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The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude,except as punishment for a crime. The amendment was passed by the Senate on April 8,1864,by the House of Representatives on January 31,1865,and ratified by the required 27 of the then 36 states on December 6,1865,and proclaimed on December 18. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War.
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9,1868,as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. Usually considered one of the most consequential amendments,it addresses citizenship rights and equal protection under the law and was proposed in response to issues related to formerly enslaved Americans following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested,particularly by the states of the defeated Confederacy,which were forced to ratify it in order to regain representation in Congress. The amendment,particularly its first section,is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution,forming the basis for landmark Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education (1954) regarding racial segregation,Loving v. Virginia (1967) regarding interracial marriage,Roe v. Wade (1973) regarding abortion,Bush v. Gore (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election,Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) regarding same-sex marriage,and Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard (2023) regarding race-based college admissions. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials,and also those acting on behalf of such officials.
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race,color,or previous condition of servitude." It was ratified on February 3,1870,as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.
The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex,in effect recognizing the right of women to vote. The amendment was the culmination of a decades-long movement for women's suffrage in the United States,at both the state and national levels,and was part of the worldwide movement towards women's suffrage and part of the wider women's rights movement. The first women's suffrage amendment was introduced in Congress in 1878. However,a suffrage amendment did not pass the House of Representatives until May 21,1919,which was quickly followed by the Senate,on June 4,1919. It was then submitted to the states for ratification,achieving the requisite 36 ratifications to secure adoption,and thereby went into effect,on August 18,1920. The Nineteenth Amendment's adoption was certified on August 26,1920.
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would,if added,explicitly prohibit sex discrimination. It was written by Alice Paul and Crystal Eastman and introduced in Congress in December 1923 as a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. With the rise of the women's movement in the United States during the 1960s,the ERA garnered increasing support,and,after being reintroduced by Representative Martha Griffiths in 1971,it was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives that year,and by the U.S. Senate in 1972,thus submitting the ERA to the state legislatures for ratification,as provided by Article V of the U.S. Constitution. The amendment's ratification in the states remains disputed to today,and it remains legally unratified.
The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution establishes a nationally standardized minimum age of 18 for participation in state and federal elections. It was proposed by Congress on March 23,1971,and three-fourths of the states ratified it by July 1,1971.
The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution states that any law that increases or decreases the salary of members of Congress may take effect only after the next election of the House of Representatives has occurred. It is the most recently adopted amendment but was one of the first proposed.
Walter Darlington "Dee" Huddleston was an American commercial broadcaster and politician from Kentucky. A member of the Democratic Party,he served two terms as a member of the United States Senate from 1973 to 1985. He was defeated for re-election in 1984 by Mitch McConnell by 5,269 votes.
Eagle Forum is a conservative advocacy group in the United States founded by Phyllis Schlafly in 1972. Focused on social issues,it is socially conservative and describes itself as pro-family. Critics have described it as anti-feminist,anti-LGBT,ultraconservative,and far-right. A 501(c)(4) organization,it is affiliated with the Eagle Forum Education and Legal Defense Fund,which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit,and the Eagle Forum Political Action Committee (PAC). It organizes the'Eagle Council,an annual training for conservative speakers.
Marigene Gertrude Valiquette was an American politician who was a member of the Ohio General Assembly. She served 24 consecutive years in the state legislature,first as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives,beginning in 1963,and subsequently as a member of the Ohio State Senate,from 1969 until 1986.
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William L. Sullivan was an American lawyer and politician.
Women's suffrage was established in the United States on a full or partial basis by various towns,counties,states,and territories during the latter decades of the 19th century and early part of the 20th century. As women received the right to vote in some places,they began running for public office and gaining positions as school board members,county clerks,state legislators,judges,and,in the case of Jeannette Rankin,as a member of Congress.
Walter Stewart "Stu" Reichert was an American politician in the state of Kentucky. He served in the Kentucky Senate and in the Kentucky House of Representatives. He was a Republican. On June 15,1972,Reichert was one of 11 Republican senators that voted against Kentucky's ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.
Kelsey Evans Friend Sr. was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1972 to 1980 and 1984 to 1997. Friend was first elected to the senate in 1971. He was defeated for renomination in 1979 by John Doug Hays. Friend challenged Hays again in 1983,defeating him. Friend was defeated again for renomination in 1996 by Gary C. Johnson.
Mack G. Walters was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member for the 20th district of the Kentucky Senate.
Pat Michaux McCuiston was an American politician from Kentucky who served in the Kentucky Senate from 1968 to 1993. He was first elected to the Senate in 1967 and won reelection continuously until his defeat in the 1992 Democratic primary by Joey Pendleton.
Kenneth O. Gibson is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1972 to 1987. Gibson was first elected in a May 1972 special election following the resignation of incumbent senator William Logan. On June 15,1972,Gibson was one of seven Democratic senators that voted against Kentucky's ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment. He retired from the senate in 1986.
William L. Quinlan was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1972 to 1993. Quinlan was first elected in 1971,defeating incumbent Republican Richard Chin. He did not seek reelection in 1992.
Delbert S. Murphy was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky Senate from 1967 to 1991. Murphy was first elected in a December 1967 special election,following the resignation of incumbent senator Wendell Ford. He did not seek reelection in 1990.
References
- ↑ Moloney nyx.uky Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Michael R. Moloney".
- ↑ Pardue, Anne (June 16, 1972). "Kentucky becomes 19th to ratify equal rights for women amendment". The Courier Journal . Louisville, Kentucky. p. 1.
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