Hubert Howe Bancroft was an American historian and ethnologist who wrote, published and collected works concerning the western United States, Texas, California, Alaska, Mexico, Central America and British Columbia.
The Mexican Empire or Second Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico under a constitutional, hereditary monarchy declared by a Mexican Assembly of Notables in accordance with the interests of the French Empire, during the Second French intervention in Mexico. Napoleon III of France wanted to establish a monarchist ally in the Americas as a restraint upon the growing power of the United States. Chosen as the Mexican emperor was Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. His wife and empress of Mexico was the Belgian princess Charlotte of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
The Second French Intervention in Mexico, also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War, 1861–1867; was an invasion of Mexico, launched in late 1862, by the Second French Empire, aimed at regime change in Mexico, hoping to replace the Mexican Republic with a monarchy favorable to French interests.
The Mexican War of the Reform, also known as the Three Years' War, was a civil war lasting from January 1858 to December 1860, fought between liberals and conservatives, over the promulgation of Constitution of 1857, which had been written under the presidency of Ignacio Comonfort. It had codified a liberal program intended to limit the political, economic, and cultural power of the Catholic Church; separating church and state, while also attempting at reducing the power of the Mexican Army by elimination of the fuero system; strengthening the secular state through public education; and economically developing the nation. The constitution was promulgated in February, with the intention of coming into power in September, only to immediately be confronted with extreme opposition from Conservatives and the Catholic Church over its anti-clerical provisions, most notably the Lerdo law, which stripped the church of most of its rural properties. The measure was not exclusively aimed at the Catholic Church, but also Mexico's indigenous peoples, which were forced to sell sizeable portions of their communal lands.
The City of Albany is a local government area in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, about 410 kilometres (255 mi) south-southeast of Perth, the capital of Western Australia. It covers an area of 4,312.3 square kilometres (1,665 sq mi), including the Greater Albany metropolitan area and the Port of Albany, as well as the surrounding agricultural district and some national parks. The City of Albany had a population of over 36,000 at the 2016 census.
José Joaquín de Arrillaga was a Basque officer that served twice as Governor of the Californias and as the first Governor of Alta California, following the partition of the Californias in 1804. He is the only Spanish-era governor to be buried in California.
Columbia Lancaster was an American lawyer and politician who served as the first Delegate from the Territory of Washington to the United States House of Representatives.
Lumley Franklin was the 2nd mayor of Victoria, British Columbia. He was born in Liverpool, England, the son of a successful banker. Lumley emigrated from London to New York City in 1845 to establish his career in the U.S. He was a successful business man before he moved to San Francisco in 1854 to join his brothers Edward and Selim during the California Gold Rush. Lumley's cousins, Maurice and Lewis Franklin, had already left San Francisco to establish the Franklin House in San Diego, but frequently visited San Francisco.
Oregon's Territorial Legislature was a bicameral legislative body created by the United States Congress in 1848 as the legislative branch of the government of the Oregon Territory. The upper chamber Council and lower chamber House of Representatives first met in July 1849; they served as the region's legislative body until Oregon became a state in February 1859, when they were replaced by the bicameral Oregon State Legislature.
Harvey L. Clarke was an educator, missionary, and settler first on the North Tualatin Plains which would become Glencoe, Oregon and then on the West Tualatin Plains that would become Forest Grove, Oregon, United States. A native of Vermont, he moved to Oregon Country in 1840 where he participated at the Champoeg Meetings May2, 1843, and helped to found Tualatin Academy that later became Pacific University. Clarke also worked for the Methodist Mission and was a chaplain for the Provisional Legislature of Oregon in 1845.
Julian Antonio Chavez was a rancher, landowner and elected official in early Los Angeles, California, who served multiple terms on the Los Angeles Common Council and the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors. His land holdings included the area later known as Chavez Ravine.
Francis A. Chenoweth was an American lawyer and politician in the Pacific Northwest. A native of Ohio, he lived in Iowa and Wisconsin before immigrating to the Oregon Territory. There he served in the legislature of the Oregon Territory and then the Washington Territory, including serving as Speaker of the Washington House of Representatives. A Democrat, he then served on the Washington Supreme Court before returning to Oregon where he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives and was selected as Speaker of the body for one session.
David Logan was an American attorney and politician in the territory of and later state of Oregon. A native of Illinois, he moved to Oregon in 1850 where he served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature and in the Oregon Constitutional Convention. A founder of the Oregon Republican Party, he also served as mayor of Portland.
Charles H. Mason was an American politician, the first Secretary of State for Washington Territory, and acting Governor for two and a half years while the territorial Governor, Isaac Ingalls Stevens, conducted railroad surveys and concluded treaties with First Nations tribes and confederations.
The following works deal with the cultural, political, economic, military, biographical and geologic history of pre-territorial Oregon, Oregon Territory and the State of Oregon.
Van Banks DeLashmutt served as mayor of Portland, Oregon, from 1888 to 1891.
First Lady of Guatemala is the title held by the wife of the president of Guatemala. The current Guatemalan first lady is Ana Marcela Giammattei, daughter of President Alejandro Giammattei, who had held the position since 2020.
Peter Crawford was a Scottish-born land surveyor who was a prominent pioneer in the Pacific Northwest. He founded Kelso, Washington and platted numerous towns in the Oregon Territory which later became the states of Oregon and Washington. He was a member of the Monticello Convention which petitioned and successfully convinced Congress to create Washington Territory out of the Oregon Territory.
