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Khwarazm or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia,bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea,on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert,on the south by the Karakum Desert,and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau. It was the center of the Iranian Khwarezmian civilization,and a series of kingdoms such as the Afrighid dynasty and the Anushtegin dynasty,whose capitals were Kath,Gurganj and—from the 16th century on—Khiva. Today Khwarazm belongs partly to Uzbekistan and partly to Turkmenistan.
Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin was the founder of the Ghaznavid dynasty,and amir of Ghazna from 977 to 997. Sabuktigin was a Turkic slave who was bought by Alp-Tegin,the commander of the royal guard of the Samanid dynasty. Alp-Tegin established himself as the governor of Ghazna in 962,and died a year later in 963. Afterwards,Sabuktigin built his prestige among other slave soldiers in Ghazna until he was elected by them as their ruler in 977.
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids,also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty was a Persianate Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin from the Bekdili clan of the Oghuz Turks. The Anushteginid dynasty ruled the Khwarazmian Empire,consisting in large parts of present-day Central Asia,Afghanistan and Iran in the approximate period of 1077 to 1231,first as vassals of the Seljuks and the Qara Khitai,and later as independent rulers,up until the Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire in the 13th century.
The Samanid Empire was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire,ruled by a dynasty of Iranian dehqan origin. The empire was centred in Khorasan and Transoxiana,at its greatest extent encompassing northeastern Iran and Central Asia,from 819 to 999.
The Ziyarid dynasty was an Iranian dynasty of Gilaki origin that ruled Tabaristan from 931 to 1090 during the Iranian Intermezzo period. The empire rose to prominence during the leadership of Mardavij. After his death,his brother Vushmgir and his Samanid allies led the dynasty in wrestling for control over territory against the Buyids in the early- to mid-10th century. When Vushmgir died,his sons Bisutun and Qabus fought for influence. Qabus would eventually outlive his brother and ruled the kingdom. However,Qabus was placed in exile from 980 to 998 by the Buyid ruler,Adud al-Dawla who would then dominate Tabaristan,the heartland of Ziyarid power. A succession of other rulers came to rule the kingdom with Ghaznavid support in the early 11th century. The Nizari Ismaili state invaded and ended Ziyarid rule in 1090.
Abhar is a city in the Central District of Abhar County,Zanjan province,Iran,serving as capital of both the county and the district. Abhar has historically served as a place of importance due to lying right between the cities of Qazvin and Zanjan.
Nuh II was amir of the Samanids (976–997). He was the son and successor of Mansur I.
Nuh ibn Nasr,or Nuh I (926-954),was the Amir of the Samanids in 943–954. He was the son of Nasr II. It is rumoured that he married a Chinese princess.
Alid dynasties of northern Iran or Alavids. In the 9th–10th centuries,the northern Iranian regions of Tabaristan,Daylam and Gilan,sandwiched between the Caspian Sea and the Alborz range,came under the rule of a number of Arab Alid dynasties,espousing the Zaydi branch of Shia Islam.
Khwarazmshah was an ancient title used regularly by the rulers of the Central Asian region of Khwarazm starting from the Late Antiquity until the advent of the Mongols in the early 13th-century,after which it was used infrequently. There were a total of four families who ruled as Khwarazmshahs—the Afrighids (305–995),Ma'munids (995–1017),the line of Altuntash (1017–1041),and the most prominent ones,the Anushteginids (1097–1231). Like other contemporary Central Asian titles,such as Afshin and Ikhshid,the title of Khwarazmshah is of Iranian origin.
Abu al-Hasan 'Ali was ruler of Khwarazm from 997 until his death c. 1009. The second member of the Ma'munid dynasty,he was the son of Ma'mun I ibn Muhammad.
The Banu Ilyas or Ilyasids were an Iranian dynasty of Sogdian origin which ruled Kerman from 932 until 968. Their capital was Bardasir.
Abu'l-Harith Muhammad was ruler of Khwarazm for a period in 1017. The son of Abu al-Hasan Ali,he was the last member of the Iranian Ma'munid dynasty to rule Khwarazm.
Abu'l-Abbas Ma'mun ibn Ma'mun was the Ma'munid ruler of Khwarazm from 1009 until his death in 1017,having succeeded his brother Abu al-Hasan Ali in that post. He was the son of Ma'mun I ibn Muhammad.
The Afrighids were a native Khwarezmian Iranian dynasty who ruled over the ancient kingdom of Khwarazm. Over time,they were under the suzerainty of the Sasanian Empire,the Hephthalite Empire,the Göktürk Khaganate,the Umayyad Caliphate,Abbasid Caliphate and the Samanid Empire.
The Maʾmunids were an independent dynasty of Iranian rulers in Khwarazm. Their reign was short-lived (995–1017),and they were in turn replaced by the expansionist Ghaznavids.
The Simjurids were a Turkic family that served the Samanid emirs of Bukhara in the 10th century. They played an influential role in the history of eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan during that time,and by the second half of the 10th century they had built a semi-independent principality in Khurasan.
Abuʾl-Ḥasan al-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn Ḥasan Maymandī was a Persian vizier of the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni and the latter's son Mas'ud I of Ghazni.
Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad was the last ruler of the Afrighid dynasty of Khwarezm from 967 to 995. He was the son and successor of Abu Sa'id Ahmad.
Hurra-yi Khuttali was a princess from the Ghaznavid dynasty and the daughter of Sabuktigin,ruler of Ghazna. She was married to two Maʽmunid rulers of the Khwarazm region,first Abu Ali Hasan and after his death,his brother Maʽmun II. It is not known if she had any children with either of her husbands. Her marriages were a direct cause of the annexation of Khwarazm by her brother,Mahmud of Ghazni. In 1030,upon Mahmud's death,she wrote a letter to her favourite nephew,Masʽud,urging him to claim the throne from his brother,Muhammad. After receiving her missive,Masʽud quickly marched to Ghazna and usurped the throne. Hurra's letter is considered the most prominent political act of a woman during the Ghaznavid era. She is last mentioned in 1040,leaving Ghazna for India;her ultimate fate is unknown.
References
- Bosworth,C.E. "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)." The Cambridge History of Iran,Vol. 4:The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Ed. J.A. Boyle. Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,1968.
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