Meliton (Ivan Bunin)

Last updated
"Meliton"
Author Ivan Bunin
Original title"Мелитон"
Country Russia
Language Russian
Publication date1901

Meliton is a novella by Nobel Prize-winning Russian author Ivan Bunin. Dated as "1900-1930" in The Complete Bunin (Petropolis, Berlin, 1935; Moscow, 1965), it was first published in the 1901 No.7 (July) issue of Saint Petersburg magazine Zhurnal Dlya Vsekh (Journal For Everyone), originally under the title "Skete" (Скит). While working upon the Primal Love (Начальная любовь) compilation, Bunin changed the story's title into "Meliton" (after its main character's first name). In its final version the novella appeared in the July 6, 1930, No.3392 issue of the Paris-based Poslednye Novosti newspaper. [1]

Novella written, fictional, prose narrative normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel

A novella is a text of written, fictional, narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel, somewhere between 17,500 and 40,000 words.

Russians are a nation and an East Slavic ethnic group native to European Russia in Eastern Europe. Outside Russia, notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Brazil, and Canada.

Ivan Bunin Russian writer and poet

Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin was the first Russian writer awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. He was noted for the strict artistry with which he carried on the classical Russian traditions in the writing of prose and poetry. The texture of his poems and stories, sometimes referred to as "Bunin brocade", is considered to be one of the richest in the language.

Contents

History

"Skete" was the first piece of prose Ivan Bunin published in the Journal for Everyone magazine, where his poetry was appearing regularly since 1898. [1]

Upon receiving the text, the magazine's editor Viktor Mirolyubov wrote in a letter dated May 29, 1901: "Thank you very much, dear Ivan Alekseevich, for "Skete". I liked it a lot... Whenever you put just one living person into this artistic frame of nature pictures, the nature itself gets so much livelier." Bunin replied: "I am glad you liked "Skete". As for the pictures of nature which, as far as I can see, you seem to feel I am too much devoted to, this is not exactly the case, for I never depict 'naked' nature, in a protocol way, as it were. What I am concerned with is beauty, no matter what this beauty is attributed to; or, alternatively, what I try to do is transport the reader part of my soul with these [pictures of] nature..." [2]

Viktor Mirolyubov Russian editor and publisher

Viktor Sergeyevich Mirolyubov was a Russian journalist, editor and publisher. Having started out as an opera singer, he became widely known for his work as a head of Zhurnal Dlya Vsekh, originally a minor publication which he then bought out to turn into one of the leading literary Russian magazines of the time. In 1901 Mirolyubov became a co-founder of the Religious-Philosophic Meetings (1901–1903).

Missing parts

The final part of the story suffered from censorship. In early July 1901 Bunin enquired in a letter to Mirolyubov: "I haven't found the final three lines in [the publication of] "Skete". Besides, the word выпукло (bulgingly) is missing (when it comes to the rooster bit). [3] Mirolyubov replied: "The last three lines from "Skete" have been dropped by the censors for some reason (Nikolay Elagin  [ ru ] was responsible). As for the word 'bulgingly', I pity for it more than you even, if you only knew how I fought it for." In all the next versions Bunin reinstated the missing word, but not the three lines that had been crossed out by censor. What exactly they were remained unknown for not a single manuscript or a proof-reader's copy of the story survived. [1]

All through his later years Bunin, rather than reinstating the censure-dropped bits, was busy stripping his prose of details he deemed superfluous. Modern researchers (Oleg Mikhailov among them) point to the fact that in emigration, while preparing his earlier works for new publications, he was cutting off fragments dealing with political and social context of the times those stories were written in, aiming apparently at erasing the 'period' aspect of them and going for more universal, time-unrelated appeal. Meliton provides a telling example of this. In 1930 Bunin extracted from the story half a page of the original text, relating to the young protagonist's telling how he went abroad trying to evade this horrible thing, the Russian autumn: "Only occasionally did Russia came back to my mind and in those moments it seemed such a remote, out of the way place, that I was imagining Gostomysl, drevlyane, tatarschina... How dark and wet autumn is there!" The young man goes on to paint the bleak picture of autumnal landscapes of stripped-bare rural Russia, exclaiming: "And what an immense patience is needed there to just live this infinite autumn through!.." The next paragraph, dealing with the protagonist's return to Russia (the country now suffering of hunger) to witness the early winter approaching, was cut too, the story resuming with: "The last time I visited Meliton was at one point of the last winter." [1]

Gostomysl

Gostomysl is a fictitious 9th-century posadnik of Novgorod who was introduced into the historiography by Vasily Tatishchev, an 18th-century historian. Gostomysl's rule is associated with the confederation of Northern tribes, which was formed to counter the Varangian threat in the mid-9th century and embraced the Ilmen Slavs, Krivichs, Merya, and Chud. Sergey Platonov and Aleksey Shakhmatov believed that the capital of the confederation was in modern Russa and Gostomysl could have been one of its leaders.

Golden Horde Mongol Khanate

The Golden Horde was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 The Works by I.A. Bunin. Vol.II. Stories and novelets, 1892-1909. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura. Moscow, 1965. Commentaries, pp.509-511.
  2. Literary Archive, Issue No.5, Moscow-Leningrad, 1960, р.132.
  3. Literary Archive, р.139.