2009. He is also a former president of the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) in 2008–09 and for the Liberals in 2013–19 as well. Currently he is the CEO and founder of the Central European Political Transition Institute.
Kurt Faltlhauser is a German politician,representative of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria.
Werner Hoyer is a German economist and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who served as President of the European Investment Bank (EIB) between 2012 and 2023.
