Related Research Articles
Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, and fungi. Carotenoids give the characteristic color to pumpkins, carrots, parsnips, corn, tomatoes, canaries, flamingos, salmon, lobster, shrimp, and daffodils. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms. It is also produced by endosymbiotic bacteria in whiteflies. Carotenoids from the diet are stored in the fatty tissues of animals, and exclusively carnivorous animals obtain the compounds from animal fat. In the human diet, absorption of carotenoids is improved when consumed with fat in a meal. Cooking carotenoid-containing vegetables in oil and shredding the vegetable both increase carotenoid bioavailability.
Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam drug that functions as a mechanism-based β-lactamase inhibitor. While not effective by itself as an antibiotic, when combined with penicillin-group antibiotics, it can overcome antibiotic resistance in bacteria that secrete β-lactamase, which otherwise inactivates most penicillins.
Hopanoids are a diverse subclass of triterpenoids with the same hydrocarbon skeleton as the compound hopane. This group of pentacyclic molecules therefore refers to simple hopenes, hopanols and hopanes, but also to extensively functionalized derivatives such as bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) and hopanoids covalently attached to lipid A.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), also known as farnesyl diphosphate (FDP), is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of terpenes and terpenoids such as sterols and carotenoids. It is also used in the synthesis of CoQ, as well as dehydrodolichol diphosphate.
CRT is the gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of carotenoids. Those genes are found in eubacteria, in algae and are cryptic in Streptomyces griseus.
Squalene synthase (SQS) or farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyl transferase is an enzyme localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. SQS participates in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing a two-step reaction in which two identical molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) are converted into squalene, with the consumption of NADPH. Catalysis by SQS is the first committed step in sterol synthesis, since the squalene produced is converted exclusively into various sterols, such as cholesterol, via a complex, multi-step pathway. SQS belongs to squalene/phytoene synthase family of proteins.
Ginsenosides or panaxosides are a class of natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins. Compounds in this family are found almost exclusively in the plant genus Panax (ginseng), which has a long history of use in traditional medicine that has led to the study of pharmacological effects of ginseng compounds. As a class, ginsenosides exhibit a large variety of subtle and difficult-to-characterize biological effects when studied in isolation.
The enzyme amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) catalyzes the chemical reaction
Vetispiradiene synthase is an enzyme from Egyptian henbane that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
In enzymology, a geranyltranstransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase subunit 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PDSS1 gene.
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GGPS1 gene.
Damascenones are a series of closely related chemical compounds that are components of a variety of essential oils. The damascenones belong to a family of chemicals known as rose ketones, which also includes damascones and ionones. beta-Damascenone is a major contributor to the aroma of roses, despite its very low concentration, and is an important fragrance chemical used in perfumery.
Phytoene is a 40-carbon intermediate in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. The synthesis of phytoene is the first committed step in the synthesis of carotenoids in plants. Phytoene is produced from two molecules of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) by the action of the enzyme phytoene synthase. The two GGPP molecules are condensed together followed by removal of diphosphate and proton shift leading to the formation of phytoene.
Phytoene synthase is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. It catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Juvabione, historically known as the paper factor, is the methyl ester of todomatuic acid, both of which are sesquiterpenes (C15) found in the wood of true firs of the genus Abies. They occur naturally as part of a mixture of sesquiterpenes based upon the bisabolane scaffold. Sesquiterpenes of this family are known as insect juvenile hormone analogues (IJHA) because of their ability to mimic juvenile activity in order to stifle insect reproduction and growth. These compounds play important roles in conifers as the second line of defense against insect induced trauma and fungal pathogens.
Polyprenyl synthetases are a class of enzymes responsible for synthesis of isoprenoids. Isoprenoid compounds are synthesized by various organisms. For example, in eukaryotes the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a variety of end products including cholesterol, dolichol, ubiquinone or coenzyme Q. In bacteria this pathway leads to the synthesis of isopentenyl tRNA, isoprenoid quinones, and sugar carrier lipids. Among the enzymes that participate in that pathway, are a number of polyprenyl synthetase enzymes which catalyze a 1'4-condensation between 5-carbon isoprene units. It has been shown that all the above enzymes share some regions of sequence similarity. Two of these regions are rich in aspartic-acid residues and could be involved in the catalytic mechanism and/or the binding of the substrates.
Geosmin synthase or germacradienol-geosmin synthase designates a class of bifunctional enzymes that catalyze the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to geosmin, a volatile organic compound known for its earthy smell. The N-terminal half of the protein catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to germacradienol and germacrene D, followed by the C-terminal-mediated conversion of germacradienol to geosmin. The conversion of FPP to geosmin was previously thought to involve multiple enzymes in a biosynthetic pathway.
4,4'-diapophytoene synthase is an enzyme with systematic name farnesyl-diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FDFT1 gene.
References
- ↑ Summers C, Karst F, Charles AD (December 1993). "Cloning, expression and characterisation of the cDNA encoding human hepatic squalene synthase, and its relationship to phytoene synthase". Gene. 136 (1–2Che): 185–92. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90462-c. PMID 8294001.
- ↑ Robinson GW, Tsay YH, Kienzle BK, Smith-Monroy CA, Bishop RW (May 1993). "Conservation between human and fungal squalene synthetases: similarities in structure, function, and regulation". Mol. Cell. Biol. 13 (5): 2706–17. doi:10.1128/mcb.13.5.2706. PMC 359645 . PMID 8474436.
- ↑ Ramer S, Hugueney P, Bouvier F, Camara B, Kuntz M (November 1993). "Expression of the genes encoding the early carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes in Capsicum annuum". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196 (3): 1414–21. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2410. PMID 8250898.
- 1 2 Santana-Molina, Carlos; Rivas-Marin, Elena; Rojas, Ana M; Devos, Damien P (2020-07-01). Ursula Battistuzzi, Fabia (ed.). "Origin and Evolution of Polycyclic Triterpene Synthesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (7): 1925–1941. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa054. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 7306690 . PMID 32125435.
- ↑ Pan, Jian-Jung; Solbiati, Jose O.; Ramamoorthy, Gurusankar; Hillerich, Brandan S.; Seidel, Ronald D.; Cronan, John E.; Almo, Steven C.; Poulter, C. Dale (2015-05-27). "Biosynthesis of Squalene from Farnesyl Diphosphate in Bacteria: Three Steps Catalyzed by Three Enzymes". ACS Central Science. 1 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1021/acscentsci.5b00115. ISSN 2374-7943. PMC 4527182 . PMID 26258173.
- ↑ Misawa, Norihiko (2010-01-01), Liu, Hung-Wen (Ben); Mander, Lew (eds.), "1.20 - Carotenoids", Comprehensive Natural Products II, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 733–753, doi:10.1016/b978-008045382-8.00009-5, ISBN 978-0-08-045382-8 , retrieved 2021-10-22
