SpaceX Mars Colonization Program

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Elon Musk at the 2006 Mars Society conference. Before founding SpaceX in 2001, Musk had expressed interest in Mars missions and briefly joined the Mars Society's board of directors. Elon Musk at MSC 2006.jpg
Elon Musk at the 2006 Mars Society conference. Before founding SpaceX in 2001, Musk had expressed interest in Mars missions and briefly joined the Mars Society's board of directors.

SpaceX Mars colonization program (also referred to as Occupy Mars) is an ambition of the company SpaceX and particularly of its founder Elon Musk to colonize Mars. The main element of this is the plan to establish a self-sustained large scale settlement on Mars and claim political self-determination on Mars. [1] Musk believes settlement of Mars is important for the long-term survival of the human species. [2]

Contents

Colonization is to be achieved via the development and use of their own and first ever reusable and mass produced super heavy-lift launch vehicle called Starship.

These plans for colonization have garnered praise, but also staunch criticism, questioning its existential perspective, execution, livability and legality.

History

Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, has engaged in space advocacy for Mars since at least 2001 at the Mars Society. [3] : 30–31 

As early as 2007, Elon Musk publicly stated a personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars. [4]

Subsequently SpaceX has stated its goal is to colonize Mars to ensure the long-term survival of the human species, [5] proposing since the 2000s and early 2010s different concepts for reaching Mars, including space tugs.

Red Dragon

Artist's conception of two Red Dragon capsules on Mars, next to an outpost SpaceX Dragon Capsule on Mars (18053607180).jpg
Artist's conception of two Red Dragon capsules on Mars, next to an outpost

Red Dragon was a 2011–2017 concept mission which would have used a modified Dragon 2 spacecraft as a low-cost Mars lander. If flown, it would have been launched on a Falcon Heavy, and land solely via the use of its SuperDraco retro-propulsion thrusters, [6] as parachutes would have required significant vehicle modifications. [7]

In 2011, SpaceX planned on proposing Red Dragon for the Discovery Mission #13, which would launch in 2022, [8] [9] [10] but it was not submitted. It was then proposed in 2014 as a low-cost way for NASA to achieve a Mars sample return by 2021. In the concept, the Red Dragon capsule would be equipped with the system needed to return samples gathered on Mars. NASA did not fund this concept.

In 2016, SpaceX planned on launching two Red Dragon vehicles [11] in 2018, [12] [13] with NASA providing technical support instead of funding. [14] However, in 2017, Red Dragon was cancelled, in favor of the much larger Starship spacecraft. [15]

Starship

SpaceX rendering of the Interplanetary Transport System approaching Mars Interplanetary Transport System (29343823914).jpg
SpaceX rendering of the Interplanetary Transport System approaching Mars

The company's current plan was first formally proposed at the 2016 International Astronautical Congress alongside a fully-reusable launch vehicle, the Interplanetary Transport System. Since then, the launch vehicle was renamed to "Starship", and has been in development since.

The development program reached multiple milestones in 2024 such as on its third test flight, it reached its desired trajectory for the first time and on its fourth flight test, both stages of the vehicle achieved controlled splashdown after launch for the first time. The company has given many estimates of dates of the first human landing on Mars; the most recent discussion of which occurred during a company all hands meeting in April 2024. [16]

Composition

Goals

As early as 2007, Elon Musk stated a personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars. [4]

SpaceX has stated its goal is to colonize Mars to ensure the long-term survival of the human species. [5]

Launch system

SpaceX super heavy-lift launch vehicle Starship assembly at its launch facility called Starbase on the Boca Chica (Texas) peninsula in the Rio Grande delta at the Gulf of Mexico Starbase.jpg
SpaceX super heavy-lift launch vehicle Starship assembly at its launch facility called Starbase on the Boca Chica (Texas) peninsula in the Rio Grande delta at the Gulf of Mexico

SpaceX has been setting up since 2014 a facility called Starbase and more recently a factory called Starfactory on the previously populated and wildlife area Boca Chica (Texas) peninsula in the Rio Grande delta at the Gulf of Mexico, [17] to launch and build an in development fully reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle with the name Starship . Aiming with its rusability to drastically reduce launch costs and scaled construction and swift maintenance between flights, [18] : 2  this has been the basis for SpaceX to advance its Mars ambitions and when operational will allow it to provide the necessary transportation capabilities for its colonial goals. The reusability and its resulting reduced launch costs is expected to expand space access to more payloads and entities. [19]

