Leipzig: The Battle of Nations, subtitled "Napoleon vs. Europe", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1969 that simulates the 1813 campaign of Napoleon in central Europe, including the Battle of Leipzig. The game was one of the first Napoleonic board wargames, and a number of innovative rules such as the effect of individual leaders on combat were adopted by other wargame publishers.
Following Napoleon's disastrous campaign in Russia during 1812 which destroyed his Grande Armée, the European powers opposing him (the Sixth Coalition) felt that the time was ripe to move against France. Napoleon, in an attempt to counter the Coalition with a rapid and decisive strike before they could effectively gather their forces, quickly rebuilt a new army from reservists, draft evaders and youth and marched them into the German states in the spring of 1813. [1]
Leipzig is a two-player grand tactical wargame in which one player takes the role of Napoleon, and the other controls the Coalition. [2]
The original "Test Series" game was marketed in a plain envelope, and includes:
In the second edition boxed set published in 1972, the map is two-color, the counters are die-cut cardboard, and a small six-sided die is also included.
The game uses an alternating "I Go, You Go" system, with the following phases: [2]
Once one player has completed these phases, the second player is given the same opportunity. This completes one game turn, which in turn represents two weeks of game time.
Leipzig introduced a number of innovative rules that were quickly adopted by other board wargame designers, including: [3]
The game includes two historical scenarios: Spring 1813 (12 game turns); and Summer 1813 (11 game turns). These can be combined into a Campaign game that continues into Fall 1813 (35 turns). In addition, there are five non-historical "what if?" scenarios that change various factors. [2]
In the late 1960s, Avalon Hill dominated the board wargame market, producing on average, one game per year with well-produced but expensive components. At the newly founded wargame publisher Poultroon Press (later SPI), Jim Dunnigan and his design team decided to go in the opposite direction, marketing a number of very cheaply made "test games" to prove that producing many games a year could also be a viable business model. These test games featured typewritten pages with hand-drawn maps and graphics and thin paper counter sheets, packaged in a plain envelope. Unlike Avalon Hill, which specialized in games of modern warfare or the American Civil War, SPI's first test game was Leipzig, a Napoleonic board wargame designed by Dunnigan in only a week, and published in 1969 despite the half-finished nature of the game. [4]
In 1972, Dunnigan revised the "unfinished" rules to create the game he had originally envisioned; the second edition, with upgraded components designed by Redmond A. Simonsen, was released in a cardboard box with an illustrated cover, one of only three SPI games in 1972 to receive this treatment. [5] (The other two were Normandy: The Invasion of Europe 1944 , and Barbarossa: The Russo-German War 1941-45 .) Although SPI sold several thousand copies of Leipzig, it wasn't enough to justify the cost of the expensive box, and for the next two years, subsequent SPI games were marketed in a plain white box with a red title ribbon. [6]
Dunnigan used the rules from the second edition of Leipzig for two other Napoleonic games released in 1972, La Grande Armée , and 1812: The Campaign of Napoleon in Russia .
As newer games with better rules entered the market, Leipzig fell out of favor. and in a 1976 poll conducted by SPI to determine the most popular wargames in North America, Leipzig only placed 159th out of 202 games. [3]
In Issue 21 of Strategy & Tactics , Dave Williams complimented Leipzig, commenting that "it offers ideas for other strategic games in times when armies didn't have continuous fronts." Despite this, Williams concluded with reservations, saying, "The game, however, lacks something. It is probably too stylized. The mapboard is rather empty, the units are too abstracted. [...] It could have been so much better." [7]
"In Issue 2 of Moves , although James Flanagan did not like the organization of the rules, which he called "a pain in the neck", and he only rated the game 3 out of 10 for excitement, he still concluded on a positive note, saying, "Leipzig is the kind of game we would never pass over. It is outstanding for the number of 'new' concepts it introduces. The situation is intriguing. The mechanics are innovative, and all in all, it is a rewarding investment." [2]
In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming , Nicholas Palmer noted the various rules that gave flavor to the game, including "possibly Austrian neutrality, defection of Napoleonic allies, and great emphasis given to leader counters. The strategic problems of long campaigns are covered with rules on supply, regrouping and attrition en route." [3]
Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) was an American publisher of board wargames and related magazines, particularly its flagship Strategy & Tactics, in the 1970s and early 1980s. It produced an enormous number of games and introduced innovative practices, changing the course of the wargaming hobby in its bid to take control of the hobby away from then-dominant Avalon Hill. SPI ran out of cash in early 1982 when TSR called in a loan secured by SPI's assets. TSR began selling SPI's inventory in 1982, but later acquired the company's trademarks and copyrights in 1983 and continued a form of the operation until 1987.
PanzerArmee Afrika, subtitled "Rommel in the Desert, April 1941 - November 1942", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1973 that simulates the World War II North African Campaign that pitted the Axis forces commanded by Erwin Rommel against Allied forces. The game was revised and republished in 1984 by Avalon Hill.
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1812: The Campaign of Napoleon in Russia is a collection of two board wargames published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1972 that both simulate Napoleon's disastrous invasion of Russia. One game uses a traditional hex grid map, and the other uses a map of areas and regions.
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1918, subtitled "Operation Michel: March 21–30, Germany's Last Chance in the West", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1970 that simulates Operation Michael, the final German offensive on the Western Front in which they tried to win the war or at least force peace talks before American soldiers started to arrive on the Western Front in force. The game was well received by critics, but did not sell well.
The Battle of Nations, subtitled "The Encirclement at Leipzig, 16–19 October 1813", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1975 that simulates the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. It was one of four games that were published as part of the "quadrigame" titled Napoleon at War, but was also released as a "folio game", packaged in a shrinkwrapped cardboard folio. It was popular in a 1976 poll of favorite wargames, and critics also gave it favorable reviews.
Tannenberg is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1969 that simulates the Battle of Tannenberg on World War I's Eastern Front. The game was created by game designer Jim Dunnigan as a companion piece for Avalon Hill's Western Front wargame 1914, also designed by Dunnigan. Although Tannenberg could be played as a standalone game, rules were included to combine it and 1914 into a two-front wargame. Nine years later, Tannenberg was completely revised and republished as a free pull-out game in SPI's house magazine Strategy & Tactics to promote SPI's upcoming release of The Great War in the East. The second edition was also sold as a standalone game.
Year of the Rat, Vietnam, 1972 is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1972 that simulates the Easter Offensive that had just happened during the Vietnam War.
Quatre Bras: Stalemate on the Brussels Road is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1976 that simulates the Battle of Quatre Bras, one of the engagements leading to the Battle of Waterloo. Quatre Bras was originally published as one of four games in the popular collection Napoleon's Last Battles, but was also released as an individual game.
Ligny: Incomplete Victory is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) in 1976 that simulates the Battle of Ligny. Ligny was originally published as one of four games in the popular collection Napoleon's Last Battles, but was also released as an individual game.
Strike Force One, subtitled "The Cold War Heats Up — 1975", is a board wargame published by Simulations Publications Inc. (SPI) during the Cold War in 1975 that simulates a hypothetical clash in West Germany between Soviet Union invaders, and American defenders. The short and simple game was designed as an introduction to the hobby of wargaming, and was given away as a free promotional item.