This is a list of pretenders to the throne of the Duchy of Parma, which was ruled by the House of Bourbon-Parma until 1859, when the ducal family escaped after the Italian national insurrection linked to the Second Italian War of Independence.
Parma is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its architecture, music, art, prosciutto (ham), cheese and surrounding countryside. It is home to the University of Parma, one of the oldest universities in the world. Parma is divided into two parts by the stream of the same name. The district on the far side of the river is Oltretorrente. Parma's Etruscan name was adapted by Romans to describe the round shield called Parma.
Parma Calcio 1913, commonly referred to as Parma, is an Italian football club based in Parma, Emilia-Romagna. It currently plays in Serie A.
Hernán Jorge Crespo is an Argentine professional football coach and former player. He is the current manager of Defensa y Justicia.
Faustino Hernán "Tino" Asprilla Hinestroza is a Colombian former professional footballer who most notably played for Parma, Newcastle United and the Colombia national team as a forward.
Fabio Cannavaro is an Italian former professional footballer and current manager of Chinese club Guangzhou Evergrande. A centre-back, he spent the majority of his career in Italy. He started his career at Napoli before spending seven years at Parma, with whom he won two Coppa Italia titles, the 1999 Supercoppa Italiana, and the 1999 UEFA Cup. After spells at Internazionale and Juventus, he transferred from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2006, with whom he won consecutive La Liga titles in 2007 and 2008. After returning to Juventus for one season in 2009–10, he joined Al-Ahli in Dubai, where he retired from football in 2011 after an injury-troubled season.
The Duchy of Lucca was a small Italian state existing from 1815 to 1847. It was centered on the city of Lucca. By the Congress of Vienna of 1815 the Duchy was to revert to Tuscany on the end of its Bourbon-Parma line of rulers or when the line would obtain another territory, which happened in 1847, when Marie Louise of Austria died and the Bourbon-Parma recovered the Duchy of Parma. In accordance with the final act of the Congress of Vienna, the Duchy of Lucca then came into the possession of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) in 1860.
Robert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.
Stefano Chuka Okaka is an Italian footballer who plays as a forward for Udinese.
Nevio Scala is an Italian football sporting director, coach and former player, who currently serves as the president of Italian club Parma. Throughout his footballing career, he played as a midfielder for several Italian clubs, and won several titles during his time with A.C. Milan. As a manager, he is mostly known for his role as head coach of Parma during the club's golden age of the 1990s, which saw him lead the team from Serie B to several European triumphs.
Stadio Ennio Tardini, commonly referred to as just Il Tardini, is a football stadium in Parma, Italy, located near the centre of Parma, between the town centre and the city walls. It is the home of Parma Calcio 1913. The stadium was built in 1923 and was named after one of Parma's former presidents, Ennio Tardini. The stadium is the nineteenth largest football stadium in Italy and the second largest in Emilia–Romagna with a capacity of 22,352 spectators. The stadium is the sixth oldest Italian football ground still in use.
Nicola Amoruso is a former Italian footballer who played as a striker. An elegant, technically gifted, and agile forward, known for his delicate touch on the ball and use of feints, he usually played in a central role; his nicknames were piede caldo and Dinamite (Dynamite), due to his eye for goal. He is currently the sporting director of Palermo.
Andrea Rossi is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender.
Alberto Malesani is an Italian association football manager and former footballer. As a manager, he is mostly remembered for his successful spell with Parma during the late 90s, where he won the Coppa Italia, the UEFA Cup, and the Supercoppa Italiana.
Alberto Paloschi is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Cagliari, on loan from SPAL.
Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Parma, Duke of Parma and Piacenza is the current head of the House of Bourbon-Parma, as well a member of the Dutch Royal Family. He is the uncontested traditional claimant to the defunct throne of the Duchy of Parma under the name Carlo V. In addition, he is considered by some a contested pretender to the Carlist claim to the throne of Spain under the name Carlos Javier I. In 2016 Carlos told the Spanish press that, while he "does not abandon" his claim to the throne, it is "not a priority" in his life, and he "will not dispute" [no planteo pleito] the legitimacy of King Felipe VI.
Marco Parolo is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Serie A club Lazio and the Italian national team.
Afriyie Acquah is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Turkish club Yeni Malatyaspor and the Ghana national team.
Crédit Agricole Italia S.p.A. formerly Crédit Agricole Cariparma S.p.A., is an Italian banking group, itself a subsidiary of French banking group Crédit Agricole. Crédit Agricole Italia along was ranked as the 11th largest bank in Italy by total assets at 31 December 2015. The group serving Emilia-Romagna, Liguria and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, where the predecessors originated, as well as Campania, Lazio, Lombardy, Piedmont, Tuscany, Umbria and Veneto, or half of Italian regions.
Soufiane Bidaoui is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays in Italy for Spezia as a midfielder.
The 2014–15 Serie A was the 113th season of top-tier Italian football, the 83rd in a round-robin tournament, and the fifth since its organization under a league committee separate from Serie B. It began on 30 August 2014.