Musk has stated that a Starship orbital launch could eventually cost $2 million, starting at $10 million within 2–3 years and dropping with time. [20] Starfactory is at the same time planned to produce at peak one Starship per day. [21]

The rocket consists of a Super Heavy first stage booster and a Starship second stage spacecraft, [22] powered by Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines. [23] Both stages are made from stainless steel. [24]

Methane was chosen for the Raptor engines because it is relatively inexpensive, produces a low amount of soot as compared to other hydrocarbons, [25] and can be created on Mars from carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and hydrogen via the Sabatier reaction. [26] The engine family uses a new alloy for the main combustion chamber, allowing it to contain 300 bar (4,400 psi) of pressure, the highest of all current engines. [25] In the future, it may be mass-produced [25] and cost about $230,000 per engine or $100 per kilonewton. [27]

First missions

A scene of astronauts on Mars in the 2016 IAC presentation Interplanetary Transport System (29343825184).jpg
A scene of astronauts on Mars in the 2016 IAC presentation

Musk has made statements on several occasions about aspirational dates for Starship's earliest possible Mars landing, [28] including in 2022, that a mission to Mars could be no earlier than 2029. [29]

SpaceX's early missions to Mars are to involve small fleets of Starship spacecraft, funded by public–private partnerships. [30]

SpaceX has stated on several occasions aspirational plans to build a crewed base on Mars for an extended surface presence, which it hopes will grow into a self-sufficient colony. [31] [32]

Before any people are transported to Mars, a number of cargo missions would be undertaken first in order to transport the requisite equipment, habitats and supplies. [33] Equipment that would accompany the early groups would include "machines to produce fertilizer, methane and oxygen from Mars' atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the planet's subsurface water ice" as well as construction materials to build transparent domes for crop growth. [34] [35]

Musk plans for the first crewed Mars missions to have approximately 12 people, with goals to "build out and troubleshoot the propellant plant and Mars Base Alpha power system" and establish a "rudimentary base." The company plans to process resources on Mars into fuel for return journeys, [36] and use similar technologies on Earth to create carbon-neutral propellant. [37]

Populating

People at SpaceX wearing t-shirts with Occupy Mars written on them. SpaceX colonization will depend on many people settling with the harsh reality of Mars and SpaceX's colonial approach, as pointed out by Elon Musk. Occupy Mars (9047414906).jpg
People at SpaceX wearing t-shirts with Occupy Mars written on them. SpaceX colonization will depend on many people settling with the harsh reality of Mars and SpaceX's colonial approach, as pointed out by Elon Musk.

The company hopes that once infrastructure is established on Mars and launch cost is reduced, populating can begin.

After the first few windows of crewed Mars landings, Musk has suggested that the number of people who are sent to Mars could be ramped up rapidly.

A successful colonization, meaning an established human presence on Mars growing over many decades, would ultimately involve many more economic actors than SpaceX. [39] [40] [41]

For reference, Musk's timeline for the colonization of Mars involves a crewed mission as early as 2029 and the development of a self-sustaining colony by 2050. [42]

Musk has stated in 2024 that in-situ resource utilization will be critical for establishing a self-sustaining colony, and that SpaceX plans to begin its efforts in advancing that field in "seven to nine years". [43] Current theories for in-situ resource utilization involve harvesting CO2 from the atmosphere and splitting into its raw components. This will involve using the O2 as well as CH4 for fuel production, and specifically the O2 in addition to Nitrogen (the second-most common gas in the Martian atmosphere) for breathing air within habitats. [44]

The program aims to send a million people to Mars, using a thousand Starships sent during a Mars launch window, which occurs approximately every 26 months. [45] Proposed journeys would require 80 to 150 days of transit time, [41] averaging approximately 115 days (for the nine synodic periods occurring between 2020 and 2037). [46]

"We bring you Mars", a rendering of a terraformed Mars next to the actual at SpaceX Headquarters We bring you Mars (9848295393).jpg
"We bring you Mars", a rendering of a terraformed Mars next to the actual at SpaceX Headquarters

Reception and feasibility

Mars colonization has gained increased interest, both supportive and critical, since the technical achievements of SpaceX's and Elon Musk's rise of popularity in the 2010s.

