Mu'awiya I's Southern Campaigns (658-661)

Mu'awiya's campaigns in Southern Arabia (658-661)
Part of First Fitna
Map of the conflict
Date 658-661 (28 February) Location Arabian Peninsula Result Alid military victory in Iraq Alid victory at the siege of the fort of Tayma Ummayad punitive victory in Hejaz and Yemen and later retreat. Political victory for Muawiya [1]
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate • Uthmanids in Yemen	Rashidun Caliphate • Banu Tamim • Hamdan tribes
Commanders and leaders
Mu'awiya I Yazid ibn Shajara Nu'man ibn Bashir Abd al-Rahman ibn Qubath Ma'n ibn Yazid al-Salami Abd-Allah ibn Aamir Hadhrami Sufyan ibn Awf Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri Busr ibn Abi Artat Abd Allah ibn Mas'ada al-Fazari	Ali ibn Abi Talib Al-Musayyib bin Najaba Ziyad ibn Abihi Ayan ibn Dahi'ah   † Ashras bin Hassan al Bakri   † Adi ibn Hatim Kumayl ibn Ziyad Hujr ibn Adi Qutham ibn Abbas Malik bin Ka'ab Sa'id ibn Qays al-Hamdani Abu Ayyub al-Ansari al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas Abu Karib al-Hamdani   † Amr ibn Araka al-Thaqafi   † Jariya ibn Qudama Mujja'a ibn Murara   †
Strength
17,700+	18,500+
Casualties and losses
70 troops in Basra 19 troops in Samawa High casualties in the siege of Tayma	30 troops in the raid of Anbar Execution of several Alid figures in Hejaz and Yemen Massacre of Alid forces in Yemen
30,000+ civilans killed ( claimed )

Mu'awiya I's Southern Campaigns were a series of raids and military expeditions of Umayyad forces onto Hijaz, Yemen and Iraq after the failure of the arbitration talks after the Battle of Siffin. The campaigns against the Caliphate of Ali continued until the Assassination of Ali.

Background

After the assassination of Uthman, the third caliph, disputes arose within the early Muslim community regarding his succession. Ali ibn Abi Talib was chosen to succeed Uthman, but this was refused by the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya I, contributing to the outbreak of the First Fitna. Hostilities resumed between Mu'awiya and Ali following the failure of arbitration talks. Subsequently, Mu'awiya sent Amr ibn al-As to take control of Egypt, where he found success. Mu'awiya also dispatched his lieutenant commanders and ordered raids against Ali's strongholds in Iraq and Arabia.

Campaigns in Arabia

Mu'awiya sent Yazid ibn Shajara, a pious Uthmanid, to secure the pledge of allegiance from the Quraysh tribe of Mecca in the early 660s, but the mission proved to be a failure. He was given an army of 3,000 soldiers, who were not informed about the objective of the expedition. Yazid refused to shed blood in the Islamic holy land, although Mu'awiya stated that removing the governor of Mecca (whom he considered to be a participant in the killing of Uthman) was a pious act. ^{[2] [3]} Later that year, Mu'awiya appointed Busr ibn Abi Artat in his plans to subjugate the Hejaz and Yemen regions.

Dumat Al-Jandal incident

Mu'awiya made an attempt to attain zakat from the neutral tribes of the region by dispatching Muslim ibn Uqba to collect it. However refusal of people led Muslim to lay a siege upon them, which was responded by Ali by sending Malik bin Ka'ab with 1000 cavalry to confront the Syrians. The battle was indecisive however the Syrians retreated the next day. ^{[4] [5]}

Siege of Tayma

Muawiyah dispatched Abdullah bin Mas'ada to Medina and Mecca with 1,700 troops. Learning about this, Ali sent Al Musayyab with 2,000 troops to counter him. The two forces skirmishes and Ibn Mas'ada was nearly captured, but he evaded capture, escaping to the fortress at Tayma which was besieged for three days by Al Musayyab.The camels of Ibn Mas'ada's men were slaughtered by the tribesmen. Firewood was piled up at the fortress gates and set alight. Ibn Mas'ada's men pleaded for mercy on the basis of tribal affiliations and the fire was extinguished. When Musayyab pulled back his forces, Ibn Mas'ada and his forces escaped to Syria under the cover of nightfall. A pursuit plan was devised but Musayyab refused to pursue the escapees.For this act, Musayyab was demoted to alms collector, following a few days of imprisonment. ^{[6] [7] [8] [9]}

