The island of Lombok inhabited by the Sasak who adopted Islam. in the 16th century Some Balinese groups from the Kingdom of Karangasem had ruled in the western part of Lombok island after receiving a request from a Sasak nobleman, Arya Banjar Getes asked Karangasem to attack Selaparang kingdom, a Lombok kingdom the most powerful in Lombok at that time in 1674. and over time the Lombok region slowly began to be controlled by the Karangasem kingdom , From that a rich Balinese Court culture developed in Lombok.[1]
One of the them, the Mataram group (Karangasem realm), succeeded in gaining over the rest of the Balinese groups, as well as the totality of the island in 1839.
Gusti Gdé Jelantik posthumous name:Anak Agung Angluurah Gdé Ngurah Karangasem, the last king of Mataram-Lombok during his visit to Lombok
Relations between the Sasak and Karangasem Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings.[1][2]
The occupation of Karangasem in Lombok lasted for almost 2 centuries from 1678 until the Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem in 1894, eventually colonized both islands by the Dutch.
History
First contact with Balinese people
Babad Lombok mentions the presence of Balinese people from Gelgel kingdom in Lombok who took control of western Lombok in the early seventeenth century.
The presence of Karangasem
Meanwhile invaded the Balinese Kingdom of Karangasem started in the 15th century when Arya Banjar Getes from Lombok asked Bali to help him attack the Selaparang kingdom of Lombok in 1674. Karangasem had managed to take over the whole island by 1678, but Balinese infighting resulted in the island being split into four feuding Balinese kingdoms. In 1838, the Mataram kingdom (realm of Karangasem) brought its rivals under control.
During the occupation relations between the Sasak and Karangasem Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings.[1][2]
Sasak Rebellion
Sasak wariors ready to fight the Karangasem occupation
Trouble erupted in 1891 when the Muslim Sasak of Eastern Lombok arose in rebellion against the Balinese ruler of Lombok, Anak Agung Gde Ngurah Karangasem.[1][2] The rebellion, following rebellions in 1855 and 1871 which had already been quashed by the Mataram ruler, erupted when he requested thousands of troops from the Sasaks in order to make an attack on the Klungkung kingdom in Bali in an attempt to become the Supreme Ruler of Bali.[5]
On 25 August 1891, the ruler's son Anak Agung Ketut Karangasem was sent against rebellious Praya, of the Lombok kingdom of Selaparang with 8,000 troops.[2] On 8 September, 3,000 more troops were sent under the ruler's other son, Anak Agung Made Karangasem.[2] As the royal army seemed in trouble, the ruler asked for the help of the vassal ruler of Karangasem, Anak Agung Gde Jelantik, to send him 1,200 elite troops to quash the rebellion.[2] The war raged on from 1891 to 1894, and the Mataram army being the most advanced, complete with two modern warships, the Sri Mataram and the Sri Cakra, managed to occupy the rebellious villages and to surround the last Sasak resistance.[2]
The end of Karangasem occupation
Dutch intervention
Attack of the Dutch on a Karangasem stronghold in Lombok in 1894. Officers of the Lombok expedition in 1894: Anak Agung Ketut Karangasem, General-Major P.P.H. van Ham (Representative), General-Major J.A. Vetter (Commander), Resident M.C. Dannenbargh, and Gusti Jelantik.
On 20 February 1894, the Sasak formally called for Dutch intervention and support.[2] The Dutch, seeing these events as an opportunity to extend their control in the East Indies, chose to support the Sasak, who had asked for their protection, and the Dutch started to disrupt the importation of weapons and supplies from Singapore by the Balinese rulers.[1][2]
General P.P.H. van Ham, second in command, was killed in the August encounter.
Dutch intervention (July 1894)
The blockade did not suffice, and the Dutch demand for Mataram's submission was rejected.[2] In July 1894 the Dutch chose to send a military expedition to topple the Mataram ruler.[1] Three ships were sent from Batavia, the Prins Hendrik, the Koningin Emma and the Tromp, transporting 107 officer, 1,320 European soldiers, 948 indigenous soldiers and 386 horses.[2]
Attack on Mayura Post (1894)
From August 1894, the Balinese chose to resist the Dutch military presence. They attacked the 900-strong Dutch military camp by surprise at night at Mayura Palace in Cakranegara on 25 August 1894, and killed more than 500 soldiers, sailors and coolies.[1][5] Included among the dead was General P.P.H. van Ham, commander of the expedition.[6] The Dutch retreated and entrenched themselves in fortifications on the coast.[6]
Dutch reinforcements (November 1894)
The Dutch returned with more reinforcements under General Vetter. Mataram was attacked and utterly destroyed.[1][6] On 8 November 1894, they made systematic artillery bombardments on the Balinese positions at Cakranegara and destroyed the palace, killing about 2,000 Balinese and losing 166 men.[3]
Cakranegara destructions, 1894.
By the end of November 1894, the Dutch had annihilated the Balinese positions, with thousands of dead, and the Balinese surrendered or committed puputan, ritual suicide.[1]
Amsterdam monument to the 1894 Dutch expedition
Lombok and Karangasem became part of the Dutch East Indies in Bali and Lombok Residency, and were administered from Bali. by this the Karangasem's rule in Lombok officially ended after almost 2 centuries of rule.[1]
Lombok is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It forms part of the chain of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the Lombok Strait separating it from Bali to the west and the Alas Strait between it and Sumbawa to the east. It is roughly circular, with a "tail" to the southwest, about 70 kilometres across and a total area of about 4,607.38 square kilometres including smaller offshore islands. The provincial capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.