Support

Some experts, like Robert Zubrin, support the concept due to the prevalence of water ice in the form of permafrost and glaciers on Mars, as well as other resources like carbon dioxide and nitrogen. [47] According to Zubrin, Starship's planned lower launch cost could make space research profitable, allowing major advancements in medicine, computers, material science, [3] : 47, 48  making mining profitable as well and space-based economy and colonization practical. [3] : 25, 26 

Others like Saul Zimet have expressed strong support for the concept, suggesting the possibility that the technological advancements that could be developed on Mars will come to benefit the whole of Earth. [48]

Technical scrutiny

Some object to the concept, believing the planet's lack of both breathable air and protective magnetosphere to be unacceptable problems. [49]

The program has been criticized as far-fetched, because of uncertainties regarding its financing [5] and because it primarily addresses transportation to Mars and not the steps that follow.

As of July 2019, SpaceX has not publicly detailed plans for the spacecraft's life-support systems, radiation protection, and in situ resource utilization, which are essential for space colonization. [50]

George Dvorsky writing for Gizmodo characterized Musk's timeline for Martian colonization as "stupendously unreasonable" and "pure delusion". [51]

Criticism

Mars colonization has been called a 'dangerous delusion' by Lord Martin Rees, a British cosmologist/astrophysicist and the Astronomer Royal of the United Kingdom. [52]

A common sentiment among those opposed to expanding the scope of human civilization to Mars is that humans should solve all the problems on Earth before advancing to extraplanetary colonization. [53]

Lucianne Walkowicz, among others, have identified and critizised the company's approach for its colonialism, [54] from settler colonialism on Mars to its materialization on Earth for example at the company's Starbase in a wildlife area. [55]

Law

SpaceX intends to base the colony governing laws on self-determination. With a diverse population accommodating everyone legally is thought to be challenging. [56] Altogether international space law does not see Mars as free to take, contrary to SpaceX's claims, proclaiming that it is a "province of all mankind". [57] [1] [58] [59]

In a personal statement ETO-Consortium member Sarah Joseph, likened SpaceX to colonial chartered companies for it drafting a constitution. [60]

Trivia

It has been pointed out that coincidentally a seminal book about Mars colonization Project Mars: A Technical Tale , written by the lead engineer of the V-2 rocket, the first space rocket, and of the Apollo program, the naturalized American and German Nazi-fascist Wehrner von Braun, envisioned its Mars colony with a for five years publicly elected leader called "Elon". [61]

Related Research Articles

The Mars Society is a nonprofit organization that advocates for human exploration and colonization of Mars. It was founded by Robert Zubrin in 1998 and its principles are based on Zubrin's Mars Direct philosophy, which aims to make human missions to Mars as feasible as possible. The Mars Society generates interest in the Mars program by garnering support from the public and through lobbying. Many current and former Mars Society members are influential in the wider spaceflight community, such as Buzz Aldrin and Elon Musk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Private spaceflight</span> Spaceflight not paid for by a government agency

Private spaceflight refers to spaceflight activities undertaken by non-governmental entities, such as corporations, individuals, or non-profit organizations. This contrasts with public spaceflight, which is traditionally conducted by government agencies like NASA, ESA, or JAXA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX</span> American private spacecraft company

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, commonly referred to as SpaceX, is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launch service provider and satellite communications company headquartered at the SpaceX Starbase near Brownsville, Texas. The company was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and ultimately developing a sustainable colony on Mars. The company currently produces and operates the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets along with the Dragon, and Starship as a hybrid between a rocket and a spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Dragon</span> Family of SpaceX spacecraft

Dragon is a family of spacecraft developed and produced by American private space transportation company SpaceX.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VTVL</span> Method of takeoff and landing used by rockets; vertical takeoff, vertical landing

Vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) is a form of takeoff and landing for rockets. Multiple VTVL craft have flown. The most successful VTVL vehicle was the Apollo Lunar Module which delivered the first humans to the Moon. Building on the decades of development, SpaceX utilised the VTVL concept for its flagship Falcon 9 first stage, which has delivered over three hundred successful powered landings so far.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Falcon Heavy</span> SpaceX heavy-lift launch vehicle

Falcon Heavy is a heavy-lift launch vehicle with partial reusability that can carry cargo into Earth orbit, and beyond. It is designed, manufactured and launched by American aerospace company SpaceX.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX reusable launch system development program</span> Effort by SpaceX to make rockets that can fly multiple times

SpaceX has privately funded the development of orbital launch systems that can be reused many times, similar to the reusability of aircraft. SpaceX has developed technologies over the last decade to facilitate full and rapid reuse of space launch vehicles. The project's long-term objectives include returning a launch vehicle first stage to the launch site within minutes and to return a second stage to the launch pad, following orbital realignment with the launch site and atmospheric reentry in up to 24 hours. SpaceX's long term goal would have been reusability of both stages of their orbital launch vehicle, and the first stage would be designed to allow reuse a few hours after return. Development of reusable second stages for Falcon 9 was later abandoned in favor of developing Starship, however, SpaceX developed reusable payload fairings for the Falcon 9.

