3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are a family of phosphodiesterases. Generally, these enzymes hydrolyze some nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate to some nucleoside 5'-phosphate thus controlling the cellular levels of the cyclic second messengers and the rates of their degradation. Some examples of nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate include:
Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen. PhK phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase at two serine residues, triggering a conformational shift which favors the more active glycogen phosphorylase “a” form over the less active glycogen phosphorylase b.
The catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A is a key regulatory enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKACA gene. This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. Protein kinase A catalytic subunit is a member of the AGC kinase family, and contributes to the control of cellular processes that include glucose metabolism, cell division, and contextual memory. PKA Cα is part of a larger protein complex that is responsible for controlling when and where proteins are phosphorylated. Defective regulation of PKA holoenzyme activity has been linked to the progression of cardiovascular disease, certain endocrine disorders and cancers.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform is an enzyme that is encoded by the PPP2CA gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R1A gene. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana a similar enzyme is encoded by the RCN1 gene (At1g25490).
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2B gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CB gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B alpha isoform is an enzyme regulator that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2A gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5C gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R1B gene.
cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKACB gene.
Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PHKG1 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B gamma isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2C gene.
5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAG1 gene.
Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATP1A4 gene.
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R5E gene.
Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, testis/liver isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PHKG2 gene.
Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene. The PP2A heterotrimeric protein phosphatase is ubiquitously expressed, accounting for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells. Its serine/threonine phosphatase activity has a broad substrate specificity and diverse cellular functions. Among the targets of PP2A are proteins of oncogenic signaling cascades, such as Raf, MEK, and AKT, where PP2A may act as a tumor suppressor.
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major intracellular protein phosphatase that regulates multiple aspects of cell growth and metabolism. Phosphorylation enables the activation or The ability of this widely distributed heterotrimeric enzyme to act on a diverse array of substrates is largely controlled by the nature of its regulatory B subunit. There are multiple families of B subunits, this family is called the B56 family.
Ceramide-activated protein phosphatases (CAPPs) are a group of enzymes that are activated by the lipid second messenger ceramide. Known CAPPs include members of the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) families. CAPPs are a subset of intracellular serine/threonine phosphatases. Each CAPP consists of a catalytic subunit which confers phosphatase activity and a regulatory subunit which confers substrate specificity. CAPP involvement has been implicated in glycogen metabolism, apoptotic pathways related to cancer and other cellular pathways related to Alzheimer’s disease.
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