Mataram is a city and the capital of the Indonesian province of West Nusa Tenggara. The city is surrounded on all the landward sides by West Lombok Regency and lies on the western side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is also the largest city of the province, and had a population of 402,843 at the 2010 Census and 429,651 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 441,147.
Klungkung Regency is the smallest regency (kabupaten) in the island province of Bali, Indonesia. It has an area of 315 km2 and had a population at the 2010 Census of 170,543 which increased to 206,925 at the Census of 2020; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 214,012. The administrative centre for the regency is in the town of Semarapura.
Puputan is a Balinese term for a mass ritual suicide in preference to facing the humiliation of surrender. It originally seems to have meant a last desperate attack against a numerically superior enemy. Notable puputans in the history of Bali occurred in 1906 and 1908, when the Balinese were being subjugated by the Dutch.
Gelgel is a village (desa) in the regency (kabupaten) of Klungkung, on Bali, Indonesia. The village, near the coast four kilometers south of the regency capital Semarapura, contains some structures of cultural interest and is known for its pottery and handwoven ceremonial songket cloth.
The Dutch conquest of Klungkung, Bali in 1908 marked the final phase of Dutch colonial control over the island of Bali in Indonesia. It was the seventh and last military intervention in Bali, following the Dutch invasion of South (1906).
The Dutch conquest of South Bali in 1906 was a Dutch military intervention in Bali as part of the Dutch colonial conquest of the Indonesian islands, killing an estimated 1,000 people. It was part of the final takeover of the Netherlands East-Indies and the fifth Dutch military intervention in Bali. The campaign led to the deaths of the Balinese rulers of Badung and Tabanan kingdoms, their wives and children and followers. This conquest weakened the remaining independent kingdoms of Klungkung and Bangli, leading to their invasion two years later.
The History of Bali covers a period from the Paleolithic to the present, and is characterized by migrations of people and cultures from other parts of Asia. In the 16th century, the history of Bali started to be marked by Western influence with the arrival of Europeans, to become, after a long and difficult colonial period under the Dutch, an example of the preservation of traditional cultures and a key tourist destination.
Dalem Segening was a king of Bali who reigned in the first half of the 17th century, his exact dating being still uncertain. He belonged to a dynasty which originated from Majapahit on Java, and ruled from the palace (puri) of Gelgel.
The Dutch intervention in Bali in 1849 was a major Dutch military intervention in Northern and Southern Bali, following two failed interventions, the 1846 intervention and the 1848 intervention. The Dutch used as a pretext Balinese salvage claims over shipwrecks, which were customary to the Balinese, but unacceptable under International law.
The Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem took place in 1894, and is part of the string of Dutch interventions in and around Bali that led to complete colonization of both Bali and Lombok by the early 20th century.
Badung is a regency of Bali, Indonesia. Its regency seat is in the upland town of Mangupura. It covers districts to the west of the provincial capital of Denpasar, and it has a land area of 418.52 km2.
Karangasem Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of the island and province of Bali, Indonesia. It covers the east part of Bali, has an area of 839.54 km2 and had a population of 396,487 at the 2010 Census which rose to 492,402 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 511,300. Its regency seat is the town of Amlapura. Karangasem was devastated when Mount Agung erupted in 1963, killing 1,900 people. Karangasem was a kingdom before Bali was conquered by the Dutch.
The Kingdomship of Bali was a series of Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of Bali, Lombok in Lesser Sunda Islands and Java, Indonesia. With a history of native Balinese kingship spanning from the early 10th to early 20th centuries, Balinese kingdoms demonstrated sophisticated Balinese court culture where native elements of spirit and ancestral reverence combined with Hindu influences—adopted from India through ancient Java intermediary—flourished, enriched and shaped Balinese culture.
Mayura Park was built by Anak Agung Gde Ngurah Karangasem in 1866, located 2 km east Mataram.
The Badung Kingdom was one part of Kingdomship of Bali in the southern part of Bali Island. The center of government of the Badung Kingdom was at Puri Agung Denpasar until finally the Dutch troops defeated the Badung Kingdom through the Puputan Badung War in 1906 and Badung became colony of Dutch Empire in the Dutch East Indies as part of the Bali and Lombok Residency.
Bali and Lombok Residency was an administrative subdivision (residency) of Dutch East Indies as part of Great East after the complete Dutch conquest of the Bangli and Klungkung kingdom in 1908. This residency located in western half of Lesser Sunda Islands east of Sumbawa and Eastern Java. This residency covers Bali, Lombok and surrounding small islands including Gili Islands and Nusa Penida.The capital is located in Singaradja now Singaraja, Buleleng, Bali.
The Karangasem Kingdom was one part of the Kingdomship of Bali that found in 1600 on the eastern part of Bali Island. This kingdom was founded by Gusti Nyoman Karang by conquering the eastern part of Bali which was called Karang Semadi. During its peak, Karangasem had a vast territory up to the island of Lombok and finally succeeded in conquering the entire island in 1839. After losing the war with the Netherlands in 1894, Karangasem came under the control of the Dutch East Indies government and become part of Great East in Bali and Lombok Residency.
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