Belgium is a constitutional, hereditary and popular monarchy. The monarch is titled King of the Belgians and serves as the country's head of state and commander-in-chief of the Belgian Armed Forces. There have been seven Belgian monarchs since independence in 1830.
The Palais Bourbon is the meeting place of the National Assembly, the lower legislative chamber of the French Parliament. It is located in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, on the Rive Gauche of the Seine, across from the Place de la Concorde.
Robert Badinter was a French lawyer, politician, and author who enacted the abolition of the death penalty in France in 1981, while serving as Minister of Justice under François Mitterrand. He also served in high-level appointed positions with national and international bodies working for justice and the rule of law.
The Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court in Burundi. It has nine members, including the Court President, who are nominated by the Judicial Service Commission and appointed by the President of the Republic after the approval of the Senate. The court's president is referred to as the Chief Justice.
The Caisse des dépôts et consignations is an idiosyncratic French public financial institution created in 1816, often referred to as the investment arm of the French State. It is defined in the French Monetary and Financial Code as a "public group serving the public interest" and a "long-term investor". Its governance framework places it under the control of the Parliament.
Gérard Philippe René André Larcher is a French politician serving as president of the Senate since 2014, previously holding the office from 2008 to 2011. A member of The Republicans, he has been a Senator for the Yvelines department since 1986, with an interruption between 2004 and 2007, when he was Minister for Employment, Labour and Professional Integration of Young People under President Jacques Chirac. Larcher also served as mayor of Rambouillet from 1983 to 2004 and again from 2007 until 2014.
Jacqueline Gourault is a French politician who served as Minister of Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Authorities in the governments of successive Prime Ministers Édouard Philippe and Jean Castex from 2018 to 2022. A member of the Democratic Movement (MoDem), she previously served as Minister attached to the Minister of the Interior from 2017 to 2018. In 2022, she was appointed to the Constitutional Council by President Emmanuel Macron.
Philippe Madrelle was a French politician. A member of the Socialist Party, he served as a Deputy from the Gironde between 1968 and 1980, President of the General Council of Gironde between 1976 and 2015, and Senator from 1980 until his death.
Bruno Daniel Marie Paul Retailleau is a French politician who has presided over The Republicans group in the Senate since 2014. He has represented the Vendée department in the Senate since 2004. Retailleau also served as President of the General Council of Vendée from 2010 to 2015 and President of the Regional Council of Pays de la Loire from 2015 until 2017.
Antoine Herth is a French politician who represented the 5th constituency of the Bas-Rhin department in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2022. He is a former member of The Republicans, which he left in 2018 to join Agir.
Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas was a French politician and revolutionary.
The Constitutional law on the Modernisation of the Institutions of the Fifth Republic was enacted into French constitutional law by the Parliament of France in July 2008, to reform state institutions.
Jacques-Philippe Le Bas, or Lebas was a French engraver, head of the largest engraving workshop in Paris during the 18th century.
Joseph Marie Philippe Thierry was a French lawyer and politician. He was deputy for Bouches-du-Rhône from 1898 to 1918. He was Minister of Public Works in 1913 and Minister of Finance in 1917. As Minister of Finance he introduced reforms that made the newly introduced income tax more progressive.
Matthieu Orphelin is a French politician who served as a member of the French National Assembly from 2017 to 2022, representing Maine-et-Loire.
Jules Philippe Louis Albert Grévy was a French lawyer and politician. He represented Doubs in the National Assembly and then the Chamber of Deputies from 1871 to 1880. He was Governor-General of Algeria from 1879 to 1881, and a Senator for Life from 1880 until his death in 1899.
The Benalla affair or Benalla affairs are political and judicial cases involving Alexandre Benalla, who served as a security officer and deputy chief of staff to President of France Emmanuel Macron.
The Commission de régulation de l'énergie is an independent body that regulates the French electricity and gas markets. It is a member of the European Union organisation ACER and the all-European CEER.
Guillaume Gontard is a French politician who is president of the Ecologist group in the French Senate.