Hejaz campaign of Busr

Amr ibn al-As provided Busr ibn Abi Artat with 3000 Syrian troops for his expedition. The Qays nobility warned Mu'awiya of the possible vengeance that Busr might offer to them in response to the killings of Fihr and Kinana by Qaysi Banu Sulaym during the Conquest of Mecca, leading to Mu'awiya strip Busr of authority over Qaysi tribesman under his command. At Deir Murran, he dropped 400 troops out of his campaign and continued his expedition with 2600 soldiers. ^{[10] [11]}

When Busr arrived in Medina, which was his primary target as it had been the capital of the caliphate before Ali relocated it to Kufa, he faced no resistance while delivering a speech condemning the traditional elites, who were Ansars. Abu Ayyub al-Ansari fled to Kufa. Busr halted at every watering place along his route and requested to use the camels of the locals when his soldiers were exhausted, in order to preserve the stamina of his war horses. He demolished the houses of Ali’s allies, including Abu Ayyub’s, and obtained the pledge of allegiance to Mu'awiya from the city’s notables, sparing its inhabitants. ^{[12] [13]}

After medina, Busr headed towards Mecca, Qutham ibn Abbas the governor of the city fled with a large number of its inhabitants. Busr located a companion of Muhammad and the representative of Ali in the arbitration talks, Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and pardoned him. Busr,after his prayer at the Ka'ba took allegiance of Mu'awiya from the inhabitants except from Sa'id ibn al-As an distant kinsman of Mu'awiya. Qutham might have taken the control of Mecca after the exit of Busr from the city. ^{[13] [14]}

Al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba one of the notables of the city had greeted Busr and persuaded him to not to offer assault to Banu Thaqif,the representatives of the city had informed Busr that he had no authority over the core clan of Qays, Busr spared the inhabitants, while dispatching troops to Tabala against sympathizers of Ali ibn Abi Talib but ultimately pardoning them. After leaving Taif, Busr entered the tribal territory of the Kinana, he came across Abd al-Rahman and Qutham, the young sons of Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas, governor of Yemen and Ali's cousin. Busr executed both Abd al-Rahman and Qutham. ^{[15] [16] [17]}

Campaigns in Iraq

Invasion of Basra

After the death of Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, Muʿawiya dispatched ʿAbdullah ibn ʿAmir al-Hadhrami with 2,000 men to Basra to persuade its people, particularly the Banu Tamim, to join the Umayyad camp. At the time, the governor of the city, ʿAbdullah ibn ʿAbbas, had gone to Kufa, leaving Ziyad ibn Abih as his deputy. Ziyad informed Ali about the worsening situation in the city. Forced to flee, Ziyad took refuge with the tribe of Azd. Ali dispatched the Banu Tamim of Kufa under the command of Aʿyan ibn Dahiʿah al-Mujashiʿ to confront al-Hadhrami, but al-Mujashiʿ was killed shortly after arriving in Basra. Ali then sent Jariyah ibn Qudamah al-Saʿdi with a relief force of fifty men from the Banu Tamim. However, the tribesmen soon began fighting amongst themselves. Jariyah then called upon Deputy Ziyad and the Azd tribe for assistance. They arrived and skirmished with al-Hadhrami, forcing him to retreat and take shelter in the house of Sabil al-Saʿdi. The house was set on fire, killing most of the men inside. Those who escaped were cut down by the besieging forces. ^{[18] [19] [20]}

Skirmish of Al Samawa

Mu'awiya sent Zuhayr bin Makhul, to collect alms taxes from the tribe of Kalb who were neutral in the conflict but had a marriage alliance with Mu'awiya.In response Ali sent 3 men naming Jafar, Al julas and Urwa. They met Zuhayr and fought him, Jafar was killed by Zuhayr, Al Julas fled to Kufa and Urwa was criticised by Ali by what he called the cowardness of Urwa and whipped him, Urwa defected to Mu'awiya which was met by Ali destroying his house in retaliation. The minor skirmish bought minor success for the Umayyads. ^[4]