SpaceX <i>Red Dragon</i> Modified SpaceX Dragon spacecraft design for a proposed sample return mission to Mars

The SpaceX Red Dragon was a 2011–2017 concept for using an uncrewed modified SpaceX Dragon 2 for low-cost Mars lander missions to be launched using Falcon Heavy rockets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Starbase</span> SpaceX private launch site

Starbase is an industrial complex for Starship rockets, located near Brownsville, Texas, United States. It has been under construction since the late 2010s by SpaceX, an American aerospace manufacturer. Starbase is composed of a spaceport near the Gulf of Mexico, a production facility at the Boca Chica village, and a small structure test site along the Texas State Highway 4.

Super heavy-lift launch vehicle Launch vehicle capable of lifting more than 50 tonnes of payload into low earth orbit

A super heavy-lift launch vehicle is a rocket that can lift to low Earth orbit a "super heavy payload", which is defined as more than 50 metric tons (110,000 lb) by the United States and as more than 100 metric tons (220,000 lb) by Russia. It is the most capable launch vehicle classification by mass to orbit, exceeding that of the heavy-lift launch vehicle classification.

The Mars race, race to Mars or race for Mars is the competitive environment between various national space agencies, "New Space" and aerospace manufacturers involving crewed missions to Mars, land on Mars, or set a crewed base there. Some of these efforts are part of a greater Mars colonization vision, while others are for glory, or scientific endeavours. Some of this competitiveness is part of the New Space race.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of SpaceX</span> History of a space corporation

This is a corporate history of SpaceX, an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company founded by Elon Musk.

<i>dearMoon</i> project Cancelled crewed circumlunar mission and art project

The dearMoonproject was a planned lunar tourism mission and art project conceived and financed by Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa. It would have seen Maezawa and eight civilian artists fly a circumlunar trajectory around the Moon aboard a SpaceX Starship spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Starship</span> Reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Starship is a two-stage fully reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle under development by SpaceX. As of July 2024, it is the most massive and powerful vehicle to ever fly. SpaceX has developed Starship with the intention of lowering launch costs using economies of scale. SpaceX aims to achieve this by reusing both rocket stages, increasing payload mass to orbit, increasing launch frequency, creating a mass-manufacturing pipeline and adapting it to a wide range of space missions. Starship is the latest project in SpaceX's reusable launch system development program and plan to colonize Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program that is led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 Moon mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Starship flight tests</span> In flight hardware tests of SpaceXs fully reusable superheavy-lift vehicle

SpaceX Starship flight tests include fifteen launches to date of prototype rockets during 2019–2024 for the SpaceX Starship launch vehicle development program. Eleven test flights were of single-stage Starship spacecraft flying low-altitude tests (2019–2021), while four were orbital trajectory flights of the entire Starship launch vehicle (2023–2024), consisting of a Starship spacecraft second-stage prototype atop a Super Heavy first-stage booster prototype. None of the flights to date has carried an operational payload. Additional flight tests are planned in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Raptor</span> SpaceX family of liquid-fuel rocket engines

Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed and manufactured by SpaceX. A notable trait of this engine family is the use of a full-flow staged combustion cycle (FFSC). They are powered by cryogenic liquid methane and liquid oxygen, a mixture known as methalox.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starship HLS</span> Lunar lander variant of SpaceX Starship

Starship HLS is a lunar lander variant of the Starship spacecraft that is slated to transfer astronauts from a lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back. It is being designed and built by SpaceX under the Human Landing System contract to NASA as a critical element of NASA's Artemis program to land a crew on the Moon.

Before settling on the 2018 Starship design, SpaceX successively presented a number of reusable super-heavy lift vehicle proposals. These preliminary spacecraft designs were known under various names.

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  61. ↑ Cooper, Gael (May 7, 2021). "Elon Musk's first name shows up in 1953 book about colonizing Mars". CNET. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
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