Al Dahhak's invasion

Al Dahhak bin Qiyas raided Al-Qutqutana killing Ibn Umays. Ali asked the Kufans to rise up against the Syrian invaders. Hujr bin Ali Al Kindi rose up first following which 4,000 more people volunteered and set out to confront the attackers. They clashed with Al Dahhak's forces in Palmyra forcing Al Dahhak to retreat following which raids continued for two more days. In the same year, Mu'awiya himself marched up to the Tigris river but later retreated. ^{[4] [21] [22]}

Raid of Ayn al Tamr

Mu'awiya dispatched Al Nu'man bin Bashir with 2000 troops to raid Ayn Al Tamr garrison, which was stationed by Malik bin Ka'ab Al Arabi and his men. Ali asked the Kufans to respond to their assault but their slow response prompted Ali to encourage the Kufans to retaliate, in a sermon, following which Adi bin Hathim went to Ali offering his 1,000 troops at his disposal. Adi along with his thousand troops, under orders from Ali, went to al-Nukhayla and then from there, raided Syrian territory while moving along the Euphrates river. ^{[23] [24] [25]}

Raids of Hit and Al Anbar

In 659 , Muawiya launched raids against Anbar and Ctesiphon. ^[26] Mu'awiya sent Sufyan ibn Awf to Hit, with 6,000 men and with orders to continue to Al Anbar and Al Mada'in. In Hit, there was no confrontation but in Anbar, they attacked an Alid garrison of 500 men, scattering about 400, however, one hundred soldiers remained. Cavalry and infantry attacks killed the garrison commander, Ashras bin Hassan Al Bakri with 30 men. The garrison was looted. Ali sent Sa'id ibn Qays al-Hamdani to confront him, Sa'id went as far as Anat to pursue the raiders but was not able to engage them. ^{[21] [27]}

Battle of Kirkeesya

Mu'awiya wanted to overthrow Shabath ibn Rib'i.The governor of Kirkeesya , had marched to the outskirts of Kirkeesya to meet some people who, he had heard, had decided to attack Hit . He said, Beat them first before they attack me, for it is said: 'Beat them with a shout and they will flee.' Kumayl left one man in Hit and marched with all his companions. When the Ummayad army approached them, the 50 men stationed in Hit fled. Ali became angry and wrote to him, "For a man to neglect what he has been entrusted with and to undertake what is sufficient is weakness, but your abandoning your work and skipping it to Kirkeesya is a mistake, ignorance, and a false opinion." Mu'awiya launched continuous attacks on Kirkeesya. Then Kumail received a letter from Shabib ibn Amir al-Azdi from Nasibin, informing him that a spy had informed him that Muawiyah had sent Abd al-Rahman ibn Qubath ibn Ashim toward al-Jazira, and that it was not known whether he was heading to Hit or the Euphrates region. Kumail consulted his companions and said, "If Ibn Qubath wants us, we will meet him, and if he wants our brothers in Nasibin, we will intercept him." He set out with 400 horsemen, leaving his 600 men in Hit, and began to cut off news from the enemy. Later Kumail appointed Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi as his successor over Hit, and he went to Shabib in Nasibin. Shabib set out with 600 horsemen, and they gathered a 1000 horsemen and marched towards Abd al-Rahman ibn Qabath, who was at that time in Kirkeesya with a large army from the Syria. Kumayl ibn Ziyad and Shabib al-Azdi, overtook the cavalry of the Syrians. The Umayyad army was led by Abd al-Rahman ibn Qubath and Ma'n ibn Yazid al-Salami , and their number was estimated 2400 men. When the two armies met they clashed and fought fiercely, ending with the defeat of the Syrian army and the killing of a large number of them, while four of Shabib's companions were killed, and two men from Kumayl's army were killed: Abdullah ibn Qays al-Qabisi and Mudrik ibn Bishr al-Ghanawi. After the Syrian army was dispersed, Kumayl ordered that no one who fled should be pursued and no one who was wounded should be finished off. Kumayl said to his companions: "Do not pursue them, for we have dealt a great deal of harm to them, and if we pursue them, perhaps they will return to us, and we do not know how things will turn out." Kumayl wrote to Ali ibn Abi Talib about the clash on which Ali prayed for him and praised him highly. ^{[28] [29] [30] [31] [32]}

Campaigns in Yemen

Mu'awiya imposed sanctions on Busr for his further expeditional activities in Hejaz but did not put such terms on Yemen. Ka'b ibn Abda Dhi'l-Habaka al-Nahdi was killed by Busr for his previous criticism of Uthman. When he entered Najran , he ordered the killing of Balharith and Muhammad, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Madan, who was the leader of an embassy and the his brother and son, Yazid and Malik respectively. However casualties in the conflict by Busr, called Ali to criticise his governors in Yemen for not taking formidable action against the local Uthmanids in Yemen and sent reinforcements to Yemen. ^{[33] [34] [35] [36]}

Conflict with the Hamdans

Busr first attacked the Arhab clan of the Hamdan tribe and killed a lot of supporters of Ali which includes Abu Karib who was a Hamdan chief. The Hamdan people took their positions above the mountains of Shibam and resisted Busr, who then bypassed the mountain and withdrew, however upon the return of the people to the villages, Busr attacked them and it was the first ever incidence of Muslims holding captive Muslim women. ^[37]

Siege of Sana

Ali's governors Ubaydallah ibn Abbas and Sa'id fled to Kufa although Sa'id's resistance to Busr's advances in Yemen. Ubaydallah's deputy in Sana offered resistance to Busr's invasion however was killed by Busr along with much of its inhabitants. From Ma'rib, a delegation of the town offered to submit to Mu'awiya, they were spared to spread the news of the massacre to Ma'rib. ^[38]

Siege of Jayshan

Busr launched an offensive against Jayshan, where the support for Ali was strong. Many of the partisans of Ali were killed and were forced to withdraw to their forts, convincing to retreat to Sana. ^[37]

Hadhramaut expedition

Wa'il bin Hujr invited Busr to Hadhramaut stating that half of the city was Uthmanid. Busr accepted the offer and was rejoiced by gifts however upon Wa'il's query of Busr's intention with the civilian population of the city, Busr replied with his intentions of massacring quarter of the city. Wa'il suggested him to attack Abdallah bin Thawaba , a lord of Hadhramaut and Wa'il's rival. Busr executed Thawaba soon after. ^[37]

Busr ended his expedition of Hadhramaut upon the news of the Alid relief army by Jariya ibn Qudama and Wahab bin Masud of 4000 troops. Busr retreated to Hejaz without confronting the relief army as well as the other reason of his early end to his campaign was Mu'awiya's preference of the campaign being limited with facing minimum Syria casualties. Upon his retreat, Busr did not punish the Banu Tamim who seized parts of his loot. ^[39]

Encounter with Banu Hanifa

Busr entered Al-Yamama and decided to punish the chieftain of the Hanifa for his neutrality in the civil war, however spared his tribesmen but killed Mujja'a ibn Murara who was the chieftain and took captive his son who was later freed by Mu'awiya and made the chief of the Hanifa tribe. ^[40]

Atrocities

During the entire campaign, numerous atrocities took place from both sides.

Massacres of Uthmanids

After the invasion of Busr in Yemen, Jariya quickly approached Yemen with reinforcements, however the Uthmanids in Yemen started to flee upon their arrival and were ultimately persecuted and killed by the Alid partisans. ^{[41] [42]}

Massacres of Alids

According to Shia sources, Busr's campaign was full of atrocities and crimes against the Alid partisans as well the civilian population in Hejaz and Yemen, his campaign was marked by first ever mistreatment of Muslim women by Muslims and as well as large scale massacres of civilians throughout Yemen. Busr executed several Alid figures in Hejaz as well as punished tribes for either their support for Ali or their neutrality. In Taif, Busr committed a mass execution . ^[13]

Shia sources state the number to be around 30,000 however some scholars call it an exaggeration however does not dispute the massacres. Along with the Partisans of Ali, Busr also committed atrocities against the civilian population including children of the Kinani tribe. Ali had cursed Busr for his actions in the region. ^{[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48]}

Aftermath

• Assassination of Ali
• Hasan-Muawiya treaty

See also

• Umayyad invasions of Egypt
• Battle of Siffin
• First Fitna

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